The Importance of Corporatism of Subjects and Management Actors

for the Functioning of the Socio-transport Environment of Catu

Tatiana Valentinovna Duran

, Alexey Igorevich Zverev

Sergey Mikhailovich Karachkov

and Natalia Borisovna Kostina

Ural State University of Railway Transport, Yekaterinburg, Russia

Ural Institute of Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (UIM

RANEPA), Yekaterinburg, Russia

Ural Chemical Engineering Plant PJSC, Yekaterinburg, Russia

Keywords: Project approach, subject and actor of management, CATU management, design of the social and transport

environment of CATU, the value core, CATU corporatism.

Abstract: The article discusses the features of managing the functioning and development of closed administrative-

territorial units (CATU), including transport infrastructure, based on the use of the methodology of the project

approach to build a theoretical concept and analyze the data of the author's surveys of the population of the

CATU in order to determine the manifestations of corporatism as the value core of the relationship between

subjects and factors of management; the assessments of the subjects of management and the population in

self-identification and the nature of the vision of the situation in the CATU; the analysis of the data conducted

by the authors of interviews, the data of municipalities on the current state and the prospects for the

development of transport in general, transport infrastructure in particular. Based on the empirical data

obtained, the main directions of existing and expected problems are identified, the author's position is

formulated regarding the possibilities of applying the project approach and the concept of the value core of

corporatism to the design of the urban environment of the CATU, large-scale state design of a specific urban

environment.

1 INTRODUCTION

Closed administrative-territorial units (CATU) are

characterized by a number of unique features that

distinguish them from other modern cities. The main

feature is that the closed cities were created and

developed in the logic of a large-scale Soviet project

to create parity in the Cold War. This means that, on

the other hand, we can consider nothing more than

project cities. The infrastructure was designed and

created comprehensively, including transport;

ensuring competent logistics was an important

component of the project. First, the subject of

management (the supreme leadership of the USSR –

I.V. Stalin, L.P. Beria, etc.) a conceptual idea was

formulated – a complex target image of the changes

that needed to be made in our country to ensure parity

in the confrontation with the "capitalist" world, a

team (project group) was formed to implement this

idea. Within the framework of the activities of this

group, the concept as a complex target image was

concretized, operationalized, formalized to the level

of a management program of activities. An important

component of this program was the construction of

appropriate railway tracks and stations that ensure

uninterrupted communication of the CATU with the

facilities included in the system. Based on the

program, a comprehensive plan was drawn up, part of

the implementation of which was the creation of

"cities of presence of the USSR atomic project" as:

− sites for the placement of enterprises and

research organizations, life support for workers

and maintenance personnel (CATU - nuclear

power plants);

− sites for the placement of weapons, test sites,

life support for military personnel and civilian

specialists (military CATU).

Thus, CATUs were initially created and

developed in accordance with a clearly formulated

specific goal. The location was chosen, resource,

logistics, infrastructure, personnel and other security

were calculated; conditions were created for the

Duran, T., Zverev, A., Karachkov, S. and Kostina, N.

The Importance of Corporatism of Subjects and Management Actors for the Functioning of the Socio-transport Environment of Catu.

DOI: 10.5220/0011581800003527

In Proceedings of the 1st International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference on Transport: Logistics, Construction, Maintenance, Management (TLC2M 2022), pages 207-214

ISBN: 978-989-758-606-4

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

207

successful implementation of the tasks set (direct

Moscow management and subordination, separate

budgeting, priorities in solving problems, etc.)

The problems of understanding the essence and

functioning of the CATU can be conditionally

divided into two large groups:

− problems of CATU as an urban society with all

the ensuing areas of study (urban, urban

planning, social, municipal and others);

− problems of CATU as a site for the placement

of nuclear production and weapons (scientific

and technological, industrial, military-

industrial and others).

