Regional Aspects on the Impact of Covid-19 on Inside Tourism

of Russia

Irina Rodionova

, Cezary Mądry

and Olga Shuvalova

Joint Stock Company "Central Research Institute of Economy, Management and Information Systems "Electronics",

Moscow, Russia

Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland

Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

Keywords: Russia, International Tourism, Domestic Tourism, Pandemic, Impact of Coronavirus, Covid 19.

Abstract: The period covered by the study reflects the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of

domestic tourism in Russia. We used statistics from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian

Federation and data from international and Russian travel organizations. During the Covid period,

governments restricted movement between countries and regions. As a result, the number of arrivals of

tourists to the Russian Federation from other countries and domestic Russian tourism declined. The entire

tourism and hotel business was in crisis. We compared data on the arrival of foreign citizens in Russia, and

on the accommodation of foreign and Russian tourists in hotels by regions of the country. We identified the

leading regions of the domestic tourism business (Moscow, the Moscow region and St. Petersburg still remain

among them), and realized the scale of the decline in tourism at the regional level.

1 INTRODUCTION

At present, huge flows of people are moving on our

planet, not only within their states, but also between

regions and countries, that is, around the world. These

are international migrations. But in connection with

the spread of a new viral infection, called COVD-19,

the world community has faced an unpredictable

situation since 2019, which has resulted in serious

changes in population movement. They were forced

to drop sharply.

In the media, on the Internet, every day there are

new data on the number of people sick and recovering

during a pandemic in different countries. This is a

global epidemic caused by the spread of the SARS-

CoV-2 coronavirus. On January 30, 2020, the World

Health Organization (WHO) declared a global

emergency, and on March 11, 2020, a pandemic. The

unfortunate statistics on morbidity and mortality from

COVID-19 continue to rise. As a result, international

traffic between the countries has sharply decreased.

Many international sporting, religious, political and

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7082-3809

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8334-9379

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2157-1019

cultural events, etc. are postponed or canceled.

Classes are held online (if necessary) in universities

and schools, and even work in many enterprises.

Lockdown is defined as "the imposition of severe

restrictions on movement, social contact and access

to public places." Many international conferences are

now held in a new mode (remotely), excluding direct

communication between people or reducing it to a

minimum.

There is no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic is

having a negative impact on all areas of human

activity around the world. The current situation could

not but affect both international and domestic

tourism. 2020 was the worst year in modern

international tourism history. This is not only

reported by UN WTO experts (World Tourism

Organization, 2020). Many international

organizations (UN, WTO, WEF) devote their reports,

analytical reviews on the impact of COVID-19 on the

development of international tourism (Policy Brief,

2020).

Rodionova, I., M ˛adry, C. and Shuvalova, O.

Regional Aspects on the Impact of Covid-19 on Inside Tourism of Russia.

DOI: 10.5220/0011118500003439

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference "COVID-19: Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals" (RTCOV 2021), pages 237-243

ISBN: 978-989-758-617-0

237

Facts and statistics have shown that the global

economy is more dependent on this sector of the

economy than previously thought. And the point is

not only that the number of tourists has decreased.

Yes, this is the main factor. But after all, many sectors

of the economy related to tourism found themselves

in a very difficult situation. These are all types of

transport (aviation, rail, water, including cruise),

airports, port and storage facilities, logistics

structures, trade, travel agencies, the entertainment

and leisure sector (restaurants, the industry of

attractions, museums, theaters, sports arenas, etc.

concert halls) hotel business, food industry,

handicraft production of souvenirs, parks and

reserves, etc. The spread of the virus around the

planet had a huge impact on the situation on the labor

market, which led to a sharp reduction in jobs,

including in the field of travel, tourism and

hospitality. All these factors influence the

development of domestic tourism in the states.

