Effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera Seed as a Biocoagulant for Water
Pretreatment, Ilo Province, Moquegua-Peru
Rivera-Campano Milko
1a
, Morales-Aranibar Carlos
2b
and Morales-Aranibar Luis
3c
1
Director of the Professional School of Environmental Engineering of the National University of Moquegua Environmental
Engineer of the National University of Moquegua, Peru
2
Metallurgical Engineer from the Jorge Basadre Grohmann National University, Peru
3
Director of the Office of Innovation, Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property of the National Intercultural
University of Quillabamba, Peru
Keywords: Moringa Oleifera, Biocoagulant, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids.
Abstract: The objective of this study is to use Moringa oleifera seed as a biocoagulant to treat turbid water samples
during the flood season in the Osmore river in Ilo-Moquegua. The methodology was based on a completely
randomized factorial design, using as a response variable the percentage of turbidity removal, the composition
of the Moringa oleifera seed was evaluated, the defatting process was carried out, obtaining the flour for the
preparation of biocoagulant, the physicochemical parameters were evaluated: temperature, pH and total solids,
in addition to the time of action. As a result, the optimum dose was 1.35 ml in flood season (high turbidity)
with a sedimentation time of 30 min, thus obtaining a fairly efficient removal in high turbidity, reaching
positive values above 95%. Total dissolved solids (TDS) showed a decrease of 45.38% of water in high
turbidity. The pH (7.71) and temperature (26.5 °C) did not change, as they were within the standards allowed
by national norms. Data that will help the inhabitants and authorities to access and replicate in an easy way
and thus treat water with a friendly and sustainable culture with the environment.
1 INTRODUCTION
Currently, water purification processes use different
types of reagents such as coagulants, many of these
are of artificial origin (Ramirez 2019), some of these
reagents for their manufacture can emit many sources
of pollution, so it is necessary to study green
production biocoagulants (Sandoval and Laines,
2013).
Peru is one of the many countries facing water
supply and contamination problems especially in
rural or recently inhabited areas as is the case of the
Lurin River (Villanueva, 2016) and the human
settlement of Santa Rosa in the Algarrobal district of
the province of Ilo. For this reason, Peru is no stranger
to this problem, as it has many of its regions,
provinces, districts and
its regions, provinces, districts, continue to pre-
treat water in the different rural areas.
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-037X
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4184-2365
c
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9421-9833
Currently, the fight against global warming and
the SDGs is being carried out worldwide to clarify the
water in a natural way for this, it is necessary to apply
natural polyelectrolytes that act as flocculation aids,
allowing to eliminate a significant percentage of
turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved organic,
dissolved ionic (salts) and microorganisms that can
not affect the health of consumers (Delgadillo et al,
2010; Arango and Ortega, 2017).
Microorganisms, heavy metals, turbidity or others
can be present in rivers due to natural or
anthropogenic activities (Tumbaco and Acebo, 2018;
Melo and Turriago, 2012), thus generating that in
water treatment plants use inorganic coagulants for
their treatment (Sáenz, 2015; Chama, 2017), but in
the case of the surrounding areas in rural areas there
are few that have a water treatment plant (Broncano
and Rosario, 2017), thus risking even a possible
Milko, R., Carlos, M. and Luis, M.
Effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera Seed as a Biocoagulant for Water Pretreatment, Ilo Province, Moquegua-Peru.
DOI: 10.5220/0011352500003350
In Proceedings of the 5th International Scientific Congress Society of Ambient Intelligence (ISC SAI 2022) - Sustainable Development and Global Climate Change, pages 273-279
ISBN: 978-989-758-600-2
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
273

public health problem and in the environment of the
environment. (Coronado, 2018; Vela, 2016).
The province of Ilo has a valley that is considered
an agricultural zone, farmers irrigate their crop areas
by using the waters of the Osmore River that flows
through the valley and finally flows into the sea, the
people living in the area use the water to prepare their
food and beverages without having gone through a
previous pretreatment. One of the main problems of
the Osmore River water is the presence of mud or
particles (turbidity) and even more so when there is a
flood season with heavy rains in summer and autumn
in the highlands (Sánchez, 2019). The water arrives
very turbid to the Ilo valley with a high percentage of
mud, pathogenic microorganisms, making it
impossible to consume it (Sanchez, 2019).
This research work seeks to provide a proposed
solution for water treatment, using a non-
conventional technology for water pretreatment,
using the Moringa oleifera seed as a biocoagulant that
has protein properties that help improve water quality
(Ezhilarasi and Veerasekar, 2014), thus contributing
to the inhabitants of the Ilo valley. That is why the
present research work aims to use Moringa oleifera
seed as a biocoagulant to treat turbid water samples
in the Osmore river in Ilo-Moquegua-Peru.