We are interested in the first group of problems in

the context of socio-managerial analysis. More

specifically, the problem can be described as the

search for motivational factors that organize the

actions of subjects and actors of the management of

the CATU. The article attempts to reveal the value

core of corporatism as a group motivator, the

presence and reproduction of which is necessary for

the project city to realize the set project goal. Without

understanding, acceptance, and involvement of

managed entities in the implementation of the project

as a complex target image of changes, its

implementation in reality is impossible.

At the same time, the managing entity must ensure

the conditions for the formation of the value core of

corporatism (involvement in the implementation of a

vital social project) in the managed entity. Studying

various design and management, historiographical,

normative, analytical and other documents on the

problems of the CATU, we did not find a clear

confirmation "on paper" of such a value core, which

actualized the task of identifying and investigating the

features of such a core in the process of conducting

empirical research.

The identification of the features of the value core

of corporatism is an important element in further state

design, which implies the creation of project cities as

production and technological innovation sites for the

placement of research organizations with appropriate

innovative productions (for example, the restart of the

Soviet project "Electrograd" in the Minusinsk Valley,

which was announced by the Minister of Defense of

the Russian Federation S.K. Shoigu).

2 STUDY METHODS

The research methodology uses a project approach,

which is revealed by us in a number of works on the

theory and sociology of management (Kostin, 2001;

Kostin, 2007; Kostina, 2017). The key concepts of

this approach are the categories of management

theory: "managing and managed subjects", "goal" as

a complex image of change, "project" as a means of

organizing human detail through its programming,

motivation, involvement, operationalization,

functionalization, structuring, concretization, etc. The

managing entity develops a complex target vision –

an image of the changes that need to be made in a

particular social system for its development, solving

certain problems, etc. To implement this image in

reality, it chooses a controlled subject whose creative

energy will be directed to this. In the process of

detailing, working out the image of changes – the

joint work of the manager and the managed entities -

there is a program and a plan for the implementation

of the project in practice. The logic, details, nuances,

terms of implementation, the resources required for

this (personnel, finance, technology, raw materials,

adaptations, innovations, etc.) become clear. The

project approach comprehensively studies (describes,

manifests, formalizes) this process of developing and

subsequent implementation of the idea of social

change in the course of organizing joint human

activity. The main tools of project management are

informational (development of managerial

knowledge, formalization of joint human activity,

etc.). Conceptualization (figurative goal setting)

subsequent programming and planning are also

separate and interrelated types of information

management activities.

In the context of the project approach, it is

possible to study the interaction of subjects and actors

of management. In this case, "actors of management"

refer to people who are more or less involved in the

implementation of the project and feel involved in the

implementation of an important state task. Such

involvement allows us to talk about the formation and

further social reproduction of the value core within

the framework of joint activities, which in the case of

CATU we call corporatism. Consequently, it can be

assumed that social management in the CATU is of a

corporate nature, and this is more or less

characteristic of all project cities, since the effective

implementation of the project implies a high level of

involvement of subjects and actors, personal and

social interest.

To obtain empirical data, quantitative and

qualitative research methods were used: a mass

survey and a guide interview of experts. The need to

use both qualitative and quantitative methods of

sociological analysis within the framework of one

work was dictated by the special nature of the studied

social processes, the need not only to identify

dynamics and trends according to these indicators,

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but also to explain the causes and patterns. The

respondents included residents of the CATU of

Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk region, men and women of

various ages, socio-professional composition and

marital status over the age of 18; representatives of

the leadership of the UECC, public organizations,

local governments, business were selected among the

experts. The field studies were conducted in two

stages, in 2012 and in 2021.