Economists and scientists are trying to calculate

losses and predict the development of the situation in

the industry for the near future. But there is no

accurate information and statistics on the number of

cases, deaths and recoveries in countries, especially

in less developed countries (and we understand that

this is virtually impossible). Many scientific articles

are currently devoted to the study of this problem

(including in Russia) (Shinhyo, 2020). Some of the

articles describe the problems of especially large

cities (which have the highest concentration of

population in a limited area) in conditions of limited

movement of the population during a pandemic

(Turgel', 2020; Mahrova, 2021; Panin, 2021; Lopata,

2021). Others analyze the emergence of the so-called

"pandemic of fear" due to the huge flows of

information about the spread and consequences of

COVID-19, and analyze its impact on the

demographic processes in the country (Loguncova,

2020; Aleksandrova, 2020). The measures applied by

state structures and private business for the

development of domestic tourism and the entire

tourism industry are discussed. It is noted that they

contributed to the growth of domestic tourism,

increasing the attractiveness of travel for citizens in

their country in the current environment. The article

analyzes the proposed post-crisis measures for the

restoration of the tourism industry in the world,

including in Russia. The regional features of the

development of international and domestic tourism in

Russia are analyzed (Skolkovo, 2020; The Official

Website of Federal Agency for Tourism, 2021).

In our opinion, the monograph "Counting the Cost

of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry", 2020,

is very interesting (Nhamo, 2020). The book presents

the preliminary findings of scientists on the impact of

COVID-19 on the travel, tourism and hospitality

sector. The focus is on global tourism value chains

(including aviation, airports, cruise ships, car rentals,

hotels, restaurants, sports, religious tourism, and the

stock market). Analyzes the relationship between the

impact of COVID-19 on the economy and the tourism

sector and the Sustainable Development Goals. The

book contains material on economic incentives to

rebuild the tourism sector after COVID-19.

In Russia in 2020 a serious monograph “Society

and a Pandemic. Experience and lessons of the fight

against COVID-19 in Russia ” (Society and

pandemic. Experience and Lessons from COVID-19

Fighting in Russia, 2020). The study was carried out

by scientists and specialists from leading Russian

universities and research centers of the Russian

Federation. The book analyzes the problems faced by

healthcare and education, social and economic policy,

and the public administration system in Russia in

connection with the coronavirus pandemic. The

system of measures that were taken in Russia to

combat the epidemic is examined in detail.

The work of scientists from the Center for the

Study of Financial Technologies and Digital

Economy SKOLKOVO-NES "Measures to stimulate

the tourism industry during the COVID-19 pandemic:

global experience" was important for understanding

the current situation in the field of tourism and travel

(Skolkovo, 2019). The study aims to study and

structure incentive measures for tourism and related

industries that have been initiated and undertaken by

the ministries of tourism and businesses in different

countries. It is shown that stopping the activity of the

tourism industry has very large-scale socio-economic

effects. The paper emphasizes that the recovery of the

industry depends on the coordinated actions of the

participants in the tourism industry ecosystem and the

adaptation of best practices. Among the obstacles to

the recovery of the industry, they highlight the lack of

coordination between countries in the introduction of

restrictions to combat the pandemic (including when

using different vaccines for the virus), as well as the

general deterioration of the economic situation in all

countries of the world.

However, without a doubt, many aspects of the

impact of the pandemic on the tourism business,

including geographic ones, remain uncovered. This

article is devoted to the analysis of regional features

of the impact of COVID-19 on domestic tourism in

Russia based on the analysis of individual indicators

of the industry's development.

RTCOV 2021 - II International Scientiﬁc and Practical Conference " COVID-19: Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals

(RTCOV )

238

2 METHODS

Sources of information - websites of international

institutions (UNWTO, IMF), and official websites of

government departments of the Russian Federation

(Federal Agency for Tourism; Federal State Statistics

Service; website of the Government of the Russian

Federation), etc. Research methods: synthesis,

statistical, analytical, comparative, cartographic and

etc.

