Assessment of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Area
Affected by Petrol Stations
Svitlana Domuschy
1a
, Valentina Trigub
1b
and Elgudja Kulidjanov
2
1
Department of Geography of Ukraine, Soil Science and Land Cadastre, Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University, 2,
Champagne Lane, Odesa, Ukraine
2
Odesa branch of the State institution “Soils Protection Institute of Ukraine”, 19, Laboratorna Street, Mizykevycha village,
Ovidiopol district, Odesa region, Ukraine
Keywords: Heavy Metals, Urban Soils, Petrol Stations, Concentration Factor, Index of Soil Pollution.
Abstract: The results of experimental researches on determination of the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in the
soils of the city of Odessa (Ukraine) within the limits of influence of petrol stations are presented. The nega-
tive role of road transport emissions on modern climate change is outlined. The assessment of the ecological
condition of the city soil cover by the concentration coefficients and the total indicator of heavy metal pollu-
tion was carried out. It was found that the soils within the limits of influence of all petrol stations have a much
higher level of accumulation of the studied HM compared to the background content. Installed those soils in
terms of concentration coefficients have unsatisfactory ecological status in terms of zinc (100%), copper
(73%) and lead (50%) content of the study area. It was found that according to the indicator of total pollution,
55% of the studied area belongs to the dangerous category of soil pollution. The priority pollutants that have
the highest levels of pollution intensity are zinc and copper, which can significantly affect the increase in the
overall morbidity of children and adults in the city. A correlation was established between the intensity of soil
pollution and the total pollution rate (r = 0.99), which confirms the negative impact of vehicle emissions on
the soil cover of the city.
1 INTRODUCTION
In modern cities there is a rapid increase in the num-
ber of petrol stations (PS). These environmentally
hazardous sites are often located in residential areas
of cities, causing high levels of local pollution, which
is closely related to transportation, storage, filling of
tanks and spilling of petroleum products. Peculiarities
of petrol station environmental pollution are high
concentration of pollutants in the surface layer of the
atmosphere with subsequent deposition on the soil
and plant surface, as well as the lack of scattering of
pollutants by wind currents. Pollution from stationary
sources located on the territory of the petrol station is
supplemented by emissions from vehicles. At the
petrol station site, the speed of cars is significantly
reduced, and during the operation of the internal
combustion engine at low speeds, the emission of
toxic substances into the atmosphere increases. It is
a
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3375-2682
b
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4436-2017
known that exhaust gases contain more than 200
different toxic compounds, including heavy metals
(HM) - Pb, Mn, Cd and others (Ibragimova, 2006;
Ekzan, 2005). Heavy metals, as a result of
participation in various migration cycles, pollute all
vital areas: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere.
Their high content causes morphological and
physiological abnormalities and adversely affects the
main functions of living organisms (bioproductivity,
generative capacity, etc.) (Ibragimova, 2006).
With a high degree of contamination of soils with
heavy metals, there is a change in some chemical and
physical properties of the soil. As long as heavy
metals are strongly bound to the constituent parts of
the soil and difficult to access, their negative impact
on the soil and the environment will be insignificant.
Thus, the study of the content of soluble forms of
heavy metals in the soil of cities is an urgent problem
Domuschy, S., Trigub, V. and Kulidjanov, E.
Assessment of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Area Affected by Petrol Stations.
DOI: 10.5220/0011341100003350
In Proceedings of the 5th International Scientific Congress Society of Ambient Intelligence (ISC SAI 2022) - Sustainable Development and Global Climate Change, pages 51-58
ISBN: 978-989-758-600-2
Copyright
c
2022 by SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
51
in the process of ecotoxicological assessment of
environmental pollution by petrol station emissions.
2 ANALYSES OF RECENT
RESEARCH AND
PUBLICATIONS
Problems of environmental pollution by heavy metals
and petroleum products near petrol stations and
highways have been previously covered in scientific
publications of Radomska, 2010; Sheikina and
Mysliuk, 2008; Franchuk and Radomska, 2009;
Isabel M. Morales Terrés et al., 2010; Fernández-
Villarrenaga et al., 2005. Scientists paid special
attention to determining the concentration of heavy
metals (Pb, Mn, Cd, Cu, Zn) in the soil cover along
the highways of industrial and urban areas (Hryshko
et al., 2012; Bilyk et al., 2009). The question of
studying the range of possible toxic consequences of
Petrol stations for workers and civilians dedicated
works
Radomska, 2015; Brugnone et al., 1997;
Karakitsios, 2007, Lynge et al., 1997; Antropchenko
et al., 2016.
