Technologies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases

E. M. Ozdamirova

and D. S. Chankaeva

Kadyrov Chechen State University, 32 Sheripova Street, Grozny, Russia

Grozny State Oil Technical University named after M.D. Millionshchikov, Grozny, Russia

Keywords: Earth's atmosphere, gases, carbon dioxide, greenhouse effect.

Abstract: Of all the problems facing humanity, climate change is the most important, especially since the rate of its

change is increasing and, according to experts, the climate situation will worsen. Climate change is

inextricably linked to the degradation of the Earth's biosphere. The article discusses technologies for reducing

greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are the collective name for a number of gases that can trap the planet's

thermal radiation. In the visible range, they remain transparent, while absorbing the infrared spectrum. There

is no definite formula for greenhouse gases. Some links between the energy sector and the rest of the economy

are taken into account. Like capital or labor, energy enters production functions in industrial sectors directly

as an end product and indirectly as a raw material.

1 INTRODUCTION

The problem of climate change and the danger of

global and regional impact has become one of the

most actively discussed topics in the world. However,

due to the novelty and unusual nature of the problem,

even ecologists find it difficult to understand all its

details. In addition, the sensationalism of many

newspaper publications and the linkage of the Kyoto

Protocol to various political issues, alas, do not help

to understand the essence of the problem.

The earth's atmosphere has the ability to let the

sun's rays through, while retaining thermal radiation

from the surface. The result is heat accumulation. The

accumulation of gases and other emissions in the

atmosphere exacerbates this process, triggering the

greenhouse effect mechanism.

This global problem has existed for a long time.

But with the development of technologies that

increase emissions into the atmosphere, with an

increase in the number of cars and a general

deterioration in the environment, it is becoming

increasingly relevant. According to statistics, the

average temperature of the planet has increased by

0.74° over the past century alone. At first glance, this

seems like quite a bit. But even such an increase has

already led to irreversible climate change (Korobova,

2020).

Who discovered the mechanism of the greenhouse

effect? For the first time this definition was used in

1827 by J. Fourier. On this topic, he even wrote a

voluminous article in which he considered various

schemes for the formation of the earth's climate. It

was Fourier who first put forward and confirmed the

idea that the optical properties of the earth's

atmosphere are similar to those of glass.

Later, the Swedish physicist Arrhenius, while

studying the infrared properties of water vapor and

carbon dioxide, put forward the theory that their

accumulation in the atmosphere can cause an increase

in the temperature of the entire planet. Subsequently,

on the basis of these studies, the concept of the

greenhouse effect arose.

2 MATERIALS AND

METHODS

Greenhouse gases are the collective name for a

number of gases that can trap the planet's thermal

radiation. In the visible range, they remain

transparent, while absorbing the infrared spectrum.

There is no definite formula for greenhouse gases.

Their percentage may change constantly. So what are

greenhouse gases?

The main greenhouse gases are:

1. Carbon dioxide. The longest living in the

atmosphere, as a result of this, its constant

accumulation occurs;

Ozdamirova, E. and Chankaeva, D.

Technologies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases.

DOI: 10.5220/0011553900003524

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Methods, Models, Technologies for Sustainable Development (MMTGE 2022) - Agroclimatic Projects and Carbon Neutrality, pages

22-25

ISBN: 978-989-758-608-8

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

2. Methane. Due to a number of properties, it has

a stronger activity. According to Wikipedia, its

level in the atmosphere has increased by more

than 150 times since 1750;

3. Nitrous oxide;

4. Perfluorocarbons - PFCs (Perfluorocarbons -

PFCs);

5. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);

6. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).

Greenhouse gases lead to significant climate

changes, by their nature, the sources of their

formation can be divided into 2 large groups:

Man-made. They are the main cause of the

greenhouse effect. These include various types of

industry that use the combustion of hydrocarbon

fuels, the development of oil fields, emissions from

automobile engines.

Figure 1: Greenhouse gas emissions by sectors of the

economy on average throughout the world per year.

Natural. They play a secondary role. Most of the

natural greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere during

volcanic eruptions. Also in this group can be

attributed evaporation of the oceans and large forest

fires.

The main reason for the development of the

greenhouse effect on Earth are gases accumulating in

the atmosphere. Exceeding their concentration leads

to a change in the heat balance.

Additionally, the ozone layer can also be

involved in this process. Under the influence of freon

and nitrogen oxides, which are also included in the

list of greenhouse gases, it begins to rapidly break

down and become thinner. As a result, the level of

hard ultraviolet radiation increases dramatically.

Thus, the greenhouse effect and the destruction of the

ozone layer are a chain of interrelated events that have

a significant impact on the biogeocenosis of the entire

planet (Temnov, 1987).

The main causes of the greenhouse effect include:

The rapid growth of industry using oil, gas and

other fossil hydrocarbons as energy sources. They

account for about half of all gas emissions.

