Integrated Geophysical Application to Investigate Groundwater in a

Wind Power Station of Mountainous Area: A Case Study in Xuefeng

Mountain Area of Hunan Province, China

Tianchun Yang

, Shixin Dai

2,*

, Zhuochao Chen

, Zhui Yang

, Zhen Chen

and Weiwei Niu

Resource environment and safety engineering college Hunan university of science and technology Hunan Xiangtan, China

Clean Utilization of Coal Resources and Mine Environmental Protection Hunan university of science and technology

Hunan Xiangtan, China

Hunan Puqi Geological Exploration Equipment Research Institute Hunan Changsha, China

Xiaoxiang College of Hunan university of science and technology Hunan Xiangtan, China

Keywords: Groundwater, Integrated geophysical methods, Three-electrode resistivity, 2D Resistivity, Hydrogeology.

Abstract: Groundwater is an essential source of drinking water in water-deficient regions. The authors mainly discussed

the groundwater exploration of a wind power station in granite mountainous area, and integrated geophysical

methods (i.e. vertical resistivity electrical sounding method with a three-electrode configuration and

frequency selection method of natural electric field) were used to carry out in-site exploration work. Firstly,

the authors carried out three-electrode resistivity sounding profile work, and studied 2D finite element

inversion. The 2D resistivity distribution characteristics and the favorable well position of sounding profiles

had been obtained. On the basis of the resistivity sounding work, the frequency selection method of natural

electric field (FSMNEF) was further developed on the original geophysical profiles. The precise position of

the well was determined by the small volume effect of FSMNEF, and the sounding of FSMNEF was used at

this position to determine the depth of the abnormal body. Subsequent drilling results validate the

effectiveness of geophysical methods, the resistivity anomaly of geo-electrical cross-sections of three-

electrode sounding is very intuitive, and FSMNEF has high accuracy in horizontal positioning and depth

judgment of the aquifer, and is convenient for construction. The application results show that FSMNEF is an

efficient, cost-effective tool for groundwater exploration, the field crews are small, and it has been extremely

useful when coordinated with background hydrogeology or other geophysical methods.

1 INTRODUCTION

Groundwater is an important part of freshwater

resources and is the most important source of fresh

water in many parts of the world. The groundwater is

relatively poor in the granite region (Li et al, 2017),

so it is generally believed that the granite area is a

forbidden area for water exploration, and it is very

difficult to look for groundwater yield more than 100

t/d in the granite region. For this reason, some

geologists have carried out related research work on

the occurrence characteristics of groundwater in the

granite region and its exploration problems (Huang et

al, 2005; Mahmoudzadeh et al, 2012; Madhnure et al,

2016; Shi et al, 2016). The groundwater in granite

areas mainly occurs in fault fracture zones, and a

small part of them occur in the weathered layers. In

addition, there is also a small amount of groundwater

in the tectonic fissures or joint fissures. Duan (1999)

believed that the water content of weathered layers

and fault fracture zones in granite areas could be

detected by geophysical methods, therefore, a

combination of shallow seismic refraction method

and vertical electrical sounding method was proposed

and used to obtain better exploration results in

Guangdong, Hainan, Zhejiang Province of China.

Taking the Qingdao area as an example, Zhao (1990)

discussed the problems that should be paid attention

to when searching for groundwater sources in granite

areas. Qiao (1988) studied the types of granite fissure

water and its occurrence characteristics in

Heilongjiang Province and Hulun Buir League region

of China. Cao et al. (2006) carried out water

exploration practice in granite areas by using surface

nuclear magnetic resonance method (NMR).

Yang, T., Dai, S., Chen, Z., Yang, Z., Chen, Z. and Niu, W.

Integrated Geophysical Application to Investigate Groundwater in a Wind Power Station of Mountainous Area: A Case Study in Xuefeng Mountain Area of Hunan Province, China.

DOI: 10.5220/0011358200003355

In Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Conference on Energy and Environmental Engineering (CoEEE 2021), pages 68-76

ISBN: 978-989-758-599-9

According to a large number of water resources

exploration results in Hebei, Inner Mongolia, it

showed that NMR could detect groundwater within

100 m depth in complex strata containing granite. Li

et al. (2009) used the integrated geophysical methods

such as induced polarization method and audio

frequency geoelectric field method to determine the

spatial distribution characteristics of the water storage

structure in granite area and judge the water content

of the structure, so as to determine the spatial

distribution of groundwater. Their work achieved

satisfactory results (Li et al, 2009).