It is known that pollution of the earth's surface by
transport emissions near and on the territory of petrol
stations is accumulating gradually. The degree of
pollution depends on the number of vehicles passing
through the adjacent route, road quality, storage
conditions (transportation) of fuel at the petrol station
and persists for a long time, even after road closure,
road closure, highway, or complete road and asphalt
removal) (Franchuk & Radomska, 2009).
Various chemical elements, especially heavy
metals that accumulate in the soil, are absorbed by
plants and through them through the food chain pass
into the body of animals and humans. Some of them
dissolve and are carried away by groundwater,
polluting rivers and other bodies of water and already
with drinking water can enter the human body (Bilyk
et al., 2009, Chaika et al, 2018).
The aim of the article is to study the ecological
condition of urban soils in relation to their
contamination with soluble forms of heavy metals
within the limits of influence of petrol stations in the
city of Odessa (Ukraine).
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Contamination of the environment with chemical
elements, and especially heavy metals, is usually
determined in relation to the background content of
these elements and (or) the maximum allowable
concentration (MAC) in it.
The level of soil and plant pollution depends on
the type of plants, forms of chemical compounds in
the soil, the presence of elements that counteract the
effects of heavy metals and substances that form
complex compounds with them, adsorption and
desorption, the number of available forms of these
metals in soil and soil-climatic conditions. As noted,
the negative impact of heavy metals significantly
depends on their mobility (solubility) (Bilyk et al.,
2009).
The object of the study was urban soils within the
limits of influence of petrol stations. Petrol stations in
different parts of the city of Odessa were selected to
study the contamination of urban soils with heavy
metals, where soil samples were taken at a distance of
10-15 m from fuel storage tanks. All petrol stations in
the city are located next to highways, which are also
an additional source of pollution.
The control area was located at a considerable
distance from the sources of industrial and motor
transport pollution (the territory of the city's botanical
garden, № 11) (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Map-scheme of soil sampling within the limits of
influence of petrol stations in Odessa.
The location and geographical coordinates of the
selection points are given in Table 1.
Sampling was carried out mainly by the envelope
method from a depth of 0-15 cm. Preparation of
samples was carried out according to standard
methods. In the testing center of the Odessa branch of
the State Institution "Soil Protection Institute of
Ukraine" were conducted studies to determine the
content of mobile forms of heavy metals Mn, Co, Cd,
Pb, Cu, Zn (according to DSTU 4770.1: 2007, DSTU
4770.5: 2007, DSTU 4770.3: 2007, DSTU 4770.9:
2007, DSTU 4770.6: 2007, DSTU 4770.2: 2007
ammonium acetate buffer with pH 4.8 on the atomic
absorption spectrophotometer AAS 115) (National
ISC SAI 2022 - V International Scientific Congress SOCIETY OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE
52
Standard of Ukraine…, 2005). To compare our
research on the assessment of soil contamination of
the city of Odessa with heavy metals, we used the
average data of zonal soils of the territory - the
chernozems of the south (Kulidjanov et al., 2014).
Statistical processing of the obtained results was
performed using the MS Excel package. The degree
of contamination of the soil of the urban environment
with heavy metals was carried out according to the
indicator of the concentration factor of chemical
elements (Ks) and the total pollution index.
Table 1: Soil sampling points.
The name
of the
study area
Location Geographical
coordinates
1 Petrol
station № 1
«Soca
r
»
the Lustdorf
road Street
46
0
26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.
30
0
43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.
2 Petrol
station № 2
«WOG»
Balkivska
Street
46
0
26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.
30
0
43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.
3 Petrol
station № 3
«Catral»
Balkivska
Street
46
0
26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.
30
0
43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.
4 Petrol
station № 4
«ОККО»
Hrushevsky
Street
46
0
26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.
30
0
43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.
5 Petrol
station № 5
«Аlcor-
Оil»
Southern road 46
0
26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.
30
0
43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.
6 Petrol
station № 6
«BRSM
Oil»
Black Sea
Cossacks
Street
46
0
26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.