Mass destruction of forests. In the process of

photosynthesis, trees absorb carbon dioxide and

produce oxygen, forests are the “lungs of the planet”,

their destruction is fraught with a sharp increase in the

amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Development of agriculture. As a result of the

decay of animal waste products, a large amount of

methane is produced, which is one of the most

aggressive greenhouse gases.

In addition to human activities, natural causes can

also contribute to the enhancement of the greenhouse

effect. For example, large volcanic eruptions or mass

burning of forests. An increase in temperature on the

Earth's surface as a result of the thinning of the ozone

layer leads to increased evaporation of moisture,

which also aggravates the situation. The relationship

between the greenhouse effect and the ozone layer

has long been proven. An increase in the

concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere is a

fundamental factor in the development of the problem

(Temnov, 2000).

Depending on the development scenarios, the

technological foundation of the global economy

needs to be fundamentally upgraded.

Below is a brief overview of recent research on

technological progress in key economic sectors.

Unfortunately, Russia lags far behind most

developed countries in terms of energy efficiency and

energy conservation. We have a huge potential to

reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which is a

relatively low-cost potential.

On the one hand, we must do it resolutely -

reducing emissions, because without that - the

President and the Administration will not be able to

achieve accelerated economic growth, economic

restructuring and doubling of GDP without

improving the energy efficiency of the Russian

economy.

Energy supply will continue to be dominated by

fossil fuels and traditional combustion technologies.

Improvements can be achieved by increasing the

efficiency of power plants, co-firing coal and

biomass, adding biogas to natural gas, replacing coal

fuel with natural gas, and more.

Technologies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases

The following technologies are considered the

most promising:

gas technology. Units based on a steam-gas

combined cycle (natural gas combined "cycle,

NGCC) or CCGT" GTU.

Use the gases produced during the combustion of

fuel

Used to generate steam to drive steam turbines to

generate electricity. Efficiency can be increased by as

much as 60% by increasing flame temperature and

steam pressure, as well as more complex steam

cycles. Main problems: high temperature materials,

efficient cooling system (Schreiber, 1977).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

New corner technologies include steam parameters

for supercritical and ultra-supercritical (SSC)

circulating boiling technologies (up to 700°C and

37.5 MPa).

layer and efficiency over 50%.

Pre-gasification plants for various types of solid

hydrocarbon fuels (to produce synthesis gas

consisting of a mixture of hydrogen and carbon

monoxide), as well as conversion cycles similar to

CCGT "GTU" (yield up to 50%) can also have an

effect.

The problem with new materials that can work at

such temperatures and pressures.

The low-temperature swirling combustion

technology (LBT) is based on the aerodynamics of

the flow in the furnace - most of the fuel enters the

bottom of the furnace, and the air goes up.

The use of energy and heat pumps further

increases efficiency through the use of low

temperature thermal energy.

Micro and micro cogeneration. The modern way

of life of the population requires the effective use of

semi-autonomous decentralized power supply

systems based on micro and micro power plants /

CHP.

Their power ranges from a few kilowatts (for

small kitchen appliances such as refrigerators) to

multi-megawatt appliances for entire villages or

industrial sites. The calorific value can reach tens and

even hundreds of kilojoules per hour, and the overall

efficiency can exceed 75% (Egamov, 2015).

4 CONCLUSIONS

Energy is a crucial economic input circulating in most

economies, widely utilized as a production factor and

consumed in different forms by households. Due to

inter-sectoral linkages and the wide impact of energy-

related policies on the remaining sectors and all

economic agents, general equilibrium modelling is an

appropriate tool to assess energy and environmental

policy scenario.

Several linkages between energy sector and the

rest of economy are taken into consideration.

Similarly to capital or labor, energy enters production

functions in industrial sectors directly as a final

product and indirectly as a raw materials. In case of

households, energy consumption enters utility

function through housing and transport services.

Produced electricity is supplied only to a single sector

(electricity distribution) because nobody except this

single sector should buy electricity directly from

producers. Future modification of the model should

takes into account consider to implement bottom-up

part for heating sector, international trade,

unemployment, more disaggregated sectors

representation, prosumer energy, motor fuels black

market, distinguish between capital stock and land in

natural resources sectors, sectoral emission

coefficients (Porfiriev, 2010).

It is estimated that in European countries, about

95% of households use personal heating system.

there are various ways to solve the problem of the

greenhouse effect. The main thing is that the struggle

should be conducted at the international level. To

correct the current situation, the efforts of all mankind

are needed. Gas emissions are a global problem, it

concerns the entire planet as a whole, and not

individual countries.

In general, Russia has a huge and still unused

reserve for reducing the carbon footprint of products

due to existing protective and other categories of

forests on agricultural land. Forests located on

agricultural land are of great importance for the

absorption of greenhouse gases (Porfiriev, 2010).

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Technologies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases