The Relationship Between Knowledge Levels and Rationality of

Analgesics Use in Self-Medication for Pain in Denpasar

Ni Putu Lydya

Ni Putu Aryati Suryaningsih

Ni Made Umi Kartika Dewi

Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Bali Internasional, Denpasar, Indonesia

Department of Yoga and Health, Universitas Hindu Negeri I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar, Indonesia

Keywords: Self-Medication for Pain, Analgesic, Knowledge Levels, Rationality.

Abstract: Background: Self-medication practices are not entirely safe, especially with irresponsible self-medication.

The complaint most often reported as a reason for self-medication is pain. Although analgesics are effective

and have a broad therapeutic index, they also have potentially serious side effects even when used in the

right dosage; therefore, the self-medication practice for pain should be balanced with rational analgesic use.

Objective: This study aimed to define the relationship between knowledge levels with the rationality of

analgesic use in self-medication for pain in Denpasar. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional correlation

design involving 196 respondents who used analgesics in self-medication for pain. Respondents were

selected non-randomly, using consecutive sampling by distributing questionnaires in six pharmacies in

Denpasar. Result: Among 196 respondents, the majority (60.7%) had low knowledge of analgesics used in

self-medication for pain. Meanwhile, about half (50.5%) of respondents used analgesics irrationally in self-

medication. Furthermore, the chi-square test found that there was a significant relationship between the

level of knowledge and rational analgesic use in self-medication (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Level of

knowledge is significantly related to rational analgesic use in self-medication practices; therefore, it is

necessary to provide appropriate information and education to the public about the rational use of analgesics

in self-medication practices.

1 INTRODUCTION

Self-medication is an element of primary healthcare,

in which a person treats their disease and condition

with drugs that are approved and available without a

prescription (WHO, 1998). Self-medication has

several benefits in improving access to healthcare and

services (Bennadi, 2013; Ruiz, 2010; Selvaraj,

Kumar, & Ramalingam, 2014). However, self-

medication is not entirely safe, especially with

irresponsible self-medication practices (Ruiz, 2010).

Previous studies found that 75% of people in Ethiopia

chose self-medication to treat minor illnesses (Shafie,

Eyasu, Muzeyin, Worku, & Martin-Aragon, 2018).

Meanwhile, self-medication prevalence in Indonesia

reached 57.4% in urban areas and 54.1% in rural areas

(Kemenkes, 2010).

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2557-8602

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7904-1160

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6664-0199

The most common complaint that encourages

communities to conduct self-medication practices is

pain (Rahmayanti, 2017; Shafie et al., 2018). Pain is

a symptom that involves disturbances in the body

such as inflammation, infection, and muscle spasms

(Depkes, 2006). Pain can be treated by using

analgesic drugs, which are substances that can reduce

pain without eliminating consciousness (Tjay, 2015).

Although analgesics are effective and have a broad

therapeutic index, they also have potentially serious

side effects even when used in the right dosage.

Gastrointestinal disorders are one of the most

common analgesic side effects. The prostaglandin

inhibition mechanism in the gastric wall by analgesics

can cause inflammation, bleeding, and ulceration

(Abbott & Fraser, 1998).

A previous study found that the average frequency

of analgesic use in self-medication by the community

Lydya, N., Suryaningsih, N. and Dewi, N.

The Relationship Between Knowledge Levels and Rationality of Analgesics Use in Self-Medication for Pain in Denpasar.

DOI: 10.5220/0011937800003576

In Proceedings of the 2nd Bali Biennial International Conference on Health Sciences (Bali BICHS 2022), pages 8-14

ISBN: 978-989-758-625-5

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

reached 10.71 times in a month (Halim, Setiadi, &

Wibowo, 2018); therefore, is necessary to use

analgesics rationally to avoid drug abuse and misuse

(Depkes, 2006). The irrational analgesic use

incidence varies widely across several regions in

Indonesia, namely 20.8% in Kediri, 24.30% in

Sidoarjo, 39% in Sukoharjo, 40.6% in Penyabungan,

and 75% in Sukoharjo (Artini, 2020; Damayanti,

2017; Harahap, Khairunnisa, & Tanuwijaya, 2017;

Husna & Dipahayu, 2017; Ilmi, Suprihatin, &

Probosiwi, 2021). Inconsistent findings in terms of

the relationship between knowledge levels and

rational analgesic use in self-medication were also

present in previous studies. Several studies in

Indonesia found that knowledge levels were

significantly related to rational self-medication using

analgesics (Afifah, 2019; Husna & Dipahayu, 2017).