30
0
43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.
7 Petrol
station № 7
«ОККО»
Krasnova
Street
46
0
26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.
30
0
43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.
8 Petrol
station А№
8 «Motto»
Avenue of the
Heavenly
Hundre
d
46
0
26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.
30
0
43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.
9 Petrol
station № 9
«WOG»
Lustdorf road
Street
46
0
26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.
30
0
43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.
10 Petrol
station №
10
«X-Оil»
Gagarin
Avenue
46
0
26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.
30
0
43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.
11 Control
(the
territory of
botanical
garden)
French
Boulevard
Street
46
0
26ꞌ35ꞌꞌ n. l.
30
0
43ꞌ37ꞌꞌ east l.
The concentration coefficient of the studied heavy
metals, which is characterized by the ratio of the
content of the chemical element in the soil to its
background value, was calculated by the formula (1)
(Madzhd et al., 2016):
Кс = Сі / Со, (1
)
where: Ci - the content of the chemical element in
a particular object, mg/kg; Co - background content
of the chemical element in the soil, mg/kg.
The total pollution rate was determined by the
formula (2) (Madzhd et al., 2016):
Zc =
𝐾𝑐 (𝑛 1)

,
(2
)
where n is the number of total elements; Kc -
concentration factor.
The level of ecological condition of the soil cover
of the study area was determined in accordance with
the indicators of dangerous of soil contamination
according to the total indicator Zc, proposed by Yu.
V. Saet (1990). There are 4 categories of soil
pollution: admissible if Zc <16 - is characterized by
the lowest level of morbidity in children and a
minimum of functional disorders in the adult
population; moderately dangerous, if Zc = 16-32 - is
characterized by an
increase in the overall incidence;
dangerous if Zc = 32-128 - is characterized by an
increase in the overall level of morbidity, the number
of frequently ill children, children with chronic
diseases, dysfunction of the cardiovascular system;
very dangerous if Zc> 128 - is characterized by
increased morbidity of children, impaired
reproductive function in women (increased cases of
toxicosis during pregnancy, premature birth, stillbirth,
infant malnutrition) (Madzhd et al., 2016)
The risk of soil contamination with heavy metals
in relation to public health was determined by the
intensity of pollution. The intensity of soil
contamination (Pj) was calculated by the formula (3):
P
j
=
(Kc×Mi), (3
)
where: Kc is the coefficient of concentration of
the trace element; Mi - the value of the hazard index
(toxicity) of a chemical element according to the
hazard class (4.1 and more - the first class; 2.6-4.0 -
the second class; 0.5-2.5 - the third class; up to 0.5 -
fourth grade) (Chaika et al, 2018).
The level of environmental hazard was
determined according to a scale developed taking into
account the impact of pollution intensity indicators on
the health of the population (Table 2).
Assessment of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Area Affected by Petrol Stations
53
Table 2: Characteristics of environmental hazards of soil
pollution (Chaika et al, 2018).
Category
of soil
pollution
intensit
y
Admiss
ible
Permis-
sible
Dangerous Very dan-
gerous
Intensity
of soil
pollution,
Р
j
15 and
under
16-30 31-50 51 and
more
Changes
in popu-
lation
health
indicators
The
lowest
level of
mor-
bidity
Increas-
ing the
overall
morbid-
ity of the
popula-
tion
Increase in
the general
morbidity,
chronic
diseases,
disturbance
of a
functional
condition
of cardio-
vascular
system
Increase
in the
general
morbidity
of
children,
repro-
ductive
dysfunc-
tion in
women
4 RESULTS OF THE STUDY AND
THEIR DISCUSSION
It is known that environmental pollution by emissions
from road transport leads to both short-term and long-
term negative consequences. During the operation of
road transport engines, a wide range of gases and
solids are released, the impact of which leads to the
intensification of global warming, acid rain, pollution
of all components of the environment.
Pollution by road transport has a negative impact
in several areas:
- global warming;
- pollution of air, water and soil;
- impact on the health of the population
(Serdyukova & Barabanshchykov, 2018).
Car emissions contain various greenhouse gases,
such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide, which
are able to block the sun's rays reflected from the
Earth's surface, changing air temperature, which is
one of the main factors in global warming (When will
the Arctic…, 2016).
