Green Technologies in Manufacturing and Construction

E. M. Ozdamirova

, A. I. Akavova

and Z. A. Magazieva

Kadyrov Chechen State University, Grozny, Russia

Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala, Russia

Grozny State Oil Technical University named after M.D. Millionshchikov, Grozny, Russia

Keywords: Green technology, construction, environmental friendliness, energy efficiency.

Abstract: In recent years, much attention has been paid all over the world to the development and implementation of

environmentally friendly energy-saving technologies aimed at reducing the harmful effects on the

environment. The so-called "green building" is gaining more and more popularity. The most relevant

environmental technologies for rural areas, where there are more conditions and opportunities for their

implementation.

1 INTRODUCTION

According to statistics, all existing buildings in the

world consume about 40% of the world's primary

energy, 67% of electricity, 40% of raw materials and

about 14% of the total supply of drinking water. At

the same time, they produce about 35% of the world's

carbon dioxide emissions and about 50% of solid

waste. It was these statistics that made engineers and

architects think about improving building

technologies, resulting in the emergence of "green

buildings".

The definition of "green building" characterizes

not just a certain type of buildings or the use of a

certain set of architectural techniques in its

construction - this concept implies a complex system

of specially developed principles on the basis of

which both the construction and operation of the

building are carried out directly.

Basic principles of "green building":

- Savings and energy efficiency - rational use of

resources (land, energy, building materials);

- Comfort - providing an adequate level of

convenience for people who will live or work

in these buildings;

- Environmental friendliness - ensuring a

minimum level of harmful effects of the

building on the environment and human health.

Each "green building" throughout its life should

remain environmentally friendly and energy efficient.

This applies to all stages - from design and

construction to demolition.

Despite the fact that the concept of "natural

building" is also commonly referred to as "green

building", in general, "green building" is not based on

the use of only 100% natural materials.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

In order to assess the compliance of buildings under

construction with the basic principles of "green

building", special standards have been developed.

The first "green" standards appeared in 1990, when

BRE Global introduced the BREEAM (BRE

Environmental Assessment Method) standardization

system in the UK. Currently, this system for assessing

the environmental friendliness of buildings is used in

many countries around the world. According to this

standard, each building is evaluated according to 9

criteria:

1. Management.

2. Energy.

3. Health and well-being.

4. Transport.

5. Garbage.

6. Materials.

7. Land use and ecology.

8. Pollution (Nikoláeva, 2018).

Later, in 1998, another rating system appeared in

the United States for certification of "green buildings"

- LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design). To be certified in this system, a building

must be distinguished by the maximum use of

Ozdamirova, E., Akavova, A. and Magazieva, Z.

Green Technologies in Manufacturing and Construction.

DOI: 10.5220/0011555300003524

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Methods, Models, Technologies for Sustainable Development (MMTGE 2022) - Agroclimatic Projects and Carbon Neutrality, pages

96-102

ISBN: 978-989-758-608-8

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

renewable energy sources in its construction and

operation. Evaluation of buildings according to this

standard is carried out according to 5 criteria:

1. Territory for building.

2. Energy and atmosphere.

3. Materials and resources.

4. Air quality.

5. Innovation.

For each point, the building is assigned certain

points, on the basis of which a certain certificate is

then issued: for 40 points - a green certificate, for 50

points - silver, for 60 points - gold, for 80 points –

platinum (Sheina, 2015).

The international standard "Passive House",

developed in Germany, is developing and has a great

future.

The higher a building is rated according to these

standards, the more comfortable, safe and

environmentally friendly it is.

Russia is currently developing its own

environmental standards for construction. The idea of

leading a healthy lifestyle, respecting the

environment, choosing certain eco- or bio-products is

gradually conquering the world.