We analyzed the data of the World Tourism

Organization (UNWTO) on indicators of tourist

arrivals and income from tourism activities by regions

and countries of the world, including the position of

Russia in world and European indicators. To identify

the regional features of the impact of the pandemic on

domestic tourism in Russia, a comparison of

statistical data on the number of inbound tourist trips

of foreign citizens to the Russian Federation was

carried out. We remind you that the official statistical

information on this indicator is formed on the basis of

the official statistical methodology for assessing the

number of inbound and outbound tourist trips,

approved by order of Rosstat dated 12.08.2014 No.

510 (for 2014-2019), and the official statistical

methodology for assessing the number of inbound

and outbound tourist trips. trips approved by order of

Rosstat dated October 31, 2019 No. 640 (starting

from the 1st quarter of 2020).

https://www.gks.ru/folder/23457

We analyzed Rosstat data on the number of

foreign and Russian citizens placed in collective

accommodation facilities (CAF) in the regional

aspect for the constituent entities of the Russian

Federation and federal districts (regardless of the

purpose and duration of their stay in Russia).

3 RESULTS

Analysis and comparison of data showed that in

2019-2021. outbound tourism for Russians was

expected to be distributed only between tourist

destinations and countries open to foreign citizens. A

significant decrease in indicators is recorded. For

comparison: in 2018, 41.96 million tourist trips were

carried out, in 2019 - 45.3 million, in 2020 - 12.4

million trips (Statistics. Federal Agency for Tourism

of the Russian Federation, 2021).

The number of arrivals of foreign tourists to our

country has also significantly decreased from 24.6

million in 2019 to 6.4 million in 2020 (a decrease of

74%). Although the share of Russia in international

tourism in terms of the number of arrivals of foreign

citizens is only 1.6% of the world indicator (2020).

The share of Russia in Europe is 2.7%, in the region

of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) - 13.4%. The

share of Russia in terms of income in the international

tourism business is 2% of the world indicator (the

share of Russia in Europe is 4.7%, the share in the

CEE region is 41%) (calculated according to:

UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, 2021).

The contribution of tourism to Russia's GDP in

2019 was 3.9% (in 2011 - 3%). It should be noted that

the official statistics on international tourism

(inbound and outbound) is somewhat peculiar. Thus,

the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian

Federation indicates the following. "A visitor is a

traveler who travels to any main destination outside

his usual environment for a period of less than a year

with any main purpose (business trip, vacation or

other personal purpose)" (Federal State Statistics

Service, Rosstat, 2021 –Https: //www.gks.ru/

folder/23457). This statistic does not include migrant

workers, individuals undergoing long-term training,

public transport crews on both regular and non-

scheduled flights, diplomats, consular officials and

military personnel.

According to the official data of Rosstat, out of

the total number of foreign citizens who arrived in

Russia in 2020, 81% are citizens from the CIS

countries (the most significant flows of foreign

citizens arriving in Russia come from Ukraine - 50%,

Kazakhstan - 11%, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and

Tajikistan). Among the non-CIS countries, Finland is

leading - 2.6%, Poland - 1.7%, Estonia - 1.5%, China

- 1.3%, Latvia, Germany, Lithuania. At the same

time, about 5-6 times fewer people entered Russia

from most European countries in 2020 than in 2019.

From Germany - 13 times fewer. And the influx of

visitors from China decreased by 23 times compared

to 2019, which actually had an impact on the

development of domestic tourism in Russia.

Although the concept of a tourist (visitor) does not

always accurately characterize the situation. Thus,

according to the Federal State Statistics Service, the

flow of foreign citizens into Russia (taking into

account trips to visit relatives, on business trips, etc.)

decreased in January-September 2020 by 73% in

annual terms, amounting to 5.1 million foreigners. Of

these, according to the border service of the FSB of

Russia, only 0.33% arrived for the purpose of tourism

(and this is only 12.9 thousand people). And the

decrease in tourists affects the income from visiting

tourist sites in Russia by foreign citizens. Therefore,

in 2020, domestic tourism developed, as residents of

Regional Aspects on the Impact of Covid-19 on Inside Tourism of Russia

239

Russia still continue to travel, although the flow of

tourists also decreased within the country.