In turn, the harmful effects of global warming on
the environment are manifested in such negative
consequences as desertification, increased melting of
snow and ice, rising sea levels, the emergence of
severe storms and other extreme natural phenomena
(When will the Arctic…, 2016).
It is well known that the air temperature is always
higher within the city. One of the reasons for this
phenomenon is the presence of heavy traffic.
Emissions from road transport, especially old cars,
are toxic to living organisms and can cause a variety
of diseases (such as lung cancer); negatively affect
the growth and development of plants. However, the
greatest danger from environmental pollution from
road transport emissions is the reduction of the ozone
layer. After all, it is the presence of the ozone layer
that prevents harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from
entering the atmosphere, which can cause many
diseases, including skin cancer and others. (Jenny,
2018).
During the operation of the car with internal
combustion engines, the sources of emissions of
harmful substances are: exhaust gases, crankcase
gases, evaporation from the power supply systems,
uncontrolled spillage of consumables. Exhaust gases
from transport contain a large amount of lead, which
together with salts of other metals enters the trophic
chain "soil - groundwater - plants - animals - humans".
Thus, the increased content of lead in the human
body leads to anemia, renal failure, mental retardation,
an increase in the number of nervous diseases; high
content of zinc - to negative changes in the
composition of the blood, reduces the body's
resistance to infections, promotes the development of
cancer cells, delays growth and sexual development;
excess copper content leads to cancer, central nervous
system disorders, decreased blood vessel plasticity
(Voloshyn, and Mezentseva, 2007).
In the aerogenic type, heavy metal compounds
accumulate in the upper humus horizons, forming
complex complexes with organic matter and have a
significant period of removal from the soil, in
particular, zinc - from 70 to 510, cadmium - 13-110,
copper - 310-1500, lead - 770-5900 (Orlov, et al.,
2001). Therefore, determining the content of heavy
metals in soils is of great importance for assessing
their danger within large cities, including the city of
Odessa.
The current situation in Ukraine is characterized
by a reduction in environmental pollution by
industrial emissions, but the level of air pollution and
urban soil pollution remains high, due to a significant
increase in road transport and, accordingly, Petrol
stations.
The data shown in Table 3 show that soils within the
influence of all petrol stations have a much higher
level of accumulation of the studied heavy metals
compared to the background content, and lead - with
the content of MAC. The content of heavy metals is
respectively: for manganese - 1.3-1.7; zinc - 7-51;
cobalt - 0.6-4; copper - 4-24; cadmium - 0-4; lead -
1.5-14 background content levels.
According to the calculations, it is established that
the priority pollutants that can cause a negative
ISC SAI 2022 - V International Scientific Congress SOCIETY OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE
54
impact on the components of the city's environment
is lead. Lead is a heavy metal of the first class of
danger and it is considered one of the most toxic
chemical elements, even in small quantities. Com-
pared with the MAC, urban soils at all study sites
(except the control area) are significantly higher in
the content of mobile lead (from 1 to 4 MAC).
Table 3: The content of heavy metals in the studied soils.
Place of
selection
Content of chemical elements in soils,
mg / kg
Mn Zn Co Cu Cd Pb
PS № 1
55,8 3,2 0,3 1,3 0,4 1,5
PS № 2 48,1 22,0 1,6 2,6 0,6 19,5
PS № 3 47,3 8,2 0,6 0,8 0,3 5,6
PS № 4 52,3 19,3 0,8 5,4 0,5 25,7
PS № 5 47,3 22,3 0,9 5,3 0,2 13,5
PS № 6
42,4 3,6 0,2 2,0 0,3 2,6
PS № 7 51,6 5,7 0,5 1,1 0,2 3,5
PS № 8 50,2 20,7 1,2 4,0 0,5 22,6
PS № 9
51,6 12,8 0,6 3,3 0,1 7,5
PS № 10 45,2 12,8 0,9 2,3 0,4 11,1
Average
content at
the petrol
station
49,2 13,1 0,8 2,8 0,4 11,3
Control 39,2 3,2 0,3 1,3 0,0 1,5
Background
content
33,9 0,4 0,4 0,2 0,2 1,9
MAC - 23,0 5,0 3,0 0,7 6,0
Copper is a chemical element that belongs to the
heavy metals of the II class of danger. In about 40%
of the studied areas, the maximum concentration limit
of mobile forms of Cu was exceeded. The maximum
excess is about 2 MAC (Petrol station № 4 (5.4
mg/kg).