Meanwhile, previous studies in Lilongwe found the

opposite (Sambakusi, 2019).

The sick population in Bali Pwho only self-

medicated has reached 66.64% (BPS, 2018).

However, studies related to the knowledge levels and

rationality of analgesic use in self-medication for pain

in Bali, especially in Denpasar, are still lacking. This

study aimed to examine the relationship between

knowledge levels and rationality of analgesic use in

self-medication for pain in Denpasar.

2 METHODS

2.1 Study Design

This research used a cross-sectional correlation study

design, and was conducted at six pharmacies in

Denpasar .

2.2 Sample

The inclusion criteria of this study were respondents

aged 17-65 years old, could read, and had self-

medicated for pain (in the last 3 months). Meanwhile,

the exclusion criteria were respondents with an

educational background in health, vision or hearing

problems, and previously prescribed analgesic drugs

by doctors.

2.3 Research Instrument

This study utilized a questionnaire. The questionnaire

consisted of three forms covering demographic data,

knowledge level, and rationality of analgesic use in

self-medication practices.

2.4 Data Collection Procedure

This study consisted of 196 respondents from six

Denpasar pharmacies that were selected by non-

random sampling, specifically consecutive sampling.

Data were collected from patients who came to the

pharmacy in Denpasar, met the inclusion criteria, and

did not meet the exclusion criteria.

2.5 Data Analysis

The data obtained in this study were analyzed

descriptively and inferentially using SPSS version 15.

Knowledge levels were divided into three categories,

namely high (80-100%), moderate (60-79%), and low

(<59%) (Abdullahi et al., 2016). Data related to

rationality were analyzed based on the median score

obtained from the total respondents, and categorized

as rational if the score was greater, and irrational if

the score was less than the median.

2.6 Ethical Considerations

This study paid attention to research ethics such as

anonymity, informed consent, and confidentially.

This study has obtained ethical eligibility issued by

the Research Ethics Commission of the Faculty of

Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Central

General Hospital Denpasar (Number 2020.01.2.0301

dated April 17, 2020).

3 RESULTS

The results of this study are presented in the

following tables.

Table 1: Respondents’ General Characteristics.

General

Characteristics

Frequency (f) Percent (%)

Sex

Male 71 36.2

Female 125 63.8

Age group (years)

17-25 107 54.6

26-35 51 26.0

36-45 17 8.7

46-55 17 8.7

56-65 4 2.0

Educational level

The Relationship Between Knowledge Levels and Rationality of Analgesics Use in Self-Medication for Pain in Denpasar

Primary-secondary

education

94 48.0

University and higher

education

102 52.0

Occupational status

Unemployed 83 42.3

Employed 113 57.7

Income level

Low (<Minimum

)

119 60.7

High (>Minimum

)

77 39.3

Respondents’ general characteristics are shown in

Table 1. Table 1 shows that the 196 total respondents

consisted of 71 males and 125 females. Most of the

respondents in this study were 17-25 years old, and

had higher educational levels, and low income levels

(Table 1).

Profiles of analgesic use by the communities in

Denpasar are presented in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2: Proportion of Analgesic Types.

Types of Analgesics

Frequency

(

)

Percent (%)

Paracetamol 87 44.4

Mefenamic acid 70 35.7

Ibuprofen 14 7.1

Diclofenac Sodium 9 4.6

Methampiron 9 4.6

Methylprednisolone 4 2.0

Piroxicam 3 1.6

Total 196 100

Table 3: Proportion of Pain Types.

