Research Content and Framework of Major Emergencies in China

Based on Literature Cluster Analysis

Xiaoyuan Zhang

1, 2, a

, Zongshui Wang

1, 2, b

and Jingbo Gao

3, c

School of Economics and Management Beijing Information Science and Technology University Beijing, China

Beijing Key Lab of Green Development Decision Based on Big Data Beijing, China

Department of Building & Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China

Keywords: Major Emergencies, Cluster Analysis, Research Content, Research Framework.

Abstract: Major emergencies have a great impact on society, and relevant studies have important theoretical and

practical significance. The research status, content and framework of major emergencies in China in the past

two decades were explored by sorting out the relevant studies. The CSSCI journal (including the expanded

edition) in CNKI was used as the data source to query the research papers related to major emergencies from

2000 to 2019. The research content and framework of the relevant theoretical research on major emergencies

in China were explored through the method of keyword clustering. The clustering results show that the

research contents can be mainly summarized into eight aspects: emergency experience, news report,

emergency warning, e-government, emergency capability evaluation, emergency treatment, information

disclosure, and emergency system construction, covering the whole life cycle of major emergencies.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years, emergencies occur frequently due to

social development, environmental deterioration,

globalization and many other factors, which have

caused serious social impact and huge loss of lives

(Chinese Public Administration, 2004; Helen, 2017;

National Bureau of Statistics, 2020). Major

emergencies influence widely and deeply, which

requires the provincial even central government to

participate in dealing with (Xue, 2005). "SARS"

(2003), the Wenchuan earthquake (2008), freezing

snow disaster in south China (2008), catastrophic

debris flow accident in Zhou Qu (2010), serious fire

and explosion accident In Tianjin (2015) (Wen,

2017), global pandemic COVID-19 (2020) and so on.

All of these major emergencies have a great influence

on society, which requires global governments to

improve their emergency response capacity.

Therefore, the research topics have attracted the

attention of academia (Han, 2012; Wu, 2019).

Theoretical research on major emergencies related to

people's health, social stability and national security

has been gradually enriched.

Some scholars (Han, 2012) have carried out a

quantitative analysis on literature related to

emergencies from 2000 to 2011, but due to the

timeliness of literature analysis, the existing research

contents can’t be fully presented. Therefore, this

paper further extends the time range based on

previous research to analyze the relevant research on

major emergencies systematically. The research

content and framework of major emergencies have

been explored through keywords cluster analysis.

2 DATA ACQUISITION AND

PROCESSING

2.1 Data Sources and Pre-Processing

The research data are all from the China Knowledge

Network (CNKI) database. Chinese Social Sciences

Citation Index (CSSCI) includes representative

authoritative journals in various disciplines (Chen,

2020), so the source of the Journal is set as CSSCI

periodicals (including the extended edition).

Literature from 2000 to 2019 has been selected by

setting the subject word or keyword as “major

emergency” and the way of advanced search. A total

of 424 papers were retrieved on March 8, 2020.

Finally, 300 papers were selected by eliminating the

112

Zhang, X., Wang, Z. and Gao, J.

Research Content and Framework of Major Emergencies in China Based on Literature Cluster Analysis.

DOI: 10.5220/0011731200003607

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Public Management, Digital Economy and Internet Technology (ICPDI 2022), pages 112-119

ISBN: 978-989-758-620-0

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

papers with irrelevant topics and incomplete

contents, such as conference papers, a summary of

concluding topics and news reports.

2.2 Data Processing

Keywords have been extracted, combined, unified

and deleted by using the Bicomb2 software, whose

frequency greater than or equal to 3 were selected as

high-frequency keywords, as shown in Table 1. It can

be seen that emergency management is the most

popular in the researches related to major

emergencies, followed by news reports, emergency

countermeasures, emergency plans, online public

opinions, etc. In addition, there are many kinds of

major emergencies, including public emergencies,

unconventional emergencies, environmental

emergencies, ethnic minority conflicts, etc. Due to

the particularity of these emergencies, differentiated

researches should be conducted.