2 METHODOLOGIES
The design used was a completely randomized
experimental design (single factor).
Having 4 doses of biocoagulant (1.0 mL, 1.2 mL,
1.3 mL and 1.4 mL) and 1 control for a sedimentation
time of 60 min, and 4 doses of biocoagulant (1.2 mL,
1.3 mL, 1.35 mL and 1.4 mL) and 1 control for a
sedimentation time of 30 min, making 5 replicates for
greater accuracy in the periods of floods.
2.1 Moringa Oleifera Seed Processing
The Moringa oleifera seeds are of natural origin from
the province of Ilo, these were taken to the basic
chemistry laboratory of the National University of
Moquegua - Ilo Branch.
Ten units of Moringa seeds with husk, seed
without husk and husk were weighed, the difference
in weight was evaluated in percentage to know the
raw material for the elaboration of the biocoagulant.
Subsequently, it was then dried at room temperature
for 1 day (24 hours) for easy use (Sandoval & Laines,
2013). The crushing phase consisted of pulverizing
the peeled seeds in a domestic blender (Carrasquero,
et al., 2018), with the intention of obtaining moringa
powder.
2.2 Analysis of the Properties of
Moringa Oleifera
For the determination of the proximate composition
of the seeds of Moringa oleifera not segregated, sent
30 gr. of sample to the specialized laboratory of the
Universidad Nacional De San Agustín de Arequipa,
performing an analysis of moisture (NTP 209.085),
fat (NTP 209.093). Protein (AOAC 2057), fiber (NTP
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2.3 Extraction of Oil and Fats from
Seeds of Moringa Oleifera
The solid-liquid extraction or leaching methodology
was applied with a solvent called 95% Ethanol
(Guamán, & Sánchez, 2018), for this purpose, 80 g of
moringa powder were weighed and diluted in a
volume of 300 ml of chemically pure 95% ethanol
and then homogenized with the help of a magnetic
stirrer for a time of 40 min and left to stand for 1 day
(24 hours).
2.4 Filtering and Residual Drying of
Moringa Oleifera Seeds
After the waiting course of 1 day (24 hours), the
filtering process was carried out with a filter paper of
11 μm, thus obtaining the residual cake of the defatted
seed with which the research was worked. The solid
part (residual cake) Figure 1, was left to dry at room
temperature for 1 day, until the ethanol solvent
finished volatizing and the Moringa oilseed was
defatted.
2.5 Extraction of the Component in
Saline Solution
With the intention of making the coagulant more
soluble in turbid water. 500 ml of distilled water were
prepared and 29.22 g of NaCl were weighed and then
homogenized in a magnetic stirrer for a time of 15
min. (Adbul, 2016; Tumbaco & Acebo, 2018).
ISC SAI 2022 - V International Scientific Congress SOCIETY OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE
274

Figure 1: Moringa oleifera residual cake.
2.6 Obtaining the Biocoagulant based
on the Seed of Moringa Oleifera
For the preparation of the biocoagulant as shown in
Figure 2, 15 g of defatted Moringa oleifera was added
to 500 ml of the saline solution. Then, with the help
of the magnetic stirrer, it was mixed for a time of 30
minutes. Finally, the solution was filtered with a filter
paper where the biocoagulant was obtained and
reserved in a dark glass bottle.
2.7 Concentration of the Biocoagulant
of the Seed Moringa Oleifera
Calculations of concentration (w/w) were made, for
the time of flooding, doses of 1.2 ml, 1.3 ml, 1.35 ml,
1.4 ml and its control were made with a sedimentation
time of 30 min, and doses of 0.8 ml, 1.0 ml, 1.2 ml,
1.4 ml and its control with a time of 60 min, having
as fixed speed of 100 rpm. Then, with the range
obtained, a new calculation was made to work with
more precise data on the concentrations of the doses.
2.8 Evaluation of Physicochemical
Parameters in Treated Water
The pH, temperature, and total dissolved solids were
evaluated to assess the effect of the biocoagulant on
turbidity, using a HACH 2100 AN turbidity meter
from the basic chemistry laboratory of the National
University of Moquegua. The evaluation of the before
and after treatments was carried out with their
respective control, marking the difference in the data
obtained in percentage of turbidity elimination in the
flood and dryness times.
Figure 2: Preparation of Moringa-based biocoagulation.
2.9 Data Analysis
In order to evaluate if significant differences are
found between treatments, an analysis of variance
will be performed.
3 RESULTS
3.1 Determination of Moringa Oleifera
Seed Weight
The results obtained regarding the weight of the seed
with shell, seed without shell and shell, it was
determined that the weight of the shell is not very
significant for the processing of moringa, however, I
show that the seed without shell has had a high
percentage in weight of 74.4%", which means that it
represents a greater or sufficient amount of raw
material for the elaboration of the biocoagulant.