As already noted in S.M. Karachkov's study,

"Novouralsk as a closed city is a typical

representative of Russian CATUs and represents a

group of "atomic" cities supervised by Rosatom State

Corporation" (Karachkov, 2017). At the same time, it

should be noted that there is a certain difference

between the CATUs of Zheleznogorsk, Novouralsk

and Sarov (a group of nuclear CATUs), on the one

hand, and military CATUs - "sea" cities Severomorsk

and Fokino, "rocket" Vlasikha and Krasnoznamensk,

etc. But this difference is not fundamental. As it was

indicated in our earlier published works, the features

of all CATUs are due to the nature of their origin, the

specifics of the tasks set, the design nature of their

organization and management (Zverev, 2021;

Zverev, 2012; Karachkov, 2013) So, staffing, the

choice of the location area, the logic of relations with

the center and the management structure and other

features unite the majority of closed cities, both

72%

16%

12%

56%

34%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Yes No Neither agree nor

disagree

2012

2021

Figure 1: Is Novouralsk a unique city in Russia?

26%

35%

17%

22%

11%

47%

12%

30%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Implementation of the strategic state

goal

Regime, safety and comfort on the

one hand, restrictions on the other

High intellectual and professional

level of the population

Neither agree nor disagree

2021

2012

Figure 2: Opinions of the population about the features of the CATU of Novouralsk

The Importance of Corporatism of Subjects and Management Actors for the Functioning of the Socio-transport Environment of Catu

209

nuclear and military. And Novouralsk is one of the

typical CATU.

3 RESEARCH RESULTS

To the questionnaire question "Is Novouralsk a

unique city in Russia?" the majority of respondents

answered rather in the affirmative (72% in 2012 and

56% in 2021). The question did not cause any

particular difficulties for respondents, both now and

10 years ago (12% in 2012 and 10% in 2021). But,

regardless of the age, gender, socio-professional

status of the respondents, they are unanimous in the

fact that every year the uniqueness of the CATU is

steadily decreasing (See diagram 1). This is also

confirmed by the fact that in 2012, almost three–

quarters of respondents considered Novouralsk

unique, while in 2021 - only a little more than half.

According to the data of the paired distribution,

young people are more likely than representatives of

other generational groups to find it difficult to answer

(22% versus 8% for the older generation of

respondents in 2012). At the same time,

representatives of the older generation note the

uniqueness of the city more often than young people

(86% vs. 53% among young people in 2012).

According to the experts' guide interviews, the

reason for such dynamics becomes clear: the city has

completed its project development and its future

prospects are not clear [... there is constant talk about

the opening of a CATU, a possible change of status,

every year there are fewer closed cities on the map,

especially military ones, including in the countries of

the former Union ...]. It remains unique for the "old-

timers" who still found the "old days" [...in Soviet

times, the city was on a special account ...]. Young

people prefer to leave the city in search of career

prospects, a better life, a good education [...previously

there were branches of the most prestigious

universities in the country, there were career

opportunities, increased security, salary, medicine.

Now it's better to go to the capital ...].

Among the answers to the question "What most

characterizes Novouralsk and distinguishes it from

other cities?" respondents choose mainly the option

related to the regime, safety and comfort, on the one

hand, restrictions, on the other hand. The second most

important answer option is "Neither agree nor

disagree". At the same time, over the past 10 years,

there has been a consistently high dynamics of

opinions on these issues. To date, almost half of

respondents (47%) believe that the main feature of the

CATU is rather its regime and the presence of

territorial restrictions, rather than the implementation

of the state task, the high intellectual level of the

population. At the same time, almost a quarter of

respondents (26%) could not identify the features of

Novouralsk. (See diagram 2).

Cross-analysis data (paired distributions) show

that the above trend is dictated by the young part of

the city's population (56% - mode.., 39% - Neither

agree nor disagree). The data shown in Figure 3

indicate that only older respondents continue to

associate the city of Novouralsk with an important

state task (21%), a high intellectual level of the

population (21%).

Experts explain this situation by the fact that

Novouralsk has completed its project development

[...we have been at a crossroads for 30 years, it is still

unclear where we will turn ...]. We can call this stage

a post–project [... if we perceive CATU as a Soviet

project, then today it is already a post-project stage.

We were obviously not ready for it, we didn't even

11%

47%

12%

30%

56%

39%

21%

38%

21%

20%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Implementation of the strategic state goal

Regime, safety and comfort on the one hand,

restrictions on the other

High intellectual and professional level of the

population

Neither agree nor disagree

35 years and older

Under 35 years old

Generally

Figure 3: Perception of the features of the CATU depending on the age of the respondents.

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think about it...]. The main objectives of the project

have been implemented, now the CATU activity has

been reduced by a multiple, which directly affects the

resource supply of the city. Young people leave it, not

seeing the advantages of living in CATU, logically

does not note the features laid down by the Soviet

project. The older generation, by inertia, perceives

Novouralsk as an atomic CATU, but less and less [...

I remember what the city was like, we were, felt

special, at the forefront of the task, were proud of

what our parents were doing. Now, of course, there

are only memories and the infrastructure is already

dilapidated ...].

As for the presence of the spirit of cohesion as the

next basic manifestation of the value core of

corporatism, the survey and the guide interview

showed that this indicator is also decreasing every

year, although it still continues to form a significant

part of the value framework of the citizens of

Novouralsk. (See Diagram 4). So, in 2012, the

respondents were divided into three equal groups.

About 30% of respondents spoke for the presence of

cohesion, as well as for its absence. The same number

found it difficult to answer. In 2021, the number of

negative assessments increased by more than 10%.

Already 41% of respondents do not see the presence

of the spirit of cohesion in the relations of citizens,

due to the ongoing changes. It can be concluded that

it is the changes that affect this indicator.

The cross-analysis data clarifies the picture:

young people do not feel the spirit of cohesion more

often than citizens of the older age group (56% vs.

26% of older representatives).

Experts note all the same negative sentiments due

30%

32%

38%

27%

41%

32%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Present

Not present

Neithe r agree nor disagree

2021

2012

Figure 4: Dynamics of the presence of the spirit of cohesion among the residents of Novouralsk.

20%

24%

18%

38%

27%

23%

32%

18%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Is it possible to restore the Soviet

model

Is it possible to radically reform

the CATU: open the city, change

the status, etc.

Is it possible to "kee p the old"

and at the same time "introduce

the new"

Neither agree nor disagree

2021

2012

Figure 5: The expected prospects for the development of CATU according to residents.

The Importance of Corporatism of Subjects and Management Actors for the Functioning of the Socio-transport Environment of Catu

211

to a decrease in project activity of CATU, the actual

curtailment of the nuclear project at the level at which

it was implemented in the USSR [... the nuclear

power plant was practically curtailed under the

START agreements, there is no talk of any capacity

conservation, especially about increasing

productivity. Rosatom enterprises have reduced their

staff by a multiple ... AEC is in fact a side direction,

but it is not developing as well as we would like ...],

[... Russian-style nuclear power plants have demand

in the market, but Americans and Europeans are not

eager to let us go there, they have their own

technologies and their own fuel elements ...], [...

CATUs are in crisis, specialists are fleeing, unity and

the spirit of cohesion are less and less, mainly among

old-timers ...], etc.

The respondents' assessment of the ways of

development of the CATU is, as noted earlier, an

indicator that "allows us to understand what results,

what new meanings the concept of the existence of

the CATU is filled with. What is it expressed in taking

into account the changes that are taking place today,

that is, how the value core of corporatism is

transformed taking into account changes in time,

various parameters, etc. In addition, we have

introduced the concepts of the expected and optimal

development of the CATU: expected from the subject

of the state, authorities, etc. – that is, from the outside,

as well as optimal, according to the actor. Thus, it is

clearly visible how the subjects and the actor of social

management perceive the practical expression and

refraction of corporate values, taking into account the

current situation, as well as what expectations are

placed on this process"(Karachkov, 2017).