Types of Pain Frequency (f) Percent (%)

Headache 88 44.9

Menstrual pain 37 18.9

Tooth pain 28 14.3

Muscle ache 26 13.3

Wound pain 13 6.6

Nerve pain 2 1.0

Chest pain 1 0.5

Fracture pain 1 0.5

Total

196 100

Based on the types of analgesics, most

respondents (44.4%) used paracetamol in self-

medication for pain(Table 2). The majority of

respondents (44.9%) used analgesics in self-

medication to relieve headaches (Table 3).

Table 4: Respondents’ Rationality of Analgesic Use.

Rationality

Cate

Frequency (f) Percent (%)

Rational 97 49.5

Irrational 99 50.5

Total 196 100

The rationality of analgesic use in self-medication

for pain by the community in Denpasar is presented

in Table 4. The results show that 49.5% of

respondents used analgesics rationally in self-

medication, while the remaining 50.5% of

respondents used it irrationally (Table 4).

Table 5: Respondents’ Knowledge Levels.

Knowledge

Levels

Frequency (f) Percent (%)

Low 119 60.7

Moderate 49 25.0

High 28 14.3

Total 196 100

Respondents’ knowledge levels in terms of

analgesics use in self-medication for pain is presented

in Table 5. The majority of respondents (60.7%) had

low levels of knowledge regarding analgesic use.

Meanwhile, 25% of respondents had moderate

knowledge levels, and the remaining 14.3% had high

knowledge levels (Table 5).

Table 6: The Relationship Between Knowledge Levels and

Rationality of Analgesic Use in Self-Medication for Pain.

Knowledge

Levels

Rationality

value

Rational Irrational

f (%) f (%)

Low 45

(37.8)

74 (62.2) 17.498 <0.001

Moderate 31

(

63.3

)

18 (36.7)

High 21

(

75.0

)

7 (25.0)

The relationship between knowledge levels and

rationality of analgesic use in self-medication for pain

is shown in Table 6. The chi-square test showed that

there was a significant relationship between

knowledge levels and rationality of analgesic use (p

<0.001).

Bali BICHS 2022 - The Bali Biennial International Conference on Health Sciences

4 DISCUSSION

4.1 General Characteristics of

Respondents

The results of this study indicate that the majority of

analgesic use in self-medication for pain was carried

out by female respondents. These results are

consistent with a previous study regarding the use of

oral analgesics, where most respondents were female.

The study conducted in Rembang also found that the

use of analgesics in self-medication was dominated

by female respondents (Mardliyah, 2016). However,

these results contradict a study in Spain, where the

analgesic use was dominated by male respondents

(Carrasco-Garrido et al., 2014). The difference in

results can be caused by most women using

analgesics every month to relieve menstrual pain.

This result is in line with a study in Malaysia that

found the majority of women used analgesics every

month to relieve menstrual pain (Ali, Ibrahim, &

Palaian, 2010). Women also tend to pay more

attention to treatment cost and effectiveness (Lukovic

et al., 2014);therefore, they will choose self-

medication as an effort to relieve their pain

complaints.

This study found that the majority of self-

medication practices for pain was found in

respondents aged 17-25 years, followed by the 26-35

year age group. The results of this study are in line

with a previous study that mostly found analgesic use

in the16-39 year age group (Carrasco-Garrido et al.,

2014). Meanwhile, a previous study about abusing

and misusing OTC pain relievers in adult populations

in Poland showed that the majority of analgesics use

was found in the 45-64 year age group (Wójta-Kempa

& Krzyzanowski, 2016). This contradictive finding

can be attributed to a large amount of information

about non-prescription drugs possessed by the young

age group. This information can be obtained through

advertisements, social media, or other sources that are

available on the internet.

The majority of respondents’ education level in

this study were university and higher. This finding is

in line with a study in Spain that found the majority

of analgesics users had received university-level

education or higher (Carrasco‐Garrido, Jiménez‐

García, Barrera, & Gil de Miguel, 2008). Meanwhile,

studies related to analgesic use in Surabaya found that

patients with low education levels used analgesics

more often in self-medication practices (Halim et al.,

2018).