Keywords are the succinct summary of the core

content of academic papers. Therefore, the co-

occurrence frequency of keywords in different

literatures has been counted, and then the co-

occurrence coefficient has been calculated to

construct the keyword co-occurrence matrix (Wu,

2019; Xu, 2016; Yan, 2014). The calculation formula

of the co-occurrence coefficient is:

CC */CI

ijij

, C

and C

are the occurrence frequency of keywords I

and j respectively, and C

is the co-occurrence

frequency of keywords I and j (Yan, 2014). In order

to reduce the influence on the clustering effect of too

many zero values, the co-occurrence matrix is

transformed into a dissimilarity matrix for cluster

analysis.

The matrix is imported into SPSS 25.0 statistical

software, and the systematic clustering method is

adopted. After several tests, the method called wards

deviation sum of squares is selected, and the square

Euclidean distance is selected as the metric standard.

Finally, the cluster spectrum graph is generated,

which is shown in Figure 1.

3 ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH

CONTENTS ON MAJOR

EMERGENCIES

According to the clustering results and the contents

of literature, eight clustering categories have been

integrated, respectively named emergency

experience, news reports, emergency warning, e-

government, evaluation on emergency response

capacity, emergency treatment, information

disclosure and emergency system construction, as

shown in Table 2.

Table 1: Statistics of high-frequency keywords.

Number Keyword Frequency Number Keyword Frequency

1 Emergency 119 17 Information transmission 8

2 Emergency management 60 18 Emergency decision 8

3 Major emergency 48 19 CPC 7

4 Public emergency 22 20 Early warning mechanism 7

5 Wenchuan earthquake 15 21 Information disclosure 6

6 Media 15 22 Minority areas 6

7 Emergency report 13 23 The law on response to

emer

enc

8 Emergency countermeasure 13 24 Colleges 6

9 Contingency plan 12 25 Environmental emergency 5

10 Internet public opinion 11 26 Early warning management 5

11 Emergency handling 11 27 Natural disasters 5

12 Unconventional emergencies 10 28 Crisis 5

13 Emergency mechanism 10 29 Crisis management 5

14 Emergency law 10 30 China central television 5

15 Public opinion Guidance 8 31 Xinhua News Agency 4

16 Public opinion 8 32 Government 4

Research Content and Framework of Major Emergencies in China Based on Literature Cluster Analysis

113

Figure 1: Clustering hierarchical diagram of keywords.

Table 2: High-frequency keywords’ clustering results.

Cluster label High-frequency keywords

A. Emergency experience Communist Party of China (CPC); reform and opening up; emergency experience

B. News report

emergency report; Xinhua News Agency; China central television

C. Emergency warning

colleges; mass emergencies; warning mechanism; emergency response capacity; public

health emergencies; warning management

D. E-Government

media; government; public opinion guidance; major emergencies; scientific and

technological support; emergency system; emergency linkage; public opinion; e-

government; information dissemination; information management

E. Emergency capability

evaluation

natural disasters; crisis event; evaluation on emergency response capacity; earthquake;

emergency plan; People's Republic of China

F. Emergency treatment

emergency decision-making; information system; emergency; emergency treatment; scenario

analysis; emergency response; internet public opinion; cluster analysis; unconventional

emergenc

G. Information disclosure information disclosure; information release; environmental emergencies; a state of emergency

H. Emergency system

construction

contingency legality; crisis management; the law on response to emergencies; emergency

response; minority areas; emergency management; emergency mechanism; Wenchuan

earthquake; emergency countermeasures

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3.1 Emergency Experience

Since the reform and opening up, emergencies occur

frequently and have become more and more

complicated. As the backbone of emergency

response, the Communist Party of China has

accumulated a lot of experience in the course of 30

years. Cheng (Cheng, 2010) points out that

emergency response in China tends to be legalized,

open and international. Feng et al. (Feng, 2012)