3.2 Proximal Composition of Moringa
Oleifera Seed
The proximal composition of Moringa Oleifera seed
powder without degreaser, obtained results that show
a high protein content 38.46% which is important for
coagulation, proteins are biopolymers that help the
water to have a good flocculation and settle quickly,
so the proteins are the main importance for water
treatment, in the same way the analysis gives us the
data of fat with a percentage of 35.37% that is in the
seed important data for extraction in the preparation
of the biocoagulant.
Effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera Seed as a Biocoagulant for Water Pretreatment, Ilo Province, Moquegua-Peru
275

3.3 Concentration of The Biocoagulant
of Moringa Oleifera Seeds
It was prepared taking into account a volume of 100
ml, a solute mass of 3 g, a solution mass of 99.7 g and
a final concentration (%m/m) of 3%.
3.4 Results of Water Treatment at The
Time of The Osmore River
Flooding
The ideal dose according to the experimental design
had a range of 0.8 ml - 1.4 ml for a time of 60 min.
The results show that the 1.2 ml dose presents a better
turbidity removal, having an average of 85.46 NTU
as for the other doses (Table 1).
Table 1: Coagulation percentages in time of flooding in 60
min.
Repli
ca
NT
U
Initi
al
Dose
Contr
ol
0.8
ml
(NT
U)
1.0
ml
(NT
U)
1.2
ml
(NT
U)
1.4
ml
(NT
U)
R1 863 443 124 116 102 126
R2 739 435 81.8 146 79.6 88.8
R3 739 440 87.5 94.6 84.4 91.3
R4 851 488 86.2 84.4 83.7 92.8
R5 672 376 88.5 126 76.6 96.1
Average 436.4 93.6 113.
4
85.4
6
99
The result of the statistical value of the "F" test is
obtained from the division of the mean squares of the
treatment and the error (Table 2) with this result we
show that there is sufficient statistical evidence to say
that the treatments are different and that it effectively
demonstrates that the biocoagulant eliminates or
reduces the percentage of turbidity in the water in a
sedimentation time of 60 min.
With the results it was intended to improve the
time to evaluate the difference that can present and
how effective the biocoagulant can be, for that the
range of 1.2 ml - 1.4 ml was considered performing
the same procedure of 5 replicates with a shorter time
of 30 min of sedimentation and the agitation speed of
100 rpm in a time of 1 min.
Table 2. ANOVA analysis of variance of coagulation in
time of flooding in time of 60 min.
Source
of
variatio
n
Sum of
Square
Degre
es of
freedo
m
Square
Middle
F
Treatme
nt
460497.27
84
4
115124.
32
204.00
55
Error 11286.392 20
564.319
6
Total
471783.67
04
24
Table 3: Coagulation percentages in time of flooding in 30
min.
Repli
ca
NT
U
Initi
al
Dose
Contr
ol
1.2
ml
(NT
U)
1.3
ml
(NT
U)
1.35
ml
(NT
U)
1.4
ml
(NT
U)
R1 243
7
1438 182 144 146 123
R2 454
3
2861 128 128 116 130
R3 454
3
3006 132 121 114 203
R4 486
1
3025 121 118 102 120
R5 486
1
3084 116 153 107 178
Average 2682.
8
135.
8
132.
8
117 150.
8
Table 3 shows that the 1.35 ml dose shows better
turbidity elimination and less time compared to the
other tests carried out; at the same time, it does not
show much difference in relation to the previous
analysis with a time of 60 min, demonstrating that the
biocoagulant helps to improve water clarification. To
demonstrate its effect, ANOVA was carried out,
concluding that there is sufficient statistical evidence
to say that the treatments are different and that it was
indeed demonstrated that the biocoagulant eliminates
or reduces the percentage of turbidity in the water in
a sedimentation time of 30 min. (Table 4)
Having the results of the sedimentation times (30
and 60 min), as well as the average turbidity removal
in the water, the final result was taken as the 1.35 ml
dose since it presents less time and the difference in
turbidity is less, since for the studies and the use of
coagulant in a water pretreatment, the minimum
removal is required and in less time.
ISC SAI 2022 - V International Scientific Congress SOCIETY OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE
276

Table 4: Analysis of variance ANOVA of coagulation in
time of flooding in time of 30 min.
Source
of
variation
Sum of
Square
Degrees
of
freedom
Square
Middle
F
Treatment
25986366.16
4
6496591.54
65.81049
Error
1974333.2
20
98716.66
Total
27960699.3
6
24
3.5 Analysis of Temperature, pH and
Total Dissolved Solids
A pH and temperature analysis were performed
before and after pretreatment of the Osmore River
water sample in 100 ml beakers with a volume of
water to be treated of 80 ml in order to evaluate
whether the biocoagulant generates an alteration in
the physicochemical parameters, which had the
following results observed in Table 5, showing that it
does not vary significantly in the final pH.