Based on employment status, the majority of

respondents were employed. This result is consistent

with a study in Sleman, which found that self-

medication for pain was mainly carried out by

respondents who were working (Kristina, Prabandar,

& Sudjaswadi, 2008). This can be caused by a lack of

rest time and work stress in employed groups, which

can trigger pain (Lumley et al., 2011). Other research

also showed that the incidence of pain such as

headaches, neck pain, and back pain were mostly

found in the employed group; this is related to

workplace safety and ergonomics (Malińska &

Bugajska, 2010).

In this study, the majority of respondents earned a

monthly income under the Denpasar minimum wage.

This finding is in line with a previous study which

that found self-medicators were usually individuals

with low income levels (Kristina et al., 2008). Income

levels affect someone's scale of priorities to meet

daily needs, especially in self-medication practices

(Notoatmodjo, 2014). This is why respondents with a

low income would prefer to self-medicate to reduce

treatment costs, travel time, and doctor consultation

time (Bennadi, 2013).

4.2 Profile of Analgesic Use

This study found that the majority of respondents

used analgesics to relieve headaches. These results

are in line with a study in Surabaya which found that

the majority of respondents used analgesics in self-

medication to treat headaches (Halim et al., 2018). In

addition, previous studies in Demak and Iran also

mentioned similar results (Afif & Wahyuni, 2015;

Sarahroodi, Maleki-Jamshid, Sawalha, Mikaili, &

Safaeian, 2012).

Based on the type of analgesic, most respondents

in this study used paracetamol in self-medication for

pain. This result is in line with a study conducted by

Stosic et al. (2011) in Australia, which found that the

use of paracetamol in self-medication was higher than

NSAID analgesics. These results are also similar to

research conducted by Afif and Wahyuni (2015) in

Demak, Halim et al. (2018) in Surabaya, and

Sarahroodi et al. (2012) at an Iranian university. The

high use of paracetamol in self-medication practices

can be caused by paracetamol being the first over-the-

counter (OTC) analgesic that is available without a

prescription. In addition, paracetamol was more

suitable than ibuprofen for use in a larger proportion

of the general population (Clarke, Adams, &

Dunagan, 2008). This is also supported by the higher

suitability rate of paracetamol in comparison to

NSAIDs. This could be due to fewer

contraindications, warnings, and drug interactions of

paracetamol (Stosic et al., 2011). As a result,

The Relationship Between Knowledge Levels and Rationality of Analgesics Use in Self-Medication for Pain in Denpasar

communities tend to choose paracetamol as their

primary option for self-medication for pain.

4.3 Knowledge Levels of Analgesic Use

in Pain Self-Medication

In this study, repondents’ knowledge levels reached

14.3% at the high level, 25% at the medium level, and

60.7% at the low level. These results showed that

most of the respondents had low knowledge levels

about the use of analgesics in self-medication. This

finding is almost in line with previous studies

conducted by Sulistiyana and Irawan (2014) in

Majalengka and Artini (2020) in Sukoharjo that found

the majority of respondents had low knowledge levels

regarding analgesic use. However, the results of this

study contradict a study in Sidoarjo that found most

respondents had good knowledge about the use of

oral analgesics in self-medication (Husna &

Dipahayu, 2017).

In this study, respondents’ knowledge levels on

analgesic use were assessed based on several aspects

such as drug class, selection, allergic conditions, use,

side effects, and storage of analgesic drugs. The high

number of low knowledge levels in this study may be

caused by the lack of information and education

received by the communities in Denpasar regarding

the use of analgesics in self-medication practice.

These low knowledge levels can lead to inappropriate

drug consumption by these communities (Depkes,

2006). As a result, the provision of information and

education is necessary to increase public knowledge

about the use of analgesics in self-medication. The

community must at least be knowledgeable about

recognizing disease symptoms, drug choices,

instructions, and monitoring (therapy outcome,

possible side effects of drugs) (Depkes, 2008).