Let us describe the current situation with domestic

tourism in Russia in more detail. The period we are

analyzing (before and during the pandemic) is

extremely interesting from the point of view of

assessing the impact of extreme factors on the system

of centers of attraction of domestic tourism in Russia

that has already formed in previous years. And it can

be noted that practically no noticeable changes were

found.

Recall that up to 2020, domestic tourism in the

Russian Federation was dynamically developing and

on the eve of the pandemic reached its maximum

values. This could be partly explained by the fact that

the rise in prices for overseas tours significantly

outstripped the changes in prices on the domestic

tourism market. For example, in 2019, compared to

2016, the number of officially sold tourist packages

in Russia increased by 2.0 million units and amounted

to 5.3 million units, showing an increase of almost

60% over this period (Bulletin on Current Trends ...).

The main demand for domestic tourism has always

been formed in the regions of the European part of

Russia. More than 70% of officially registered

tourists live there. This situation practically did not

change during the pandemic (COVID-19).

Rostourism experts name the following regions

leading in terms of the number of tourists. These are

Moscow, Krasnodar Territory, Moscow Region, St.

Petersburg, Republic of Crimea, Republic of

Tatarstan, Sverdlovsk Region, Republic of Bashkiria,

Nizhny Novgorod and Rostov Regions (Statistics.

Federal Agency for Tourism, 2021).

But due to the restrictions due to the increase in

the incidence of people with coronavirus COVID-19

in Russia and restrictions on movement at the federal

and regional levels, the demand even for tour

packages within the country decreased. During 2020,

Russian tourists in the direction of domestic tourism

made about 40-42 million trips around the country,

which is 35-38% less than the statistics of 2019, when

the total number of trips around the country amounted

to 68 million. 2020 compared to 2019 showed a

decline in demand for tourism services. The largest

reduction in the number of tourists was noted in the

two Russian capitals (Moscow - a 72% reduction; St.

Petersburg - 80%), where restrictive anti-bank

measures were most severe. The least decline was

experienced by the regions located near the sea coast,

where tourists went, even despite the restrictions and

prohibitions. These are recreational zones familiar to

Russians (Krasnodar Territory - 33% and the

Republic of Crimea - 18%) (Bulletin on current ...)

Although the number of citizens of Russia and other

countries vacationing near the Black Sea is quite

possibly still higher than the official statistics of

Rosstat. For example, tourists and vacationers could

stay in the private sector or with their relatives and

friends, rather than registering at hotels, motels,

holiday homes and sanatoriums.

Against the background of the spread of

coronavirus infection during the period of restrictions

on the departure of Russian citizens to foreign

countries in 2019-2021. increased interest in the

development of domestic tourism from the state and

business. A new national project "Tourism and

hospitality industry" was launched (2021-2030). The

Strategy for the Development of Tourism in the

Russian Federation until 2035 was also adopted. The

Concept of the Federal Target Program

"Development of Domestic and Inbound Tourism in

the Russian Federation (2019-2025)" and others was

developed and approved. expenses for the purchase of

tours in Russia and booking tickets). This program to

support Russian tourists was extended until the end of

2021. Among other state initiatives for the

development of this industry, the launch of grant

support for entrepreneurs in the field of domestic and

inbound tourism in 2020 should be noted. In addition,

Russia is launching a program for issuing

concessional loans (at a rate of 3 to 5% per annum) in

the hotel business (for the construction of hotels), etc.

The developed national project "Tourism and

hospitality industry" will include three federal

projects aimed at creating high quality and diverse

tourism products, increasing the availability of

tourism products, as well as improving the quality of

public administration and removing administrative

barriers in the industry. The authorities of many

Russian regions consider the development of

domestic tourism as a condition for the recovery and

diversification of the economy.