In Russia, more and more such goods appear. And

if everything is clear to the buyer here, how this or

that product differs, then he can buy it because of his

convictions, principles or simply desires or not. But

when we choose housing, we do not always have the

necessary knowledge and understanding of why we

need a certain environment for living and why it is

worth making a choice in favor of a house built

according to the “green” principle. And so the

situation looks paradoxical in many respects.

It seems that there is a trend, but how it can be

appreciated - many do not yet understand. First of all,

this concept includes energy efficiency,

environmental friendliness, aesthetics, economy. It is

important to note that "green" technologies are

beneficial in operation - be it energy efficiency,

reduced utility bills, visual and acoustic comfort in

the building, etc.

And if earlier the concept of "green object" could

include the adjacent territory, now it is largely

technology, engineering, economical operation,

materials. And during the life cycle of an object, the

use of "green" technologies will be obvious.

Every year there are new residential complexes

that choose certification from scratch. This is at least

5-10 developers a year, and their number is steadily

increasing. And, best of all, the objects are located in

different regions of Russia.

"Green" construction will be in demand in the

next 5-10 years, we just need to tell people more

about eco-technologies, show them the benefits of

eco-housing. “In my opinion, the lack of strong

customer interest is due to ignorance of the benefits

of “green design”. For example, there is still a

misconception that environmental materials are much

more expensive than usual ones. And yet they are in

demand. In interiors, the use of natural materials,

organic forms, indoor plants as decor, and handmades

are relevant. Increasingly, they are asking to make a

“smart home” system, introduce energy-saving

technologies, water purification, because the

durability of the materials used is important for them.

As for the purchase of housing, then, based on my

experience, customers are primarily concerned about

the ecology of the area, and not the availability of

"green technologies". But this is only because not

everyone fully understands all the advantages of

"green" construction.

In fact, "green" houses have been in demand for a

long time in the world. This is relevant and

understandable not only from the point of view of

preserving the environment, but there are real savings

for residents. When designing such houses, the

emphasis is still on the development of the adjacent

territory, which attracts people. I think that in Russia,

largely due to climatic conditions, it is difficult to

make a choice in favor of a house built using new

technologies, but I am sure that this will become very

popular in the near future (Green Zoom, 2019)

Houses are being built in Russia - this is the Hill8

premium-class apartment complex on Prospekt Mira,

certified according to the British BREEAM standard,

and 4 minipolises in the Moscow Region, receiving

the certificate of the Russian GREEN ZOOM system.

And most importantly, it is really possible not to

increase the cost of construction when using "green"

technologies. First of all, this is facilitated by BIM

design of objects, when each technological solution

can be weighed, tested and optimized even before the

construction stage, which allows choosing the

optimal set of "green" parameters. And it is worth

telling buyers about all these parameters so that they

understand that these technologies are already being

laid at the construction stage. It should be noted that

the idea of environmental certification of housing is

included in the Moscow renovation program. Thus,

gradually environmental certification of residential

complexes will become the norm for housing and the

mass segment.”

The higher a building is rated according to these

standards, the more comfortable, safe and

environmentally friendly it is.

Russia is currently developing its own

environmental standards for construction.

Green Technologies in Manufacturing and Construction

Need a systematic approach

One of the main tasks facing builders and future

owners of construction projects, whether residential

or industrial buildings and structures, is to increase

the efficiency of the structures used by developing

and implementing energy-efficient design and

technological solutions into construction practice.

Energy efficiency is a useful (rational) use of

energy resources in order to optimize the amount of

energy used to maintain a constant level of energy

supply to a building or structure.

Currently, energy-efficient designs of buildings

and structures are successfully used in Canada, the

USA and most European countries. In Russia, energy

saving technologies have been more intensively

introduced into construction practice since 1996 after

the adoption of the Federal Law "On Energy Saving"

dated 03.04.96 No. 28-FZ. In accordance with the

provisions of this law, it was envisaged to tighten the

requirements for the reduced resistance to heat

transfer of building envelopes, as well as to classify

buildings and structures in terms of energy efficiency.