In the granite area, the lithology of granite is

compact, the porosity is small, the groundwater is

generally deep, the influence of surface is small, and

the water quality is excellent, so it has certain

economic development and utilization value (Dai,

2001). Therefore, exploration and use of groundwater

in granite regions is a difficult but yet a significant

issue. The objective of this paper was to highlight the

utility of resistivity sounding method and the

frequency selection method of natural electric field

(FSMNEF) for the successful exploration of

groundwater in a granite area. According to the

application effect, the experience of groundwater

exploration in the granite area was summarized, and

the effectiveness of the comprehensive method was

illustrated. It is of great guiding significance to the

hydrogeological work, the exploration and utilization

of groundwater resources in granite areas in the

future.

2 STUDY AREA AND METHODS

2.1 Study Area

The site of groundwater exploration is located in a

small hilltop area near Baoding mountain, Shuikou

township, Suining county, Hunan province, China.

Datang International Power Generation Co., Ltd. is

building a wind power station here, as shown in figure

1 and figure 2.

Suining county is located in the southwest of Hunan

province. Shuikou township is located in the northwest of

Suining county. This location belongs to the Xuefeng

mountain range, and it is relatively remote and the terrain is

relatively high. The wind power station construction site is

basically located near the top of a small mountain with an

elevation of about 1,100 m in figure 2. The surrounding

mountainous area is lush with vegetation. Its geographical

coordinates are latitude 26°51’42’’N and longitude

110°13’28’’E, as shown on figure 1. The average yearly

minimum temperature is 5.7℃

and January is the coldest

month. The average yearly maximum temperature is

26.7℃ and July is the hottest month. Average annual

rainfall in this region is about 1,320 mm.

From the perspective of regional structure (Figure

3), the working area is located in the central south

section of Xuefengshan uplift belt in the third uplift

of the Neocathaysian. The NE trending folds and

faults are relatively developed, which may be the

local turning position of the Neo-Cathaysian

structure. The NNE trending folds and faults are very

developed, and the associated NW, NNW, NEE and

EW trending faults are also developed, all of them

belong to the tectonic system of Neocathaysian. The

lithology of the study location is Indosinian quartz-

monzonite (γ51) (Figure 3).

During the exploration work of FSMNEF, the

power station facilities have been basically

completed, but they are not yet running. There is no

current in the high-voltage cable in figure 2, and the

temporary power cable is used for the construction of

the power station in the field. The width of the slope

shown in figure 2 is about 120 m, and the power

station covers an area of about 120 m×130 m. In order

to ensure the living needs of 5 to 6 staff members in

the future operation of the power station, it is

necessary to find groundwater in or near the land

acquisition scope of the power station. The owner's

requirement for water quantity is more than 15 t/d.

Prior to geophysical work, engineering geologists

identified two wells locations in the nearby gullies

based on hydrogeological conditions (Figure 1). The

drilling depth of ZK1 is 60 m, 0-4 m is a diluvium, 4-

13 m is a fully weathered or strongly weathered

granite, 13-30 m rock is relatively broken, 30-40 m

rock is relatively complete, and below 40m is

complete granite. The drilling depth of ZK2 is 68 m,

0-5 m is the strong weathered granite, and the rock

fissure of 5-40 m is relatively developed, but the

crack opening angle is not good, and the rock of 40-

68 m is relatively complete. The water yield of ZK1

and ZK2 is about 3 t/d, it cannot meet the demand of

the power station. In order to further find the

groundwater source, the authors use three-electrode

vertical electrical sounding configuration and

FSMNEF for comprehensive exploration.

Integrated Geophysical Application to Investigate Groundwater in a Wind Power Station of Mountainous Area: A Case Study in Xuefeng

Mountain Area of Hunan Province, China

Figure 1. Map showing the location of geophysical works in the wind power station.

2.2 Methodology

2.2.1 Three-electrode Electrical Sounding

Method

The conventional vertical electrical sounding method

of the Schlumberger configuration is to increase the

electrode spacing successively at the same sounding

point on the ground, and detect the change of the

apparent resistivity along the vertical direction from

shallow to deep at the sounding point, and infer the

change of vertical geological structure through the

analysis of electric sounding curve or electric

sounding section. The conventional vertical electric

sounding (VES) needs to move current electrode A

and B in opposite directions simultaneously during

exploration. It is time consuming and cost prohibitive.