Manganese - belongs to the III class of danger.
The presence of manganese more than normal
adversely affects the human body, which is expressed
in the destruction of the central nervous system.
Manganese values in all studied soil samples exceed
the background content by 1.5-2 times. The highest
content of manganese was observed at petrol station
№ 1 (55.8 mg/kg).
Zinc is a heavy metal of the first class of danger.
In conditions of high humidity is characterized by
high migration into the soil. For the distribution of
mobile forms of zinc, the trend of maximum content
in soil samples taken near petrol station 2 (22.0
mg/kg) and petrol station № 5 (22.3 mg/kg), which is
close to the MAC.
Cobalt is a chemical element that belongs to the II
class of danger. Analyzing the distribution of mobile
forms of cobalt, it was found that 100% of the studied
areas do not exceed the MAC, but are much higher
than the background content.
Cadmium - belongs to the I class of danger. Its
compounds are extremely toxic, even in small
concentrations. The average cadmium content (0.35
mg / kg) in all studied soil samples taken near the
petrol station does not exceed the MAC, but is much
higher than the background content.
As a quantitative indicator of the activity of radial
migration, we used the concentration factor (Kc),
which characterizes the degree of accumulation of
substances in the system component relative to the
selected standard. For the standard we used the
background content of heavy metals. Background
values of heavy metal concentrations were used to
calculate Kc (Kulidjanov et al., 2014). The value of
the concentration coefficient (Kc) indicates the
activity of the processes of leaching (Kc <1) and
accumulation (Kc > 1) of substances in the genetic
horizons (or a separate horizon) of the soil.
The ecological condition of the soil by the
concentration factor is defined as unsatisfactory if the
excess of the concentration factor is ≥ 5.0 times;
satisfactory - 3.0-5.0; normal 1.0 - 2.9; optimal ≤ 1.0
(Madzhd et al., 2016).
According to the calculation of the coefficient of
concentration of chemical elements (Table 4), it was
found that the content of manganese, cobalt and
cadmium does not pose an environmental hazard to
soils, as Ks does not exceed 5 times. Unsatisfactory
ecological condition of the soil according to the
coefficients of zinc concentration (Ks 5), are
characterized all studied areas, including the control
area. 73% of the study area is characterized by high
coefficients of copper concentration (Ks 5).
According to the coefficients of lead concentration,
50% of the study area has a satisfactory and 50% -
unsatisfactory ecological status of soils (Petrol
stations № 2, 4, 5, 8, 10).
According to the approximate assessment scale of
soil contamination hazard according to the total
pollution index (Zc), 55% of the study area belongs
to the hazardous category of soil contamination. The
most critical situation is within the influence of petrol
station 4 (Zc = 73.9), petrol station 5 (Zc =
72.2), petrol station № 8 (Zc = 70.6), which indicates
the high ability of urban soils to absorb and retain
heavy metals (Table 4). It can be assumed that in
these areas we can see an increase in the overall
incidence of urban population, an increase in the
number of children who are often ill, children with
chronic diseases, an increase in the proportion of
people with cardiovascular disorders.
Assessment of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Area Affected by Petrol Stations
55
Table 4: The value of the coefficients of concentration of
chemical elements (Kc) and the total pollution index (Zc)
in the studied soils.
Place
of
selecti
on
Indicators, Кс
Zc
M
n
Zn Co Cu Cd Pb
PS №
1
1,7 7,4 0,9 6,0 2,7 0,8 4,3
PS №
2
1,4 50,
1
4,2 12,
0
3,9 10,5 67,1
PS №
3
1,4 18,
6
1,7 3,6 1,7 3,0 14,8
PS №
4
1,5 43,
8
2,2 24,
4
3,2 13,8 73,9
PS №
5
1,4 50,
6
2,3 24,
0
1,6 7,3 72,2
PS №
6
1,3 8,2 0,6 9,2 2,0 1,4 7,7
PS №
7
1,5 13,
0
1,3 4,8 1,0 1,9 8,4
PS №
8
1,5 47,
0
3,2 18,
2
3,6 12,2 70,6
PS №
9
1,5 29,
0
1,6 15,
0
0,9 4,0 37,1
PS №
10
1,3 29,
2
2,5 10,
6
2,5 5,9 37,0
Ave-
rage
values
on the
petrol
station
1,5 29,
7
2,1 12,
8
2,3 6,1 39,3
Contro
l
1,2 7,4 0,9 6,0 0,3 0,8 1,4
According to the calculations (Table 5), it is
established that the priority pollutants that may
adversely affect human health are zinc (Pj = 121.6)
and copper (Pj = 51.0). Accordingly, according to the
scale of environmental dangerous assessment, soil
pollution belongs to the fourth - very dangerous
category of pollution intensity, which may increase
the overall morbidity of children and adults in the city.