consider that the CPC gradually improved the theory

of emergency management system construction and

the legal system to deal with emergencies in the

process of accumulating practical experience. In the

study of emergency experience, scholars not only put

forward to draw lessons from experience but also

point to analyze the advantages and shortcomings of

foreign countries, to improve the emergency

management of emergencies in China. Wang (Wang,

2019) believes that it is necessary for the military to

participate in the response to emergencies. By

comparing the participation of the Chinese and

American militaries in emergency management, he

thinks that the Chinese military should learn from the

American military to focus on improving the

professional ability of emergency rescue. Cao (Cao,

2016) considers that the European Union (EU) has

also formed a relatively perfect emergency

coordination mechanism in the long-term practice,

and then puts forward suggestions on improving

China's emergency coordination mechanism.

3.2 News Report

In recent years, social media has gradually arisen,

which plays a role in news transmission in the process

of emergency response together with traditional

media. Fan (Fan, 2017) points out that media workers

should integrate various new media to construct their

reporting networks. Wang et al. (Wang, 2018) believe

that emergency reports should form a coordination

mechanism with the guidance of mainstream media

represented by CCTV and the active participation of

other social media so that they can affect together on

news transmission. Therefore, the news reports of

major emergencies show new characteristics in the

era of melting media. Yan (Yan, 2015) points out that

due to the suddenness, complexity, high attention,

and other characteristics of major emergencies, their

news reports also present new characteristics such as

high attention, strong information timeliness, great

communication influence, diversified

communication methods, and high requirements on

the quality of the reporting team. In addition, scholars

have refined a news mechanism composed of

organizational mechanism, information release

mechanism and talent training mechanism, to meet

the information needs of the public and improve the

news communication power of the media (Sun,

2014). With the change of social environment, news

reports in major emergencies also play many roles in

emergency science popularization, psychological

construction, and public opinion guidance.

3.3 Emergency Warning

Emergency warning is the pre-part of emergency

management, which includes monitoring,

identification, analysis, forecast and response (Li,

2017). The research of emergency warning mainly

focuses on warning mechanism and warning

evaluation. Xue (Xue, 2003) proposes that

government should keep the crisis sensitivity,

gradually establish a perfect warning mechanism, and

timely adjust the warning mechanism according to

the changes of social environment, to strengthen the

effect of risk identification. Wang et al. (Wang, 2018)

considered that China's emergency system should be

guided by risk prevention and control to strengthen

the whole process management of emergency work

and achieve "integration of risk emergency". An

early-warning evaluation index system should be

constructed for different types of emergencies, which

can promote the monitoring and early-warning of

emergencies to be more scientific and professional,

such as the warning evaluation of urban power

emergencies and large-scale sports events. (Lu, 2010)

3.4 E-government

E-government is the integration of information

technology and government work. Government

agencies rely on e-government platforms, with the

advantage of information technology to manage

emergencies effectively. Zhao et al. (Deng, 2020) put

forward that the e-government platform provides

support for the sharing of information in inter-city

emergency management, which can better resist the

negative impact of emergencies on cities and

strengthen urban space governance. In the case of

COVID-19, scientific and technological support

plays a key role in the response to major emergencies,

so it is necessary to establish a scientific and

technological innovation system for emergency

management.

In addition, the form of e-government is no longer

limited to the network platform, new media forms

gradually rise such as WeChat, microblog and so on.

Research Content and Framework of Major Emergencies in China Based on Literature Cluster Analysis

115

Due to the characteristics of real-time, public and

strong intervention of social media, the scope of e-

government emergency communication has been

expanded. Sun (Deng, 2020) points out that the

government microblog in emergency network public

opinion control plays an important role, which can

effectively control information dissemination,

promote the public and the government's real-time

communication and prevent the spread of false

statements, etc. At the same time, some scholars

(Rong, 2009) think that government official

microblogs should integration with individual ones to

realize the network transmission matrix for

information coordination and public opinion

guidance. Chen et al. (Chen, 2014) take the Kunming

terrorist incident as an example to illustrate the

shortcomings of government WeChat in the

dissemination of emergency information, and

propose that government should attach importance to

the operation of social media, and establish a sound

mechanism for public opinion control and

information dissemination.

