Effects of Different Feed Additives on Growth and Water Quality

of Koi Carp

Dongjie Shi

1,2

, Wei Gao

, Jiguo Xie

, Qiang Zhang

, Wentong Li

1,2

, Jufeng Jiang

, Dong Wei

Saisai Wang

1,2

, Yansheng Sun

and Yan Lu

Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100068, China

Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China

Beijing Daxing District Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Products Technology Extension Office, Beijing 102699, China

Beijing Tongzhou District Animal Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control Center, Beijing 101101, China

Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin Ornamental Fish Technology and Engineering Centre, Tianjin 300221, China

Tianjin Agricultural University Fisheries College, Tianjin 300380, China

Beijing Hepingli Hospital, Beijing 100013, China

Keywords:

Feed Additives, Fish Growth, Water Quality, Koi Carp.

Abstract: In this experiment, koi carp was used as the experimental object. The effects of the 2% Guar gum (GG), 2%

sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and 2% sodium polyacrylate (SP) on the growth performance and

aquaculture water quality of Koi carp were studied by adding additives to the basic feed. The results showed

as follows: Compared with the control group, the final body weight (W

), weight gain rate (WGR) and specific

growth rate (SGR) were significantly increased after adding 2%GG, 2%CMC, and 2%SP (P < 0.05). In

addition, all three additives can reduce the FCR value. The concentrations of nitrite and ammonia in the

experimental group supplemented with 2% Guar gum, 2%CMC and 2% SP were significantly lower than

those in the control group (P < 0.05). The concentrations of nitrite and ammonia in the 2% Guar gum group

were the lowest (P < 0.05). At the late stage of the experiment, the concentrations of nitrite and ammonia in

the 2% GG group were significantly lower than those of 2% CMC (P < 0.05). The results showed that adding

2% GG to the diet was more beneficial to the growth of Koi carp and the regulation of aquaculture water

quality.

1 INTRODUCTION

Koi is favored by consumers because of its bright

body color, body shape and varied pattern. With the

rapid development of the ornamental koi breeding

industry, a new breeding model of factory production

has been formed. In order to achieve economic

efficiency, farmers usually use the efficient feeding

method. However, a large amount of feed is put into

the breeding tank, so that the feed is dissolved in the

water, which will cause eutrophication of the water

body. In addition, high-frequency feeding will

increase the excrement of fish, causing pollution of

aquaculture water bodies, prone to diseases, not only

causing economic losses but also seriously affecting

the ecological environment. Therefore, efficient

feeding should not only meet the requirements of

increasing the growth rate of koi, but also reduce the

pollution of the water body by the feed itself and the

excrement of the fish.

Guar gum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and

sodium polyacrylate are three additives which have

the functions of thickening, emulsifying, bonding,

stabilization, and improving adhesion. These three

additives are non-toxic and harmless and have a wide

range of uses in food processing, factory production,

medical and pharmaceutical, and many other aspects

(Gu, 2010; Li, 2018). However, there is less research

on the application of these three additives in aquatic

animal feed (Shen, 2017; Shen, 2019). Therefore, this

experiment studied the effects of these three additives

on the growth of koi and the quality of aquaculture

water by adding these three additives to the feed, in

order to provide a theoretical basis for solving the

problem of water pollution caused by bait residues

and provide a reference for the research and

development of low-pollution feed for koi.

Shi, D., Gao, W., Xie, J., Zhang, Q., Li, W., Jiang, J., Wei, D., Wang, S., Sun, Y. and Lu, Y.

Effects of Different Feed Additives on Growth and Water Quality of Koi Carp.

DOI: 10.5220/0012001300003625

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Food Science and Biotechnology (FSB 2022), pages 47-51

ISBN: 978-989-758-638-5

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Experimental Design

The koi used in this experiment were from Beijing

Yashi Koi Culture Technology Co., Ltd. In this

experiment, 360 koi carps with the same

specifications and healthy and harmless were

selected. The experiment was carried out in

Xiaotangshan Breeding Base of Beijing Fisheries

Science Institute. The koi were divided into 4 groups,

each group was set up with three parallels, and 30 fish

were placed in each parallel. The composition of the

experimental diet is shown in Tab. 1. Three different

binders were added to the basal feed: 2% GG, 2%

CMC and 2% SP. Guar gum, respectively, to study

the effect of seed adhesive on the growth

performance and aquaculture water quality of koi

carp.

Table 1: Ingredient composition of experimental diets %.