The average intensity of lead contamination of the
studied soils (Pj = 24.9) corresponds to the second
category (permissible); manganese (Pj = 3.6), cobalt
(Pj = 8.2) and cadmium (Pj = 9.5) corresponds to the
first zone (admissible category of soil contamination
intensity), for which the minimum level of morbidity
is possible.
The control area for the intensity of manganese,
cobalt, cadmium and lead pollution belongs to the
admissible category of pollution; zinc and copper are
permissible and dangerous, respectively.
Table 5: Intensity of soil pollution Pj.
Soil
sampling
oints
Indicators Рj
Mn Zn Co Cu Cd Pb
PS № 1 4,1 30,2 3,5 23,8 11,0 3,4
PS № 2 3,6 205,4 17,0 47,8 16,1 43,1
PS № 3 3,5 76,1 6,7 14,2 6,9 12,2
PS № 4 3,9 179,7 8,8 97,4 13,1 56,6
PS № 5
3,5 207,4 9,3 96,0 6,6 29,7
PS № 6 3,1 33,7 2,5 36,7 8,2 5,6
PS № 7 3,8 53,1 5,2 19,1 4,1 7,8
PS № 8 3,7 192,5 13,0 72,7 14,8 49,9
PS № 9 3,8 118,8 6,4 60,0 3,8 16,6
PS № 10 3,4 119,6 9,8 42,4 10,1 24,4
Pj
average
on the
petrol
station
3,6 121,6 8,2 51,0 9,5 24,9
Control 2,9 30,2 3,5 23,8 1,1 3,4
Heavy metal content is interrelated with
individual components of urban ecosystems. The
values of the correlation coefficients showed the
existence of a mathematically proven relationship
between the intensity of soil pollution and the total
rate of pollution. It should be noted that a close
correlation is observed (r = 0.99) between these
indicators (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Correlation between the intensity of pollution and
the total rate of soil pollution.
Studies show that there is a high probability of
man-made impacts of road transport emissions on the
soils of the study area, a high degree of their
contamination with heavy metals, which can have a
negative impact on the health of urban populations.
Additional research is needed to confirm and study in
more detail the impact of road transport emissions on
the morbidity of the population.
y = 1,4729x - 14,426
R² = 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20406080
Total pollution indicator, Zc
Intensity of soil pollution, Pj
ISC SAI 2022 - V International Scientific Congress SOCIETY OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE
56
5 CONCLUSIONS
As a result of research to determine the content of
heavy metals in the soil within the influence of petrol
stations, the following was found:
1. Heavy metals have a high ability to accumulate
in the soil. Analysis of the content of heavy metals in
soils is a representative indicator of the ecological
state of the territory. It was found that the content of
heavy metals within the influence of petrol stations
significantly exceeds their background content. The
main sources of pollution are emissions from motor
transport.
2. For spatial interpretation, correct and visual
presentation of data on soil contamination by various
chemical compounds, it is advisable to use
dimensionless indicators, in particular the
concentration factor. It is established that soils have
unsatisfactory ecological condition according to
concentration coefficients: according to zinc content
- 100%; copper - 73%; lead - 50% of the study area.
3. It was found that 55% of the study area belongs
to the dangerous category of soil pollution (in the total
pollution indicator).
4. The priority pollutants that have the highest
levels of pollution intensity are zinc and copper,
which can significantly affect the increase in the
overall morbidity of children and adults in the city.
5. A correlation was established between the
intensity of soil pollution and the total pollution
indicator (r = 0.99), which confirms the negative
impact of motor transport on the soil cover of the city.
6. Emissions from road transport have a
significant negative impact on modern climate
change, leading to warming, "damage" to the ozone
layer, the fall of acid rain.
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