Respondents assessed the possibility (expected

development model) of three main options for the

development of CATU in the present time:

− development according to the "Soviet scheme",

an attempt to return to the past, taking into

account existing opportunities, the current

situation, etc.: CATUs in this case return to the

"old" life;

− reformation with the change of the status of the

city. There are a lot of options here: partial

opening of the city while maintaining a

protected perimeter around the production

complex, complete removal of the status and

opening of the city, an attempt to make

ordinary Russian cities out of CATUs, adapt

the population and infrastructure, debug

budgeting, try to include cities in regional

development programs, etc.;

− an innovative "reboot", the purpose of which is

to fill the CATU as the most suitable socio-

technological platforms with a new large-scale

idea, with the adjustment of infrastructure,

filling in the missing human, financial,

scientific, technological, logistics and other

resources. In other words, "while preserving

the old, we supplement it with the new", when

a large-scale or a number of large-scale state

projects arise on the basis of CATU.

The respondents' expectations of what kind of

development model the management entity

(represented by statesmen) will choose for CATU are

shown in diagram 5. It shows that in 2012 this issue

was rather open for residents. This is evidenced by a

large percentage of those who found it difficult to

answer (38%). The most anticipated alternative was

the opening of the city and the removal of the status

of CATU (24%). The possibilities of an innovative

reboot or a return to the old model were less

considered as expected (18% and 20%, respectively).

According to the guide interview, this is due to the

general instability of the situation in the country, the

ambiguity of the position of the authorities (the

government, the president, Rosatom State

Corporation) about the role of CATU in modern

conditions and the tasks that they are facing in 2012

[... we are sitting on the wreckage of the empire, it is

unclear where we are going at all ...], [...Rosatom

optimizes costs, roughly speaking, reduces and

commercializes everything that was done in Soviet

times ...it hurts to look at it], [...I don't see a clear line

of leadership about the CATU, it feels like they

themselves don't understand what to do, maybe there

are just a lot of other problems and didn't get round

to it ...].

Diagram 5 also shows that the situation has

changed significantly in 2021. The number of

respondents who found it difficult to answer is

decreasing by 20% compared to 2012 (from 38% to

18%). According to respondents, the authorities are

considering options for preserving the old and at the

same time introducing "something new" (32%), or

restoring the former functionality of the CATU, as in

Soviet times (27%). The opening of the city is

considered as the least expected result at the moment

(24%).

These guide interviews explain this quantitative

distribution of opinions. In 2021, experts are looking

more clearly at the prospects for the development of

CATU, although they express a lot of doubts. [...now

is the time when CATU sites can be used for new bold

projects on a global scale, to build not only

Electrograd in Siberia, but also to revive Nuclear

power plants in the Urals, for example ...], [...we have

such an infrastructure that you can safely implement

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almost any innovative project, and not build new

"Silicon Valleys" and Skolkovo from scratch ...],

[...Russia needs now prepared, well-geographically

located sites for state tasks, with the proper level of

regime and secrecy. We already have such sites, just

shake off the dust from them and go into battle...].

4 DISCUSSION AND

CONCLUSIONS

The value core of corporatism manifests itself mainly

in the sense of uniqueness, the selectivity of the

residents of Novouralsk. In 2012, we noted the

following: "the uniqueness felt by the majority of

respondents originates from the very nature of the

emergence of closed cities. The special importance of

the nuclear sphere for the country predetermined the

need to attract the best professionals in their field,

including from the capital, as well as compliance with

a special secrecy regime (isolation from the outside

world, the need to create their own autonomous urban

infrastructure, etc.). CATU residents are

professionals gathered on the local territory (for work

and residence) under a large-scale national strategic

project, as well as all those who provide the work and

life of these professionals, create the necessary

conditions for them to work effectively in this

territory isolated by the regime" (Karachkov, 2017).

CATU uniqueness is naturally due to the project

status of their creation and development. The

residents, whose composition was also originally

planned and artificially formed (the distribution of

graduates of universities and colleges), were sent to

implement an important state task. The state provided

the attracted specialists and their families with the

proper level of comfort, compensating for the

remoteness from developed large cities, the regime

nature of living, the severity of the Ural climate, etc.