Ingredients additive amount

Fish meal 15

Soybean meal 30

Rapeseed meal 15

Wheat flou

Wheat bran 5.4

Soybean oil 2

Fish oil 2

Premix 1.3

Choline oxide 0.3

Rapeseed meal 9

2.2 Indicator Measurement Method

Determination of fish body weight, body length,

specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain rate (WGR),

feed coefficient (FCR) and Survival rate (SR) and

other indicators were listed as follows. A portable

water quality monitor was used to monitor dissolved

oxygen, water temperature and pH, Ammonia

nitrogen and nitrite in aquaculture water were

measured in the laboratory.

SR = 100% × S

(1)

WGR = 100% × (W

-W

)/ W

(2)

SGR = 100 × [Ln(W

)-Ln(W

)]/ t

(3)

FCR = C/ (W

-W

) (4)

In the above formula: S

is the number of

surviving fish at the end of the experiment, S

is the

number of initial fish; W

is the initial body weight of

the fish, W

is the final body weight, W

is the total

weight of the dead fish (g); t is the number of days of

experiment (d); C is food intake.

2.3 Data Processing and Analysis

One-way ANOVA was conducted on the

experimental data using STATISTIC 7.0 statistical

software, and Duncan's method was used to test the

significance of difference, and the significance level

was P<0.05.

3 RESULTS

3.1 Effects of Three Additives on The

Growth Performance of Koi Carp

As can be seen from Tab. 2, the average initial body

weight of experimental fish was 75.47-79.33 g, and

there was no significant difference among all groups

(P > 0.05). The W

, WGR and SGR of the

experimental group were significantly higher than

those of the control group after adding 2% GG, 2%

CMC and 2% SP. The WGR and SGR indexes of

2%CMC and 2%GG were significantly higher than

those of 2% SP group. All three adhesive groups can

reduce the FCR value.

Table 2: Survival and growth performance of different groups for Koi carp.

Index Control group 2%GG 2%CMC 2%SP

78.64±3.22

75.47±5.43

76.49±7.28

79.33±5.24

167.22±8.99

189.58±10.22

194.83±13.57

174.89±18.27

WGR 112.69±9.42

151.27±12.45

154.78±10.03

120.49±15.23

SGR 1.27±0.58

1.53±0.31

1.55±0.07

1.32±0.36

FCR 1.38±0.14

1.33±0.21

1.35±0.24

1.35±0.33

SR 100 100 100 100

FSB 2022 - The International Conference on Food Science and Biotechnology

3.2 Effects of Three Adhesives on

Nitrite Content in Aquaculture

Water

As can be seen from Fig. 1, the nitrite concentrations

in the experimental group supplemented with 2%GG,

2%CMC and 2% SP were significantly lower than

those in the control group (P < 0.05). In the first 10

days of experiment, the 2% GG and 2% CMC groups

had no significant effect on the concentration of

nitrite in aquaculture water (P > 0.05). After 12 days,

the concentration of nitrite in 2% GG supplemental

group was significantly lower than that in 2% CMC

supplemental group (P < 0.05).

3.3 Effects of Three Additives on

Ammonia in Aquaculture Water

As can be seen from Fig. 2, the ammonia

concentration in the experimental group

supplemented with 2% GG, 2% CMC and 2% SP

were significantly lower than that in the control group

(P < 0.05), and the ammonia concentration in the 2%

GG supplemental level group was the lowest (P <

0.05). In the first 10 days of the experiment, there was

no significant difference in ammonia concentration

between the experimental treatment groups and the

control group (P > 0.05). After 24 days, the ammonia

concentration of the 2% GG group tended to

decrease.

4 DISCUSSION

The main feed of koi carp is pelleted. In the

production of pelleted feed, its stability in water has

been a wide concern. If the adhesion of feed is

improved, a certain proportion of adhesive can be

added in the process of making the feed to increase

the viscosity of feed, which is helpful to feed molding

and reduce the dissolution of feed in the water. In fish

feed, adhesive plays an important role in water

stability of fish feed. There are two main types of

adhesives: synthetic chemicals and natural

substances. The natural substances are mainly

derived from extracts of animals, land plants, and

seaweed. GG is a feed additive extracted from Guar

bean by special processing technology, which is

relatively mature in domestic and foreign research

and application (Zhu, 2002; Muna-Ahmed M M,

2000). CMC is a chemically synthesized adhesive,

which has developed rapidly in recent years. CMC is

also a kind of water-soluble polymer cellulose ether,

which is granular powder or white fiber, odorless and

tasteless, and its aqueous solution is extremely

unstable to heat. In addition, CMC has no nutritional

Figure 1: Effects of three additives on nitrite content of the water body.