The final pH and temperature is below the initial
one, which, in turn, does not alter the application of
the biocoagulant that seeks to improve water
clarification. The 1.35 mL dose (pH 7.9 and 27 °C),
it was observed that in samples 1 to 5 of water in the
flood season, it was presented with an average of 26.7
°C in comparison with the untreated sample that
presents 26.5 °C, meaning that there was no alteration
or modification as well as the pH parameter that had
an average of 7.71, and is within the range
standardized by national norms.
Table 5: Influence of the optimal dose (1.35 ml) on pH and
temperature parameters
.
Sampl
e
Dos
e
Ini
tial
pH
Initi
al
tem
pera
ture
Types
of
sedim
entati
on
Fi
nal
pH
Final
tempe
rature
M 1 1.35
ml
7.9 27 7.7
5
26.7
M 2 1.35
ml
7.9 27
30
min.
7.7
0.
26.7
M 3 1.35
ml
7.9 27 7.6
7
26.6
M 4 1.35
ml
7.9 27 7.7
4
26.9
M 5 1.35
ml
7.9 27 7.7
1
26.9
M 6 0 ml 7.9 27 7.7
6
26.5
3.6 Results of Total Dissolved Solids
After three repetitions, it can be observed that in
Figure 3, sample 6, which is not treated, shows a high
load of total dissolved solids in the three tests, unlike
samples 1 to 5, which shows the influence of the dose
of 1.35 ml in the treated vessels, which means that it
shows a reduction of total dissolved solids in the
treated water in times of flooding, and that total
dissolved solids are also a problem for the
pretreatment of water and for health.
Figure 3: Influence of biocoagulant on total dissolved solids
over time of flooding.
4 DISCUSSIONS
This research work studied the adequate
concentration for the flood season in which a very
high turbidity was demonstrated during the tests
performed, which showed a great capacity to
eliminate turbidity by treatment with moringa when
there is presence of high turbidity load demonstrating
Effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera Seed as a Biocoagulant for Water Pretreatment, Ilo Province, Moquegua-Peru
277

a great difference in the adequate concentration for
the dry season, which is efficient the higher the
turbidity the greater the effect of the biocoagulant
seed Moringa oleifera, this allows its use to be
recommended when there is higher turbidity in the
Osmore River. (Sanchez, 2019).
In the testing process, the optimal time in terms of
sedimentation of the treated water is much shorter the
time when there is presence of high turbidity than in
low turbidity, which makes the effectiveness of the
biocoagulant act instantaneously to the elimination of
turbidity, and can be used when it occurs in times of
flood (Tumbaco and Acebo, 2018).
The application and direct use of the Moringa
oleifera seed biocoagulant, does not produce
alteration or change its initial values nor does it
represent an additional cost to correct the pH and
temperature of the treated water compared to
chemical polymers that, if it tends to alter, on the
other hand, reduces a percentage in terms of total
dissolved solids (TDS) compared to other chemical
polymers such as aluminum sulfate used
commercially. for pretreatment in water, which
generates alkalinity in the treated water so it is
necessary to add alkalis such as lime, which is
advisable to use as a natural coagulant Moringa
oleifera seed before the ability to remove turbidity
(Vela, 2016).
However, it would be ideal to perform some more
analyses such as coliform bacteria, and some
chemical tests such as nitrates and nitrites, Total
Organic Carbon (TOC), to obtain data that would help
provide a good assessment of water quality, and
determine if there is a decrease or elimination of these
parameters by applying the Moringa oleifera seed
biocoagulant.
5 CONCLUSIONS
It was determined that the concentration of the
biocoagulant for the removal of high turbidity is an
optimal dose of 1.35 ml in a sedimentation time of 30
min, the effectiveness of the biocoagulant from the
Moringa oleifera seed acts much better when there is
a greater amount of turbidity, that is, in times of
flooding. It was demonstrated that the preparation and
application of the biocoagulant based on Moringa
oleifera seeds has a turbidity removal in flood season
(high turbidity) of 95.97 %. In other parameters, it has
not generated any alteration in the pH since it
remained relatively stable with an average of 7.71
during the flood season; likewise, its temperature did
not change since its average was 26.5 °C in high
turbidity water, data that are standardized and
allowed for pretreatment. As for total dissolved solids
(TDS), the application of the optimum doses showed
a decrease of 45.38% during the flood season.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to the Professional School of Environmental
Engineering of the National University of Moquegua
Ilo Branch and the Directorate of Innovation,
Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property and
Biology Laboratory of the National Intercultural
University of Quillabamba.
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