The rise in prices for thermal energy and energy

carriers also determines the need to increase the

thermal protection of buildings and structures at the

stage of their operation (

Zubareva, 2015).

At the moment, there is no single classification of

buildings by energy consumption. In Europe, the

following classification has become widespread:

- energy-saving houses of low consumption

(annual heat consumption 70-30 kWh/m2);

energy-saving houses of ultra-low

consumption (annual heat consumption 30-15

kWh/m2);

- energy-passive houses (annual heat

consumption up to 15 kWh/m2); energy-saving

houses (annual heat consumption reduced to 0);

- energy efficient houses (they produce more

energy than they consume).

Against the backdrop of growing interest in

energy efficiency, the priority areas for improving the

energy efficiency of buildings can be noted:

- effective thermal insulation of enclosing

structures; reduction in the length of heat pipes;

- the use of renewable energy sources: solar

energy, wind energy, thermal energy of the

soil; increasing the efficiency of heating

systems;

- effective planning of the building site and the

choice of an energy-saving form of the

building; use of forced ventilation systems with

recuperation;

- efficient computerized energy management

system.

A dwelling will be as economical as possible if it

was designed taking into account all energy-saving

technologies. It will be more difficult, more

expensive to remake an already built house, and it

will be difficult to achieve the expected results. An

important point is to take into account the climatic

features of the region.

To save resources, you need to pay attention to the

layout and appearance of the house. The dwelling will

be as energy efficient as possible if the following

nuances are taken into account:

1) correct location. The house can be located in

the meridional or latitudinal direction and

receive different solar radiation. It is better to

build a northern house meridional in order to

increase the influx of sunlight by 30%.

Southern houses, on the contrary, are better to

build in the latitudinal direction in order to

reduce the cost of air conditioning;

2) compactness, which in this case is understood

as the ratio of the internal and external area of

the house. It should be minimal, and this is

achieved by refusing protruding rooms and

architectural decorations such as bay windows.

It turns out that the most economical house is a

parallelepiped;

3) thermal buffers that separate living spaces from

contact with the environment. Garages,

verandas, loggias, basements and non-

residential attics will be an excellent barrier to

cold air entering rooms from the outside;

4) proper natural lighting. Thanks to simple

architectural techniques, it is possible to

illuminate the house with the help of sunlight

for 80% of the entire working time. The rooms

where the family spends the most time (living

room, dining room, children's room) are best

located on the south side, for the pantry,

bathrooms, garage and other auxiliary rooms

there is enough diffused light, so they can have

windows on the north side. East-facing

windows in the bedroom in the morning will

provide a boost of energy, and in the evening

the rays will not interfere with rest. In summer,

in such a bedroom it will be possible to do

without artificial light at all. As for the size of

the windows, the answer to the question

depends on the priorities of each: save on

lighting or on heating. An excellent technique

is the installation of a solar pipe. It has a

diameter of 25-35 cm and a completely

mirrored inner surface: receiving the sun's rays

on the roof of the house, it maintains their

MMTGE 2022 - I International Conference "Methods, models, technologies for sustainable development: agroclimatic projects and carbon

neutrality", Kadyrov Chechen State University Chechen Republic, Grozny, st. Sher

intensity at the entrance to the room, where

they are scattered through a diffuser.

The light is so bright that once installed, users

often reach for the light switch when leaving the

room;

Even a house built with all architectural tricks in

mind requires proper insulation in order to be

completely airtight and not release heat into the

environment.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The foundation of an energy efficient home

Through the foundation and the floor of the first floor,

10% of heat is lost. The floor is usually insulated with

the same materials as the walls, but other options can

be used: bulk heat-insulating mixtures, foam concrete

and aerated concrete, granular concrete with a record

thermal conductivity of 0.1W / (m°C). It is possible

to insulate not the floor, but the basement ceiling, if

such is provided for by the project.