The difficulty of work increases when the terrain is

undulating and the vegetation is very developed. It

may be also restricted by buildings and venues when

working near a town. At this time, the three-electrode

vertical electrical sounding configuration is more

convenient and applicable.

Figure 2. A field photo of the wind power station.

China

Index map

(not to scale)

ZK2

ZK1

81/AA'

Road

Geophysical

profiles

FSMNEF

sounding statio

Legend

Power station

Drilling

position

ZK1

Finall well

location

81/AA'

Index map

(not to scale)

CoEEE 2021 - International Joint Conference on Energy and Environmental Engineering

Figure 3. Regional hydrogeological map of the study location.

The two current electrodes (A, B) and the

potential electrodes (M, N) of the three-electrode

electrical sounding configuration are separated

(Figure 4), which can reduce the electromagnetic

interference. The current electrode B is located at

infinity, the midpoint O of the potential electrodes (M,

N) is the sounding point, and electrodes A, M, N

arranged in a straight line (Xiang et al, 2011). In

practice, it is usually only necessary to move the

current electrode A. Therefore, compared with the

conventional vertical electrical sounding method, the

workload is reduced, and the site adaptability of the

sounding method is improved. The sounding point

spacing on the profiles is 20m, and the instrument is

DDC-5 electric instrument. The on-site work of the

three-electrode VES was completed in April 2016 for

a total of 15 days, and 60 VESs had been completed.

Figure 4. Three-electrode configuration schemes.

2.2.2 Frequency Selection Method of

Natural Electric Field (FSMNEF)

The FSMNEF is developed by the telluric current

method and the audio-frequency magnetotelluric

method (AMT). It is proposed by Chinese scholars

and a complete set of exploration equipment has been

developed. As far as the surface of the earth is

concerned, the natural electromagnetic field can be

regarded as a plane electromagnetic wave incident

perpendicularly to the surface, and the relationship

between the magnetic field intensity H, the magnetic

induction intensity B, the electric field intensity E, the

electric displacement D, the current density J and the

free charge volume density q are subject to Maxwell's

equations. According to Maxwell's equations, the

skin depth (depth of penetration, investigation depth)

δ of plane electromagnetic wave in passive region can

be estimated as:

ρδ

5.503=

(1)

where δ is the depth in meter, ρ is the resistivity value

(

m⋅Ω

) of underground media, and f is the

frequency used in Hz.

When the underground resistivity ρ is constant,

the higher the working frequency f, the shallower the

electromagnetic wave penetration; and conversely,

the smaller the working frequency f, the deeper the

electromagnetic wave penetration. When the

frequency f is constant, the greater the resistivity ρ,

the deeper the electromagnetic wave penetrates, and

the smaller the resistivity ρ, the shallower the

electromagnetic wave penetrates.

The relationship between wave impedance Z

and

the apparent resistivity ρ

can be further derived from

Maxwell's equations:

𝜌







𝑍











𝐸



𝐻



⁄





(2)

where E

and H

are the orthogonal horizontal electric

field component (mV·km-1) and magnetic field

component (nT) respectively at the surface. Some

scholars believe that H

can be ignored in

groundwater exploration and certain specific

directions.

The parallel movement method is adopted in-site

measurement for FSMNEF, namely, the electrodes M

and N move along measuring lines or profiles with 20

m or 10 m electrode spacing, as shown in figure 5(a).

The measuring point spacing is 5 m, and the abnormal

section it is reduced to 2 m. The potential difference

△V of the horizontal component of natural electric

field at different frequencies between two electrodes

is measured, and the midpoint O of M and N is the

recording point. The acquisition instrument used for

FSMNEF is the self-developed MFE-1 natural

electric field frequency selector. The field work was

completed on 26-28 June 2016 for a total of 3 days.