3.5 Emergency Capability Evaluation

Emergency response capacity refers to the functional

level of government to reduce social losses and

maintain social stability when emergencies happen,

including early warning ability, emergency ability,

overall planning ability, communication and

coordination ability, etc. Although some

achievements have been made in China's emergency

construction, the current emergency environment has

put forward new requirements for it. Only an

objective and comprehensive understanding of the

deficiencies of the existing capacity can promote the

improvement (Guo, 2010). In the study of emergency

response evaluation, the research objects can be

divided into specific types of emergencies,

emergency plans and emergency units. Wang et al.

(Wang, 2017) propose an evaluation index system for

Marine disaster emergency response from three

dimensions: elements, processes and functions. Rong

et al. (Xu, 2019) judge the emergency capacity of the

emergency plan through the balance between the

emergency knowledge demand and supply, and

revise the emergency plan accordingly. Guo et al.

(Guo, 2010) emphasize the important role of key

units in emergencies, and sort out the evaluation

index system and methods of the emergency capacity

of key units.

3.6 Emergency Treatment

Emergency treatment should be implemented in all

aspects of the work, such as efficient emergency

decision-making, the proper use of information

systems, network public opinion control, emergency

production and logistics deployment, etc. Xu et al.

(Xu, 2020) propose an emergency decision method

based on user-generated content, that is, immediate

public information should be taken into account in the

process of emergency treatment. Later, they propose

a method to divide major emergencies into sub-events

based on users’ data. In this way, the emergency

decision scheme can be dynamically adjusted

according to the change of event scenario (Liu, 2020).

Information is important content to promote

scientific emergency decision-making. By mining

massive unstructured data to obtain useful

information resources, intelligent management of

emergencies can be realized (Zeng, 2017). However,

the current emergency information system in China

still has problems such as information fragmentation

and a low level of sharing, so it is urgent to build an

interconnected intelligence system and improve the

level of emergency cooperative governance.

Public opinion control is also an important work

in emergency handling. The propagation and

diffusion of false public opinions often lead to mass

incidents and increase the difficulty of controlling

emergencies. Through big data technology (Xu,

2020), evolution simulation and other methods

(Chong, 2018), public opinions can be accurately

determined and controlled at all stages.

During the period of major emergencies, the

needs of emergency materials and basic living should

be guaranteed, which puts forward higher

requirements for China's emergency production,

emergency reserve and emergency logistics in

response to major emergencies. For example, in the

early days of the COVID-19 outbreak, there is a

serious shortage of medical supplies. Through the

mobilization and coordination of production,

logistics and other industries, the government

departments finally ensure the demand for supplies

during the emergency.

3.7 Information Disclosure

With the popularization of the Internet, the speed of

information dissemination is faster and the scope is

wider. Moreover, the public pays high attention to the

information related to emergencies. Therefore,

information disclosure is very important in

emergencies treatment. In recent years, there are still

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many deficiencies in the work of government

information disclosure in China, especially on how to

improve the information disclosure mechanism and

relevant laws and regulations in the "Internet +" era

(He, 2017). In this study, scholars focus on the impact

of the Internet, information technology and new

media on government information disclosure. Shi

(Shi, 2020) points out that information disclosure

should coordinate with news propaganda to guide the

trend of public opinion. Wang et al. (Wang, 2018)

propose that mainstream media should play a major

guiding role in information disclosure and social

media should rationally participate. He et al. (He,

2017) consider that information disclosure should be

combined with e-government.

3.8 Emergency System Construction

China's emergency management system has been

gradually enriched from the previous "one case, three

systems", and developed into the one guided by the

overall national security concept. Sub-systems such

as social security system, material production,

transportation and deployment system, science and

technology support system, information coordination

system, public opinion management system and

information dissemination system are also included.