4.4 The Rationality of Analgesic Use in

Self-Medication for Pain

Some of the rational drug use criteria were observed

in this study regarding analgesic use in self-

medication for pain. There were several criteria

including the right drug selection, right dose, right

information, right indication, right interval, right

route of administration, affordable price, drug side

effects alert, right duration, and proper assessment of

the condition. The results of this study indicate that

about half (50.5%) of the respondents used analgesics

irrationally in self-medication practices for pain. This

finding is consistent with the results of a previous

study conducted by Afif and Wahyuni (2015), which

found that the irrational use of analgesics in self-

medication reached 54%. Other studies on dental pain

self-identification also mentioned a similar result, that

75% of respondents used analgesics inappropriately

(Damayanti, 2017). However, previous studies in

Sidoarjo and Kediri found the opposite--that the

majority of respondents had good behavior and used

analgesics rationally in self-medication practices

(Husna & Dipahayu, 2017; Ilmi et al., 2021).

The high number of irrational analgesic use in this

study can be caused by the lack of knowledge and

information possessed by the community in Denpasar

about the rational use of analgesics in self-medication

practices. Besides increasing medical costs and length

of hospital stay as a result of adverse drug reactions,

irrational self-medication can also lead to dangerous

conditions such as polypharmacy and drug

interactions (Wilcox, Cryer, & Triadafilopoulos,

2005). Due to this, self-medication practices in the

community need to be supported with appropriate

information and education from health workers,

especially pharmacists. Pharmacists have an

important role as communicators and health

promoters in terms of self-medication practices in the

community (WHO, 1998). Furthermore, clinical

communication has a significant relationship with

positive health outcomes (WHO, 2014). Since

community pharmacists are the closest and most

accessible health workers in these communities,

pharmacists’ advice about health information and

education, especially self-medication, will have an

important impact on public health (Carrasco-Garrido

et al., 2014).

4.5 The Relationship Between

Knowledge Levels and Rationality

of Analgesic Use in Self-Medication

for Pain

Results of the chi-square test in this study showed a

significant relationship between knowledge levels

and rationality of analgesics used in self-medication

for pain. This finding is in line with previous studies

conducted by Afifah (2019) in Pasuruan, Husna and

Dipahayu (2017) in Sidoarjo and Afif and Wahyuni

(2015) in Demak, where there was a significant

relationship between knowledge levels and

rationality of analgesic use in self-medication

practices for pain. However, another study in

Lilongwe found that there was no significant

relationship between knowledge levels and

rationality of analgesic use (Sambakusi, 2019).

The results of this study are supported by the

theory mentioned by Green, Kreuter, Deeds, and

Patridge (1980) that knowledge is one of the

Bali BICHS 2022 - The Bali Biennial International Conference on Health Sciences

supporting factors needed for the realization of

attitudes into real actions. In addition, human

behavior is the result of various experiences and

human interactions with the environment which are

manifested in the form of knowledge, attitudes, and

actions (Azwar, 2007); therefore, a high level of

knowledge will result in the rational use of analgesics,

which will help avoid drug abuse and misuse.

5 CONCLUSION

More than half of the respondents had low levels of

knowledge regarding analgesic use in self-medication

for pain. Furthermore, half of the respondents used

analgesics irrationally in self-medication practices.

The level of knowledge was found to be significantly

related to the rationality of analgesic use in self-

medication; therefore, it is necessary for pharmacists

to provide the appropriate information and education

about the rational use of analgesics in self-medication

practices to the community.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest

in this study.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank the International Bali

University Pharmacy lecturer who has guided them

and provided support, as well as the pharmacies in

Denpasar that helped in facilitating the data collection

for this study.

REFERENCES

Abbott, F. V., & Fraser, M. I. (1998). Use and abuse of

over-the-counter analgesic agents. Journal of

Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 23(1), 13.

Abdullahi, A., Hassan, A., Kadarman, N., Saleh, A.,

Baraya, Y. u. S. a., & Lua, P. L. (2016). Food safety

knowledge, attitude, and practice toward compliance

with abattoir laws among the abattoir workers in

Malaysia. International journal of general medicine, 9,

79.

Afif, A., & Wahyuni, A. S. (2015). Hubungan Tingkat

Pengetahuan Dengan Ketepatan Penggunaan Obat

Analgetik Pada Swamedikasi Nyeri Di Masyarakat

Kabupaten Demak. Universitas Muhammadiyah,

Surakarta.

Afifah, L. N. (2019). Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan

terhadap perilaku swamedikasi penggunaan obat

analgesik pada santri tingkat MA di Pesantren Sunan

Bonang Pasuruan. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana

Malik Ibrahim, Malang.