30000

20000

25000

70000

75000

2000

4000

Study location

Fault

Spring mouth

Drainage

Geological boundary

Granite porphyry vein

Granite fine-grained rock vein

Quartz porphyry

Granite pegmatite vein

Diorite porphyrite

Ordovician slate and sandstone

Cambrian slate

Legend

Cambrian limestone and slate

Indosinian quartz monzonite

2-3

Shujiawan

village

Qiumu

village

Zhushanjiao

village

Yanjing

village

Huangnijing

village

Baoding

mountain

Integrated Geophysical Application to Investigate Groundwater in a Wind Power Station of Mountainous Area: A Case Study in Xuefeng

Mountain Area of Hunan Province, China

(a)

(b)

Figure 5. (a) A schematic diagram of a profile detection configuration; (b) a sounding configuration of FSMNEF

In recent years, vertical electrical sounding of

FSMNEF has been used by some practitioners in

groundwater exploration (Liang, 2016). This

sounding configuration is similar to the conventional

vertical electrical sounding, with the measured

geophysical anomaly point O as the center, and the

electrodes M and N synchronously move outwards

respectively (the distance is usually 5m, and 1m in a

particular case), the exploration depth gradually

increases with the increase of the electrode spacing

MN, see figure 5(b). The sounding of FSMNEF

technique provides information on the vertical

variations in the potential difference of the ground

with depth.

The FSMNEF has been successfully applied to

groundwater exploration and other engineering

geological exploration in limestone areas (Yang at al,

2013), but its field source is very complicated.

According to the authors’ previous research results

(Yang et al, 2016), the authors think that the field

source of FSMNEF comes from the interaction of

alternating electromagnetic fields generated by the

natural factors outside the earth and the alternating

electromagnetic fields produced by human factors on

the earth’s surface. Anthropogenic electromagnetic

fields are generally regarded as interference noise in

the application of AMT, but compared with AMT, the

anthropogenic electromagnetic fields can be regarded

as the far field because the exploration depth of

FSMNEF is usually smaller (generally < 150 m).

Therefore, the horizontal alternating magnetic field

and the horizontal alternating electric field formed by

natural and anthropogenic factors act together on the

underground geological body to form the anomaly of

FSMNEF. Their effect is the same as AMT, satisfying

formula (1), (2).

3 GEOELECTRICAL

MEASUREMENTS AND

INTERPRETATION

In order to determine the target area for water

exploration, three vertical electrical sounding (VES)

profiles were arranged (Figure 1), sixty VESs were

recorded with the three-electrode configuration in this

study area; 2 of these profiles were selected for

evaluation in this paper. The survey profile AA’ and

the survey profile BB’ are located at the foot and the

half-waist step of the slope in the southwest of the

power station respectively. The survey profile CC’ is

outside the land acquisition scope, the direction is

basically along the road, and it intersects with the

survey profile AA’ and BB’ obliquely.

The measured apparent resistivities were used to

compute electrical resistivity tomograms using

RES2DINV inversion software. This program uses a

finite-element calculation for the forward problem

and solves for subsurface resistivity using an iterative

Gauss-Newton smoothness-constrained least-squares

algorithm (Mcclymont et al, 2011). The 2D inversion

results obtained for the two electrical resistivity

tomography (ERT) profiles of survey profiles AA’

and BB’ are presented in figure. 6. The contour of the

graph is plotted as the logarithm of resistivity in

figure 6.

measuring line

moving direction

980

1000

1020

1040

1060

1080

1100

1120

1.6

1.8

2.2

2.4

2.6

3.5

4.5

Resistivity (ohm.m)

( Log10 )

Elevation (m)

120

20 60

140 180 220 260 340100 300

Distance along profile AA' (m)

Road

Bamboo

forest

(a)

CoEEE 2021 - International Joint Conference on Energy and Environmental Engineering

Figure 6. Views of the 2D inversion of the 2D ERT data observed of (a) survey profile AA’ and (b) survey profile BB’.

Three relatively low resistivity anomaly areas

were found on the profile AA’, as shown in figure 6(a).

Among them, the low resistivity anomaly near the

profile of 50-100 m and the elevation of 1060 m is

very obvious. Combined with the local

geomorphology, the anomaly is close to the gully at

25 m of the survey profile. It is inferred that the

abnormal section has large water content, and the

anomaly may be related to the catchment of the gully.