Traditionally, during the construction of cottages

in Russia, they did not pay attention to the thermal

insulation of the foundation and the blind area. The

parts of the building that were in contact with the

ground were actually conductors through which heat

flowed into the ground and “warmed the ground”.

When building passive houses, this is

unacceptable. Designing a cottage involves thermal

insulation of all enclosing structures. The thickness of

this insulation is calculated using special software

tools (Zubareva, 2015).

Simple floor insulation is not enough here, since

it does not solve the problem of "cold bridges"

through which the cottage loses heat. It is the

continuity of the thermal circuit that is important to

us. With a simple floor insulation, the junctions of the

walls and the foundation are weak points, interrupting

this contour.

The simplest and most common solution used in

the construction of energy-efficient cottages, passive

houses is an insulated foundation slab. In Germany,

the use of polystyrene foam insulation under a slab up

to 30 cm thick is officially allowed.

If a basement (ground floor) is built in a passive

house, the slab underlying the base (as well as the

walls) is insulated.

The slab energy-efficient foundation of a passive

house can also serve as an element of the heating

system of a cottage (however, like other types of

buildings). In this case, even before pouring concrete,

at the stage of fixing the reinforcement, a heating

system is arranged - pipes are laid through which the

coolant will circulate. This principle is used, in

particular, in the construction of foundations, which

are called insulated Swedish slab (UShP). A large

volume of concrete in an energy-efficient foundation

accumulates and radiates a corresponding amount of

heat. This type of technology refers to the so-called

thermal activation of structures, a principle that is

often used in modern energy-efficient construction, in

particular in passive houses.

For example, a “cut-off” is arranged on top of the

tape - a special high-density insulation is placed (a

special brand of Foamglas foam glass is used) - on

which walls are already being erected. Thus, a

potential cold bridge is eliminated.

To insulate the foundation structures of a passive

house from below, including the blind area, foam

glass chips (foam glass crushed stone) are often used.

When designing and building cottages, architects

must take into account potential “weak spots” in the

building envelope that can lead to heat loss, they are

calculated using “thermal bridges” modeling tools,

which, according to the results of cottage design, are

reduced to zero.

And most importantly. In a passive house, the

foundation is insulated not only to save energy, but

also to improve the consumer properties of the

cottage and the comfort of its inhabitants, which is

ensured by uniform heating of the room and the

absence of cold surfaces.

Cellular concretes. Porous building material

based on concrete. It has many varieties: aerated

concrete, foam concrete, expanded clay concrete,

polystyrene concrete. The thermal conductivity of

cellular concrete in a dry state is approximately three

times less than that of a brick. And if we consider that

brick and block walls lose the most heat through the

masonry mortar, then the energy efficiency of porous

concrete is even higher: its large blocks have precise

dimensions, so they can be laid on an adhesive mortar

with a joint thickness of

Today, the production of methanol, the demand

for which is growing from year to year, belongs to

green technologies. ThyssenKrupp Industrial

Solutions AG, the licensor of the recently launched

nitric acid production technology at JSC Grodno

Azot, proposes a scheme for the production of

methanol not from natural gas, but from water and

CO2, which is obtained in flue gases from fuel

combustion (Tugushev, 2020).

It is proposed to obtain hydrogen from water by

electrolysis using renewable energy sources, and

methanol from it. Then use it as a fuel, the products

of which are CO2 and water. Then start the process in

Green Technologies in Manufacturing and Construction

a new circle. And the energy for this can be obtained

from the sun, wind, etc.

Russian manufacturers have 8-10 projects of such

installations in their plans or at the initial stage of

construction.

By the way, OJSC Mozyr Oil Refinery uses

methanol supplied from OJSC Grodno Azot for the

production of methyl tert-butyl ether. As one of the

options for the future development of the enterprise, I

believe that such a green technology would be quite

acceptable. Gases containing CO2 and water are

available at the enterprise.