Meanwhile, the emergency systems applicable to

different types are also gradually improved. The

establishment of the Emergency Response Law is the

beginning of the standardization of China's

emergency management system. However, Wen et al.

(Wen, 2017) point out that the law still has many

shortcomings after ten years of practice, such as the

contradiction between theory and practice, the lack of

legal cultural environment for an emergency, etc.,

which need to be further summarized and improved

from practical experience. Jiang (Jiang, 2017) also

believes that efforts should be made to strengthen the

construction of the supervision mechanism in

emergency management, especially the coordination

between urban and rural areas. It can be seen that the

improvement of the emergency management system

also needs the accumulation of practical experience,

and with the change of social environment, the

construction should be constantly updated to achieve

dynamic optimization.

4 A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

ON MAJOR EMERGENCIES

According to the existing studies on emergencies

(Xue, 2005), these eight research topics can be further

summarized according to their different life cycles--

early, middle and late stages, and the research

framework of major emergencies can be integrated as

shown in Figure 2. Emergency warning belongs to the

early stage; news report, e-government, emergency

treatment and information disclosure belong to the

middle stage; and emergency capacity evaluation,

emergency management system, emergency

experience belong to the late stage. The early

monitoring and warning is the basic work of the

whole process, which affects the response effect of

major emergencies. The warning work in the early

Figure 2: A research framework on major emergencies.

Research Content and Framework of Major Emergencies in China Based on Literature Cluster Analysis

117

stage and the emergency treatment in the middle

stage are the basis for the investigation, evaluation

and improvement in the later stage, which will react

to the early and middle stages of the event, providing

reference and improvement directions for the

response to major emergencies in the future.

A systematic reference can be provided for the

actual response to major emergencies by sorting out

the research content framework. Relevant researches

on major emergencies cover the whole life cycle.

First of all, early monitoring and warning is very

important. Timely and accurate identification and

assessment of potential risks can effectively give

early warning to major emergencies, which can

improve the initiative of response and reduce the

adverse impact brought by major emergencies to a

greater extent.

Then, in the early part of the middle period, it is

necessary to respond quickly to major emergencies

and carry out emergency treatment. In the later part

of the middle period, when emergency management

makes phased progress, it is necessary to reduce

emergency measures and gradually restore normal

social order. In the whole process, new media should

be used for timely news reports and information

disclosure to guide public opinion and control the

development of social public opinion. At the same

time, it should also pay attention to the application of

big data, blockchain and other information

technologies in major emergencies, and assist

decision-making and emergency management

through information management and intelligence

system. Finally, the last period is not only to restore

the normal operation of the society as soon as

possible but also to solve the remaining problems and

summarize the emergency experience to provide

reference suggestions and improvement directions

for future response. Through the evaluation of

government capacity, emergency plan, emergency

system and so on, the deficiencies of each subject in

the response to major emergencies are summarized,

and the improvement of each subject is promoted.

5 CONCLUSION

In this paper, it is extracted by cluster analysis that

there are eight important themes named emergency

experience, news report, emergency warning, e-

government, emergency capability evaluation,

emergency treatment, information disclosure and

emergency system construction, covering the whole

life cycle of a major emergency. The response to

major emergencies should be carried out

systematically according to their life cycle. In the

future, the research related to major emergencies will

be guided by social needs, and there will be more

integration and crossover of disciplines, in addition,

the application of new media and information

technology in this field will be more extensive.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

After continuous efforts and unremitting persistence,

this paper was finally completed. I would like to

thank my tutor, Professor Wang Zongshui and the

following external fund help. National Key R&D

Program of China(2017YFB1400500), Beijing

Social Science General project (SM201911232005),

High-level Innovation Team Construction Project of

Beijing Universities (IDHT20190507), Diligence and

Talent Project (QXTCPB201906). Finally, I would

like to thank Gao Jingbo for his help in data

processing.

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