In December 2020, on the basis of big data, the

first in Russia "Index of Regions for Tourism

Development" was developed (Index of Regions for

Tourism Development., 2020). And according to the

tables of the National Tourist Rating, we compared

the importance of Russian regions in terms of tourist

arrivals in dynamics until 2020 (National Tourism

Rating, 2020). Note that the five leading regions in

this rating remain unchanged. It was only in 2020 that

the Moscow Region became the leader of domestic

tourism for the first time. This is due to restrictions on

the departure of Muscovites to other cities of the

Russian Federation during a pandemic. But many of

them went to the existing tourist centers of the

Moscow region (in the near Moscow region). This

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region has always had a developed tourist

infrastructure, there are many monuments of history

and culture known to tourists. This fact confirms

another trend in the development of domestic

tourism. The number of trips of Russian tourists

within the regions of their residence (within their

regions or republics), and to neighboring (with the

region of residence) regions is growing. Many people

discover new corners of their native region. For such

trips, there is a separate term - "staycation" ("rest near

home") (Zyablova O., 2021).

Domestic tourism in general is more complicated

than foreign tourism lends itself to statistical analysis.

Many residents of Russia do not always use the

services of tour operators for their travels, and they

often prefer a private car as a transport. Nevertheless,

we will try to assess the development of domestic

tourism in terms of the hotel sector (although, as you

know, it is used not only for tourism purposes).

According to Rosstat, the number of persons

accommodated in hotels and other collective

accommodation facilities: sanatoriums, rest homes,

boarding houses, etc. (hereinafter referred to as CAF),

in 2019 amounted to 76 million people. (including

10.9 million foreigners). Moscow was the leader in

terms of the number of people accommodated in the

CAF (over 20% of the total tourist flow, and in terms

of the resettlement of foreign citizens - 50%). This

was followed by the Krasnodar Territory, St.

Petersburg, the Moscow Region and the Republic of

Crimea.

In 2020, the number of persons (in total, Russian

citizens and foreigners) accommodated in hotels and

other collective accommodation facilities decreased

in Russia as a whole by 1.6 times (from 76 to 47

million people). Further, we will separately consider

the change in the situation with the accommodation

of Russian citizens traveling around the country and

foreign citizens (including residents from the CIS

countries) (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1: The number of citizens of the Russian Federation

placed in collective accommodation facilities (people).

Region 2019 % 2020 %

2019/

2020

Russian

Federation

65 185

770

100 45 223

223

100 1.4

Moscow city 10 388

303

15.9 6 232

571

13.78 1.4

Krasnodar

region

8 069

907

12.4 6 221

507

13.76 1.7

Moscow

region

4 586

111

7.0 2 906

713

6.4 1.3

Saint

Petersburg city

3 835

825

5.9 2 777

133

6.1 1.6

Republic of

Crimea

2 308

769

3.5 1 915

709

4.2 1.4

Republic of

Tatarstan

228082

3.4 1 423917 3.1 1.2

Tyumen region 1

624451

2.5 1 079325 2.4 1.5

Leningrad

region

1 062

413

1.6 953 320 2.1 1.1

Sverdlovsk

region

532558

2.4 952364 2.1 1.6

Republic of

Bashkortostan

239294

1.9 884279 2.0 1.4

The sum of 10

constituent

entities of the

Russian

Federation

36 875

713

56.6 21

477559

56.0 1.7

Calculated according to (the Official Website of Federal

State Statistics Service - Rosstat, 2021)

The calculated share of the leading regions in the

reception and accommodation of Russian citizens in

the CAF allows us to conclude that the total number

of visitors has decreased by 1.4 times. Moscow

remains the most important tourist destination. At the

same time, the share of subjects of the Russian

Federation out of the top ten has remained practically

unchanged (and in aggregate amounts to 56%) (Table

1).

But statistics on the placement of foreign citizens

in the CAF show a slightly different picture. It is

largely due to quarantine measures in the context of a

pandemic and a decrease in the entry of foreign

citizens into Russia in general. And also the level of

concentration of foreign tourists (or citizens of

foreign countries) in some of the most significant

regions for them is much higher. Only the first 5

leading regions account for 76% of foreign visitors to

the CAF (Table 2).