Today, it is expensive and cannot compete with

large-scale installations or where natural gas is used

as a cheap feedstock, such as in Russia. But for

countries where the price of energy resources is high,

this technology has great prospects as an alternative

production. Indeed, in many foreign countries there

are various directives regulating CO2 emissions.

Therefore, everyone is trying to reduce them. Let it be

an object of small capacity, but the enterprise will

reduce emissions into the environment and receive a

valuable product, the surplus of which can be sold.

Many processes use water as a solvent. However,

to obtain a product from an aqueous solution, water

must be evaporated and returned to the cycle so as not

to be lost with exhaust gases. All this requires energy.

As a solvent, liquid CO2 is much more efficient than

water. A good example is the production of instant

coffee. It is produced using CO2. The caffeine is

extracted with carbon dioxide, then the pressure is

reduced. The carbonic acid evaporates without

polluting the coffee. As a result, with minimal energy

costs, the necessary food product is obtained. If this

were done using water, then how much energy would

be required to evaporate and clean it

The advantage of CO2 can also be attributed to the

fact that it is easier to achieve the supercritical state

of carbon dioxide than water - it is cheap, relatively

non-toxic. It is characterized by low viscosity, low

heat of vaporization, which eliminates overheating, as

well as the ease of separation from the reaction

medium in the form of a gas when the pressure is

released (Efremov, 2016).

CO2 is a product that we can take from the waste

of existing industries, and thereby reduce the amount

of emissions, reduce the environmental burden.

In 1998 P.T. Anastas and J.S. Warner in his book

"Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice" formulated

twelve principles of green chemistry:

It is better to prevent waste than to recycle and

clean up leftovers.

Synthesis methods must be chosen in such a way

that all materials used in the process are transferred to

the final product as much as possible.

Synthetic methods should be chosen whenever

possible so that the substances used and synthesized

are as least harmful to humans and the environment

as possible.

When creating new chemical products, it is

necessary to try to maintain the efficiency of work

achieved earlier, while toxicity should decrease.

Auxiliary substances in production, especially

solvents or separating agents, should preferably not

be used, and if this is not possible, then their use

should be harmless.

The cost of energy, its impact on the environment

and the cost of the product must be considered. Where

possible, the synthesis should be carried out at

temperatures close to ambient temperature and at

atmospheric pressure.

Both raw materials and consumables must be

renewable if they are technically and economically

viable.

Intermediates should be avoided whenever

possible. Catalytic processes should always be

preferred (preferably the most selective).

Chemical products should not be left in the

environment after use, but should decompose into

safe products.

Analytical methods need to be developed to

monitor the formation of hazardous products in real

time.

Substances and forms of substances used in

chemical processes should be selected to minimize

the risk of chemical hazards, including spills,

explosions and fires.

In Russia in 2010, the production of

environmentally friendly insulation in the form of

linen mats was launched.

In addition to environmental safety, such thermal

insulation materials have a number of important

practical advantages. Mats (plates) made of plant

fibers have some of the best heat capacity, good

acoustic characteristics.

An example would be the Thermo-Hanf

insulation (Thermo-Hanf). It is manufactured at the

Hock GmbH & Co. in Nördlingen (Germany).

Thermo-Hanf products consist of 83-87% hemp

fibers and do not contain additives harmful to human

health. Hemp is especially resistant to adverse

influences. When grown, it is not treated with

fungicides, and when used as a heat-insulating

material, it not only does not rot and mold, but also

helps protect building structures from them.

Therefore, hemp is called a natural antiseptic.

MMTGE 2022 - I International Conference "Methods, models, technologies for sustainable development: agroclimatic projects and carbon

neutrality", Kadyrov Chechen State University Chechen Republic, Grozny, st. Sher

100

Roof insulation. About 20% of heat escapes

through the roof. For roof insulation, the same

materials are used as for walls. Mineral wool and

expanded polystyrene are widespread today.