But due to the small area of the catchment on the site,

and the exploration work in the spring, during which

the rain is relative abundant, it is necessary to consider

the influence of rainwater on the anomaly. There is

also a shallow buried relatively low resistivity

anomaly area near the profile of 200 m and the

elevation 1080 m. It is estimated that the buried depth

of the anomaly is less than 30 m. This position is

located in the saddle of the two hilltops, and it can be

inferred that the water content is strong, but it is

outside the land acquisition scope. The bamboo forest

is in the surface area of 290-340 m of survey profile

AA’, where there is an alluvial gully with strong water

content, so it is a relatively low-resistance area. Due to

the influence of surface water in the bamboo forest

gully, and outside the red line of the land acquisition

scope, the bamboo forest area is not an advantageous

well site. The aforementioned borehole ZK1 is located

near the vicinity 300 m of the survey profile AA’, and

the drilling depth of 60 m is basically a dry well, the

lithology buried below 13 m is relatively complete

granite.

Compared with survey profile AA’, there is no

very obvious low resistivity anomaly area on profile

BB’, as shown in figure 6(b). The profile BB’ passes

through the middle step of the slope in figure 2. Except

for the bamboo forest area, the measuring point

elevation of the survey profile is generally larger than

that of the survey profile AA’. The measuring points

near the slope are closer to the hilltop (Figure 2), and

the water content in the slope decreases, which leads

to the increase in the resistivity and the relatively low

resistivity anomaly is not very obvious, but there are 3

relatively low value anomalies (Figure 6(b)). Firstly,

there is a shallow low-apparent resistivity anomaly

near the profile of 100 m and the elevation of 1120 m.

It is located in the depression area of two hills in the

middle of slope step in figure 2. It is presumed that the

water content is strong below this position, and the

anomaly has a certain correlation with the position

anomaly near the profile AA’ of 200 m in figure 6(a),

because both anomalies are located in the depressed

area of the slope. There is a relatively low resistance

trend near the profile of 200 m, this anomaly is located

at the side of the road and at the saddle of the two hills.

The 260-300 m section of profile BB’ is located in the

bamboo forest, where there is an alluvial valley. There

is a small amount of water in the shallow covering

strata, but there is not necessarily groundwater in the

deep because the borehole ZK1 on the previous survey

profile AA’ has been verified.

2.6

3.2

3.8

4.4

Road

Bamboo

forest

Resistivity (ohm.m)

(Log10)

980

1000

1020

1040

1060

1080

1100

1120

1140

El eva ti on (m)

120

Distance along profile BB' (m)

300

260220180140100

6020

(b)

Integrated Geophysical Application to Investigate Groundwater in a Wind Power Station of Mountainous Area: A Case Study in Xuefeng

Mountain Area of Hunan Province, China

Figure 7. Results of FSMNEF on (a) survey profile AA’ and (b) survey profile BB’.

According to the results of three-electrode

electrical sounding, the resistivity anomaly near the

50-100 m section of survey profile AA’ and the

buried depth of about 40 m is the favorable position

for water prospecting.

Figure 7(a) and figure 7(b) show the partial

detection results of FSMNEF on survey profile AA’

and BB’, respectively, and the data next to the curve

in the figure represents different detection

frequencies. After 115 m of profile AA’ and 90 m of

profile BB’, the curve increases obviously. It is

caused by the interference of the cable used for

temporary construction on the ground. Therefore, the

data results which are interfered after 115 m of profile

AA’ and 90 m of profile BB’ are omitted here and not

drawn out. According to the results of FSMNEF,

there are two obvious low potential anomalies in

profile AA’, namely near 81m and 91 m. The two

anomalies were observed carefully in the field work,

that is, the measuring point spacing was reduced from

5 m to 2 m. The reliability of the anomaly is

determined. The anomaly of 81 m is more obvious

than the anomaly of 91 m, and the relative amplitude

of the anomaly is larger, and the synchronization of

the detection results at different frequency is better,

as shown in figure 7(a). In addition, the reliability of

the low potential anomaly at 115 m of the survey

profile AA’ is affected by the interference of the

nearby power supply.

The anomalies of FSMNEF on survey profile BB’

mainly appear near the profile of 45 m and 70 m, and

relative amplitude of the anomaly at 70 m is more

obvious and the anomaly is more reliable. According

to the position relationship between the survey profile

AA’ and BB’, it is presumed that the anomaly at 70

m of the profile BB’ is associated with the anomaly at

81 m of profile AA’. The survey profile CC’ is

roughly parallel to the construction road up to the

mountain (Figure 1), and there is a high-voltage

power supply line along the road, so the FSMNEF is

not performed on the profile.