In such conditions, the identity of the inhabitants of

the CATU was formed. Here, only cohesion,

diligence and awareness of their own importance and

selectivity could crystallize the necessary motivators

and personal qualities of the contingent of CATU, as

a specific social community. The article presents an

empirical cross-section of several comparative blocks

and indicators.

Based on the data of quantitative studies

supplemented by the results of qualitative interviews,

the following conclusion can be drawn: in nuclear

CATUs, it is necessary to increase activity through

the formation of a competitive environment, by

introducing, in addition to Rosatom, a competing

management entity of the appropriate level and

resource capabilities with its own (alternative) project

understanding and goals, for example Rostec, GC

Rusnano, etc. For example, some options for such

possible cooperation are already being discussed in

the media (NIA-Krasnoyarsk, 2021).

Let's also assume that in military CATUs it is

necessary to increase the activity of the environment

(as a set of conditions) by resuscitating the effective

Soviet corporate management model and on its basis

to design the corporate environment taking into

account the current situation. However, in relation to

military CATUs, it is necessary to conduct a number

of additional empirical studies to verify and

supplement this assumption.

The experience of creating and ensuring the

reproduction of the value core of corporatism can be

used in other large-scale projects, for example, the

creation in the Minusinsk Valley of the city of

Elektrograd (the "reset" of the Soviet shock All-

Union construction), which is now also widely

discussed in the press (Lazareva).

Further, in recent years, the most characteristic

feature of the CATU has been the regime associated

with restrictions; the realization of the state goal is no

longer so clearly associated by residents of closed

cities with the CATU themselves, it often gives way

to the regime and goes to the second, less often to the

third plan. Due to the fact that CATUs are

experiencing a post-project stage of their

development, as mentioned above, corporatism goes

into the background, but at the same time it is

preserved and reproduced in the structure of the

society of CATU. In the minds of residents, CATU

no longer implements "a heroic state mission in

conditions of severe restrictions, increased

responsibility and hard work". At the same time,

cities are "aging", young people are looking around

them in the absence of prospects for personal and

social status growth. The sites of the presence of the

Soviet nuclear project are significantly worn out, but

they can still be used as a serious base for a new large-

scale state project.

In the direct formulation of the question,

respondents practically do not feel the spirit of

cohesion among themselves in the CATU, the

atmosphere of unity, etc. In many ways, this reflects

the all-Russian trend. So, V.A. Casamara and A.A.

Sorokin explain this as a "phenomenon of post-Soviet

nostalgia" in the everyday discourse of Russians.

They write the following: "Nostalgia for the Soviet

Union is associated with three main reasons. The first

is related to the need for an order that is interpreted

quite broadly – from the possibility of not being afraid

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213

to go out to the presence of labor discipline, when no

one is late for work and fully complies with all formal

norms and rules. In addition, respondents identified a

need for a friendly psychological atmosphere, when

people trust each other and are ready to help. The

atmosphere of mutual assistance and solidarity,

according to respondents, was in the USSR and is

completely absent in modern Russia" (Casamara,

2011). In our opinion, this quote fundamentally

explains why CATU respondents, but by nature

"hothouse" citizens, demonstrate a lack of an

atmosphere of cohesion – this, as it seems to us, is not

a statement of absence, but rather an expression of the

fact that in the USSR the spirit of cohesion was much

stronger than it is now.

As for the transformation of the value core of

corporatism in the assessments of the residents of the

CATU, based on quantitative trends supplemented by

qualitative adjustments, it is clearly seen how and in

which direction these transformations occur in the

conditions of radical transformations of recent years.

Firstly, and this, in our opinion, is the main thing,

the core remains, despite various "squall events" of

the last three decades. This means that on its basis it

is possible to "revive" CATU as project sites, use

them for new large-scale projects, educate young

people.

Secondly, the presence of a core of values allows,

on the one hand, to preserve identity, willingness to

perform the task and demonstrate cohesion, on the

other hand, its bearers agree to perform any other

important task for the state, are ready to change in

accordance with the current situation, innovatively

develop, solve new non-trivial tasks, etc.

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