Technologies do not stand still, many studies are

aimed at finding new energy-saving technologies. So,

Swedish engineers from SolTech Energy, which has

been working in this area for several years, managed

to find a new roofing material - glass tiles, which can

not only perform the functions of an ordinary roof,

but also heat your house using solar energy. In terms

of its shape, dimensions and weight, glass tiles are no

different from their clay counterparts, but they are

made of impact-resistant glass, which increases their

service life by several times compared to clay. In

addition to beauty and strength, such a roof will

produce most of the thermal energy needed to heat the

house, even in the most northern areas.

At present, special types of glass for roofing are

practically not produced in Russia; products of

foreign manufacturers are used in this area. One of the

exceptions is OAO Saratov Institute of Glass, which

conducts research work in the field of compositions

and new types of float glass and produces tinted float

glass, reflective, low-emission, tempered glass, as

well as energy-saving double-glazed windows

(Porfiriev, 2010).

"Green" roof and facade. One of the elements of

the heat-shielding shell of a green building can be a

"green" roof. This is a multilayer enclosing structure,

consisting of a reinforced concrete roof slab, the main

layer of a waterproofing carpet, thermal insulation

from extruded polystyrene foam boards, a separating

layer of geotextiles, a drainage and filtering layer, a

soil layer, and a vegetation layer (Fig.). Depending on

the type of vegetation layer, roof gardening can be

divided into intensive and extensive. In intensive

landscaping based on the use of tall plants with a

developed root system (roof garden), a massive soil

layer up to 1 m thick may be required; such a roof

requires, as a rule, constant care by gardeners.

Extensively green roofs, on the other hand, do not

require systematic maintenance, and a minimum layer

of soil or compost is required to accommodate plants.

Compared to "intensive", "extensive" roofs have a

simpler design solution (

Efremov, 2016). The main

advantages of green roofs are:

- mitigation of the effect of "heat islands" by

equalizing the temperature of the surfaces; in the

summer, an increase in the area of

\u200b\u200b"green" roofs can significantly reduce

the average temperature of an entire city; reducing the

cost of heating the building during the cold season

due to the high resistance to heat transfer of the

structure; green roof buildings approach passive

house standards;

- reducing the cost of cooling and air-

conditioning of buildings in the warm season

by increasing the mass of the structure, as well

as due to the natural evaporation of moisture; a

significant reduction in air pollution and its

enrichment with oxygen, which, in turn,

increases comfortable living conditions and

reduces the number of allergic and asthmatic

diseases;

- increasing acoustic comfort due to additional

absorption of urban noise, while the soil layer

absorbs mainly low-frequency sound, and the

vegetation layer absorbs high-frequency sound;

- reduction of the amount of moisture entering

the storm sewerage system in the form of

precipitation; coverings with landscaping

purify rainwater, including heavy metals.

4 CONCLUSIONS

In recent years, due to the increase in the

concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,

the process of global warming has been observed.

Greenhouse gases are mainly carbon dioxide, a

product of the combustion of fuels, which are released

into the atmosphere in large quantities; methane, the

emissions of which occur mainly in agriculture, and

nitrous oxide, the so-called "laughing gas". As a result

of global warming, various cataclysms occur in the

world: heat and drought; downpours and floods,

hurricanes and rising sea levels in various places. The

vegetation on the roofs, as a result of photosynthesis,

reduces the amount of carbon dioxide by absorbing it

using the energy of the sun, as a result, oxygen is

released into the atmosphere. "Green roofs" can

contribute to saving humanity from global warming.

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Green Zoom 1.2, 2019. Practical recommendations for

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Zubareva, G. I., Chernikova, M. N., Rakhmangulova, E. I.,

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Tugushev, A. A., 2020. Systematization of the basic

methods of "green" technologies in construction.

Efremov, N. A., Cherdakova, M. P., Ivanov, V. V., 2016.

The use of green technologies in the infrastructure of

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neutrality", Kadyrov Chechen State University Chechen Republic, Grozny, st. Sher

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