Ali, S. E., Ibrahim, M. I., & Palaian, S. (2010). Medication

storage and self-medication behaviour amongst female

students in Malaysia. Pharmacy Practice, 8(4), 226-

232.

Artini, K. S. (2020). Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan

Pasien Terhadap Perilaku Swamedikasi Nyeri Yang

Rasional Di Apotek Harish Farma Kabupaten

Sukoharjo. INPHARNMED Journal (Indonesian

Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Journal), 4(2), 34-42.

Azwar, S. (2007). Sikap Manusia Teori dan

Pengukurannya, Edisi ke-2. Yogyakarta: Pustaka

Pelajar Offset.

Bennadi, D. (2013). Self-medication: A current challenge.

Journal of basic and clinical pharmacy, 5(1), 19-23.

doi:10.4103/0976-0105.128253

BPS, R. I. (2018). Statistik Kesejahteraan Rakyat. Jakarta:

BPS Indonesia.

Carrasco-Garrido, P., de Andrés, A. L., Barrera, V. H.,

Jiménez-Trujillo, I., Fernandez-de-las-Peñas, C.,

Palacios-Ceña, D., . . . Jiménez-García, R. (2014).

Predictive factors of self-medicated analgesic use in

Spanish adults: a cross-sectional national study. BMC

Pharmacology and toxicology, 15(1), 36.

Carrasco‐Garrido, P., Jiménez‐García, R., Barrera, V. H., &

Gil de Miguel, A. (2008). Predictive factors of self‐

medicated drug use among the Spanish adult

population. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety,

17(2), 193-199.

Clarke, G. D., Adams, I. M., & Dunagan, F. M. (2008).

Using suitability profiles to better inform consumers'

choice of commonly used over‐the‐counter analgesics.

International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 16(5),

333-336.

Damayanti, D. A. (2017). Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan

Dengan Penggunaan Obat Analgetik Pada

Swamedikasi Nyeri Gigi di Masyarakat Kabupaten

Sukoharjo. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta,

Surakarta.

Depkes, R. I. (2006). Pedoman Penggunaan Obat Bebas

dan Bebas Terbatas. Jakarta: Direktorat Jendral Bina

Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan.

Depkes, R. I. (2008). Materi Pelatihan Peningkatan

Pengetahuan dan Keterampilan Memilih Obat Bagi

Tenaga Kesehatan. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan

Republik Indonesia.

Green, L. W., Kreuter, M. W., Deeds, S. G., & Patridge, K.

B. (1980). Health Education Planning : A Diagnostic

Approuch (II ed.): Mayfield Publishing Company. .

Halim, S., Setiadi, A. A. P., & Wibowo, Y. I. (2018). Profi

l Swamedikasi Analgesik di Masyarakat Surabaya,

Jawa Timur (Self-Medication With Analgesic among

Surabaya, East Java Communities). Jurnal Ilmu

Kefarmasian Indonesia, 16(1), 86-93.

The Relationship Between Knowledge Levels and Rationality of Analgesics Use in Self-Medication for Pain in Denpasar

Harahap, N. A., Khairunnisa, K., & Tanuwijaya, J. (2017).

Pengetahuan Pasien dan Rasionalitas Swamedikasi di

Tiga Apotek Kota Panyabungan. JSFK (Jurnal Sains

Farmasi & Klinis), 3(2), 186-192.

Husna, H. I. a., & Dipahayu, D. (2017). Pengaruh

Pengetahuan Masyarakat Terhadap Rasionalitas

Penggunaan Analgesik Oral Non Steroid Anti-

Inflamatory Drug Golongan Non Selective COX-1 dan

COX-2 Secara Swamedikasi. Journal of Pharmacy and

Science, 2(2), 24-29.

Ilmi, T., Suprihatin, Y., & Probosiwi, N. (2021). Hubungan

Karakteristik Pasien dengan Perilaku Swamedikasi

Analgesik di Apotek Kabupaten Kediri, Indonesia.

Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 17(1), 21-34.

Kemenkes, R. I. (2010). Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2010.

Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan

Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

Kristina, S. A., Prabandar, Y. S., & Sudjaswadi, R. (2008).

Perilaku pengobatan sendiri yang rasional pada

masyarakat Kecamatan Depok dan Cangkringan

Kabupaten Sleman. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy,

32-40.

Lukovic, J. A., Miletic, V., Pekmezovic, T., Trajkovic, G.,

Ratkovic, N., Aleksic, D., & Grgurevic, A. (2014). Self-

medication practices and risk factors for self-

medication among medical students in Belgrade,

Serbia. PloS one, 9(12), e114644.

Lumley, M. A., Cohen, J. L., Borszcz, G. S., Cano, A.,

Radcliffe, A. M., Porter, L. S., . . . Keefe, F. J. (2011).

Pain and emotion: a biopsychosocial review of recent

research. Journal of clinical psychology, 67(9), 942-

968.

Malińska, M., & Bugajska, J. (2010). The influence of

occupational and non-occupational factors on the

prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints in users of

portable computers. International Journal of

Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 16(3), 337-343.

Mardliyah, I. K. (2016). Faktor-Faktor Yang

Mempengaruhi Perilaku Pasien Swamedikasi Obat

Antinyeri di Apotek Kabupaten Rembang Tahun 2016.

UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Jakarta.

Notoatmodjo, S. (2014). Promosi Kesehatan dan Perilaku

Kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Rahmayanti, E. (2017). Tingkat Pengetahuan dan

Rasionalitas Swamedikasi Pasien di Tiga Apotek

Kecamatan Medan Sunggal. Universitas Sumatera

Utara, Medan.

Ruiz, M. E. (2010). Risks of self-medication practices.

Current drug safety, 5(4), 315-323.

Sambakusi, C. S. (2019). Knowledge, attitudes and

practices related to self-medication with antimicrobials

in Lilongwe, Malawi. Malawi Medical Journal, 31(4),

225-232.

Sarahroodi, S., Maleki-Jamshid, A., Sawalha, A. F.,

Mikaili, P., & Safaeian, L. (2012). Pattern of self-

medication with analgesics among Iranian University

students in central Iran. Journal of family & community

medicine, 19(2), 125.

Selvaraj, K., Kumar, S. G., & Ramalingam, A. (2014).

Prevalence of self-medication practices and its

associated factors in Urban Puducherry, India.

Perspectives in clinical research, 5

(1), 32.

Shafie, M., Eyasu, M., Muzeyin, K., Worku, Y., & Martin-

Aragon, S. (2018). Prevalence and determinants of self-

medication practice among selected households in

Addis Ababa community. PloS one, 13(3), e0194122.

Stosic, R., Dunagan, F., Palmer, H., Fowler, T., & Adams,

I. (2011). Responsible self‐medication: perceived risks

and benefits of over‐the‐counter analgesic use.

International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 19(4),

236-245.

Sulistiyana, C. S., & Irawan, Y. (2014). Hubungan

Pengetahuan Masyarakat tentang Obat Anti Nyeri

Terhadap Pengobatan Sendiri pada Nyeri Akut (Studi

Di Kelurahan Wadowetan Kecamatan Bantarujeg

Majalengka). Tunas Medika Jurnal Kedokteran &

Kesehatan, 1(2).

Tjay, T. H. (2015). Obat-obat Penting Edisi ketujuh (7 ed.).

Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo.

WHO. (1998). The Role of the Pharmacist in Self-Care and

Self-Medication. Retrieved

fromhttp://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jwhozip32

WHO. (2014). Self-medication. Retrieved from

http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22205en

/s22205en.pdf

Wilcox, C. M., Cryer, B., & Triadafilopoulos, G. (2005).

Patterns of use and public perception ofover-the-

counter pain relievers: focus on nonsteroidal

antiinflammatory drugs. The Journal of rheumatology,

32(11), 2218-2224.

Wójta-Kempa, M., & Krzyzanowski, D. (2016). Correlates

of abusing and misusing over-the-counter pain relievers

among adult population of Wrocław (Poland).

Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine,

25(2), 349-360.

Bali BICHS 2022 - The Bali Biennial International Conference on Health Sciences