According to the results of FSMNEF method and

vertical resistivity sounding, the position of the

FSMNEF anomaly at 81 m is overlapping with that of

resistivity sounding anomaly of 50~100 m on profile

AA’, which further determines the reliability of

FSMNEF anomaly at 81m, and the point of 81m is

finally determined as well location. For this reason,

the vertical electrical sounding of FSMNEF is further

carried out at this site (ie, point 81/AA’), and the

sounding curves are shown in figure 8. It same as

those shown in figure 7, the data next to the curve in

the figure represents different detection frequencies.

The FSMNEF sounding is similar to the conventional

vertical electrical sounding of the Schlumberger

configuration, but there are no current electrodes (AB)

at this time. The potential electrodes (MN) are

symmetrical with respect to the sounding point O and

spacing of MN gradually increases, and potential

differences △V of different frequencies are measured

at different electrode spacing (Liang et al, 2016). It

can be seen from the sounding curves of figure 8 that

the FSMNEF sounding curves of 15.7 Hz, 23.6 Hz,

71.8 Hz and 129 Hz have relatively low potential

anomalies around MN=20 m. According to the

experience of, there is an approximately equal

relationship between the electrode spacing MN and

the detection depth H is, that is MN/H≈1 (Liang et al,

2016). Therefore, it is assumed that the buried depth

of the aquifer is about 20 m.

CoEEE 2021 - International Joint Conference on Energy and Environmental Engineering

Figure 8. Sounding curves of FSMNEF at 81/AA’.

Figure 9. Drilling cores for 28m depth.

Figure 9 shows the core after drilling at point

81/AA’, in which there are water-bearing fractures at

23-26.5 m segment, and the core is relatively

fragmented and incomplete. The pumping test result

shows that the water output of the well is about 30 t/d,

and the final drilling depth of the well is only 30 m

because the water requirement (>15 t/d) is satisfied.

It can be seen that the ratio of electrode spacing MN

(=20 m) of low potential anomaly reflected by

FSMNEF sounding curves to the average buried

depth H (=24.75 m) of water-bearing fractures is

about 0.8.

4 CONCLUSIONS

According to the effect of groundwater prospecting

practice in this granite area, the use of integrated

geophysical technologies is an effective method for

groundwater exploration in granite areas. As far as

exploration results are concerned, the profile of three-

electrode electrical sounding can delineate the range

of low-resistivity anomalies and draw an intuitive

geoelectrical cross-section of the survey profile. The

horizontal volumetric effect of FSMNEF is small, and

the horizontal position of the water-bearing structure

can be determined accurately and meticulously,

which is convenient for accurate positioning of well

position.

From the exploration results of FSMNEF

sounding method, it has similar exploration effects as

the conventional direct current sounding of the

Schlumberger configuration, that is, the exploration

depth increases with the increase of potential

electrodes spacing (MN). The authors believe that

this is due to the existence of stray current in the

ground. This is also a question worthy of further study

in the future.

From the in-situ work, the conventional resistivity

method is more troublesome, the workload is large,

the volume effect is strong, the topography effect is

serious, and curves are distorted. But FSMNE

overcomes the defects of conventional geophysical

prospecting methods which are complex and

cumbersome in the in-situ work, and FSMNE has the

advantage of cost effective, rapid and quick survey

time, strong site adaptability and less ambiguity

interpretations of results when compared to other

geophysical survey methods, it has a good prospect of

development and application. At the same time,

FSMNE is an electromagnetic method which is

susceptible to the artificial electromagnetic

interference in the field. This is a problem that needs

pay attention to it.

In addition, the FSMNE sounding is a new

sounding method put forward by Chinese researchers

in practical application recently, and it has achieved

good results in practice (Liang et al, 2016). However,

the inversion of data is still in the stage of empirical

interpretation, and the theoretical research of this

method needs to be further studied.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was substantially supported by the

National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.

2018YFC0807801), National Key R&D Program of

China(Grant No. 2018YFB0605503), National

Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.

51804112), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan

Province of China(Grant No. 2018JJ3169), Hunan

Provincial Department of Education funded scientific

research project (16K031).

0.001

0.010

0.100

71.8 Hz

23.6 Hz

15.7 Hz

Electrode spacing MN (m)

129 Hz

40 50

Potential difference V (mv)

Integrated Geophysical Application to Investigate Groundwater in a Wind Power Station of Mountainous Area: A Case Study in Xuefeng

Mountain Area of Hunan Province, China

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