Effects of Different Feed Additives on Growth and Water Quality of Koi Carp

Figure 2: Effects of three additives on ammonia content of the water body.

components, and mainly plays the role of adhesion.

Previous studies have proved that the addition amount

of CMC in fish feed should not be more than 2%

(Xiao, 2016). Therefore, in this study, 2% was also

selected for CMC. It has been proved by experiments

that CMC has similar properties to sodium alginate,

good water holdup and certain ductility resistance

(Luo, 1998). SP is a high polymer electrolyte,

colorless water-soluble transparent resin, which can

be used as food additives and widely used in animal

feed. Xue et al. (Xu, 2005) reported that it can

effectively prevent gastric ulcer disease in pig feed. It

can be seen that sodium polyacrylate as a feed

additive in livestock and poultry feed also has an

effect on disease prevention.

In this experiment, 2% CMC addition had the

most significant effect on the final body weight of

koi, indicating that the addition of CMC adhesive

could promote the weight gain of koi and play an

important role in promoting the feed digestion and

transformation of koi. Li et al. (Li, 2008) reported that

adding CMC could improve the nitrification ability of

post-weaning piglets. It has been shown that the

addition of CMC adhesive facilitates the digestion of

protein in piglets, and similar favourable results were

obtained in this study. CMC adhesives are rarely used

in livestock and poultry feeds, mainly due to the

increased lignification of the CMC cell wall. Long-

term feeding will affect the digestive system of

livestock and poultry, thus affecting the ability of

digestion and absorption. However, no adverse

effects of CMC on the fish digestive system have

been reported in aquatic feeds. In addition, CMC is

usually weakly alkaline, which can regulate the pH

value of fish to a certain extent.

In aquaculture, the main source of nitrogen input

is feed. Previous studies have shown that the

proportion of nitrogen input from feed that can be

stored and utilized by fish generally does not exceed

50% (Chai, 2013; Penczak T, 1982), and the

remaining 50% or more nitrogen is released into the

aquaculture system as aquaculture waste, resulting in

the deterioration of water bodies. The study of Krom

et al. (Krom M D, 1989) on brackish and Marine fish

farming with different densities (6 fish /m

and 10 fish

) proved that the proportion of nitrogen input due

to feed was 88% and 99%, respectively. Daniels et al.

(Daniels H V, 1989) showed that the nitrogen brought

in by feed accounted for 84.3%~92.7% of the total

nitrogen input in the pond in the common soil culture

system. It can be seen that feed contributes a higher

proportion of nitrogen content to the aquaculture

system. Ammonia nitrogen in aquaculture water may

be harmful to fish, and higher concentrations of

ammonia nitrogen may even lead to fish death. Some

scholars believe that when the concentration of non-

ionic ammonia accumulated in water reaches a certain

concentration, it will cause damage to fish epidermal

FSB 2022 - The International Conference on Food Science and Biotechnology

cells, thereby reducing the immunity of fish (Xu,

2015). In this experiment, the ammonia concentration

of the experimental group supplemented with 2%

GG, 2% CMC and 2% SP are significantly lower than

that of the control group, and the ammonia

concentration of the 2% GG addition group has a

tendency to decrease significantly after 24 days. In

addition, the concentration of nitrate in the treatment

group supplemented with 2% GG, 2% CMC and 2%

SP were significantly lower than that in the control

group.

5 CONCLUSIONS

In this study, the effects of the 2% Guar gum (GG),

2% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and 2%

sodium polyacrylate (SP) on the growth performance

and aquaculture water quality of Koi carp were

studied. Our results showed that the GG has a good

bonding effect on feed, reduces the dissolution rate of

feed in the water, and also has the effect of reducing

nitrite in water.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Supported by the Beijing Municipal Bureau of

Agriculture and Rural Affairs ,Beijing Municipal

Finance Bureau and Beijing Municipal Forestry and

Parks Bureau “Beijing Joint Research Program for

Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding”

(G20220628009); Beijing Academy of Agriculture

and Forestry Sciences “Preservation of Beijing

Freshwater Fish Germplasm Resources”; Tianjing

Municipal Finance Bureau and Tianjing Municipal

Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs “The project

for the Ornamental Fish Innovation Team of Tianjin

Mariculture Research System (ITTMRS2021004)”;

Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute “The project for

the Ornamental Fish Innovation Team”

(scyjs201902)

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Effects of Different Feed Additives on Growth and Water Quality of Koi Carp