Let's see what caused this. For example, the

arrival of residents to Russia from China decreased

by 23 times in 2020 (compared to 2019). The entry of

foreign citizens from Germany and the Republic of

Korea decreased 13 times, from the USA, Spain and

Australia - 17 times, from Great Britain, Brazil, Iran,

Indonesia - 11 times, from Japan and India - 8 times,

etc. ... (Feder service of state statistics ... Rosstat,

2021). It was these data that served us to explain some

of the regional features of the impact of restrictions

on movement between states due to the coronavirus

on domestic tourism in Russia. Although we certainly

remember that from the CIS countries (according to

statistics) over 80% of foreign citizens enter Russia

(and, first of all, from Ukraine - 50%).

Regional Aspects on the Impact of Covid-19 on Inside Tourism of Russia

241

Table 2: The number of foreign citizens accommodated in

collective accommodation facilities in the leading regions

(people).

Region 2019 % 2020 %

2019/

2020

Russian

Federation

10 855

969

100 2 159

235

100 5.0

Moscow city 5 161

380

47.5 1 097

631

50.8 4.7

Saint

Petersburg city

2 269

160

20.9 303 647 14.1 7.5

Moscow region 438

592

4.0 110 491 5.1 4.0

Krasnodar

region

228

712

2.1 76 905 3.6 3.0

Irkutsk region 274

767

2.5 54 323 2.5 5.1

The sum of 5

constituent

entities of the

Russian

Federation

8 372

611

77.1 1 642

997

76.1 5.1

In general, the number of foreign citizens

(including citizens from the CIS) placed in the CAF

in Russia in 2020 compared to 2019 decreased by 5

times (from 10.9 to 1.2 million people). But in some

Russian regions, the arrival and accommodation of

foreign citizens decreased to a greater extent. In

Moscow (the leader in visiting foreign citizens -

50%), there was a 5-fold decrease, in St. Petersburg -

7.5 times, in the Kaliningrad region - 8 times, in the

Novgorod region - 15 times. In the cities and regions

of the "Golden Ring" familiar to visiting foreign

visitors, there was also a sharp decrease in the

indicators of tourist activity in servicing foreigners

(especially in the Vladimir region - almost 30 times,

from 121 thousand people in 2019 to 4 thousand

people in 2020 G.). In the Far East, also due to a sharp

decrease in the arrival of tourists from China, Hong

Kong, the Republic of Korea, Japan and other

countries, the Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk

Territory, Kamchatka Territory, Irkutsk Region, the

Republic of Buryatia and the Jewish autonomous

region (reduction of visits by 10 times or more).

You can continue the analysis of statistical data on

the development of domestic tourism in Russia.

Although detailed statistics for 2020 and 2021. not

yet, but it can be assumed that even the coronavirus

could not destroy domestic tourism as a branch of the

Russian economy. New measures of state support for

the travel, tourism and hospitality sector have

emerged. At the same time, there are still many

problems in the regions of the Russian Federation.

For the development of new routes, programs,

excursions, it is necessary to develop infrastructure.

We need good roads, cheap domestic flights,

comfortable and fast train connections, and hotels

with affordable prices for the residents of the country.

4 CONCLUSION AND

DISCUSSION

According to experts' forecasts, the restoration of

international tourism with a significant improvement

in the situation with the incidence of coronavirus in

the world may take several years. In a way, the

development of domestic tourism can become an

alternative for business and the population of Russia.

Tourism is an important item of profit for any state,

especially one as vast in territory and rich in

landscape and natural-climatic diversity as Russia.

Even with a general decline in the number of

tourists traveling in Russia, domestic tourism has

suffered less than international tourism. At the same

time, the leading centers of attraction for tourists in

Russia during the period under review remained

unchanged. Residents of Moscow, St. Petersburg and

other large cities remain the leaders in the formation

of demand for domestic tourism. But it should be

noted that the number of regions where the main flow

of tourists traveling around their country is formed is

still insignificant.

In general, the situation associated with the

pandemic has led to the emergence of new trends in

the development of domestic tourism. Interest has

grown not only in well-known, but also in new tourist

destinations in Russia.

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