The Impact of Empathy towards Cyberbullying Behavior among

Adolescents Who Accessed TikTok in Indonesia

Zulian Fikry, Gumi Langerya Rizal

and Willy Sintia

Department of Psychology, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia

Keywords: Empathy, Cyberbullying, Adolescents.

Abstract: The study was based on numerous phenomenon of cyberbullying among Indonesian adolescents who use

social media, especially the adolescents who access TikTok videos. The aim of this study was to determine

the effect of empathy on cyberbullying behavior among adolescents who access TikTok videos.The

respondents were Adolescents who accessed TikTok using TikTok Application and also those who used

various video viewing platform like Facebook, Instagram, Youtube, and other to see TikTok videos. There

were 708 adolescents across Indonesia had participated as respondent with age range of 12-21 years old. The

data was collected using Empathy Questionaires (19 items) and Cyberbullying Questionaires (31 items). Both

scale items was selected by using Corrected Item Total Correlation (≥ 0,30). The two scales coefficient of

reliability by using Chronbach’s Alpha was α=0,86 for Empathy Questionaires, and α=0,924 for

Cyberbullying Questionaires. The collected data were analyzed using linear regression analysis. The study

found significant impact of empathy towards s cyberbullying behavior among adolescents who accessed the

TikTok videos (sig<0,05). The direction of the correlation of empathy towards cyberbullying is negative (F=

-0,543).

1 INTRODUCTION

Before getting to know the internet and its various

features, face-to-face communication was one of the

requirements for healthy and acceptable

communication in societal norms. But because of the

advancement of internet technology, which includes

social media, it has changed the form of

communication and social life in an increasingly

modern society (Ünal, 2018).Around 3.80 billion

internet users are active users of social media (Kemp,

2020). Meanwhile, according to reports on the

collaboration between APJII (Association of

Indonesian Internet Service Providers) and

Indonesian Polling (2019), the number of social

media users in Indonesia are 170 million (59%).

Because of this, communication through instant

message sharing applications, video calls, and other

social media applications is commonplace and widely

used. The use of these communication lines certainly

makes it more convenient for its users (Shipps &

Phillips, 2013).

Social media is a collection of applications based

on the internet on which ideological pillars are built

along with web 2.0, which allows users to create and

exchange content (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2017). In all

age ranges who use social media, the majority are

teenagers. As stated by a survey from APJII (2019),

in the age range of 10 to 24 years the average

percentage of internet and social media users is

81.9%, where in each category the age range of the

percentage of users is more than 60%. The greater the

number of teenagers who use social media, the greater

the openness of information and media for them. That

statement confirm Chan-Olmsted, Cho, & Lee’s

findings in 2020 that openness is considered the most

obvious quality representing all types of social media.

In addition, the main driver for individuals to access

social media is for entertainment (Reinecke,

Vorderer, & Knop, 2014). Removing the dimensions

of space and time, social media is a very interactive

media that makes it easy for youth to be able to share

information and stay connected with others (O’Dea &

Campbell, 2012). One of the social media

applications that is currently being discussed is the

short video-based social media called tiktok. Tiktok

was created by a technology company from China

called Byte Dance (Leskin, 2020),where videos can

be made and given various special effects with a

Fikry, Z., Rizal, G. and Sintia, W.

The Impact of Empathy towards Cyberbullying Behavior among Adolescents Who Accessed TikTok in Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0011095900003368

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Mental Health (Icometh 2021), pages 83-89

ISBN: 978-989-758-586-9

duration of thirty seconds to one minute (Susilowati,

2018).

Although there are many advantages that can be

obtained by having social media, there are still

negative impacts that cannot be avoided on social

media itself. Social media makes it easier for teens to

be exposed to various risks (George, 2019). One of

the risks is cyberbullying or bullying in cyberspace.

Willard (2007) explained cyberbullying as behavior

that sends or spreads something harmful or aggressive

through the internet or other digital

media.Parks(2013), stated that one in five adolescents

aged 10 to 18 years had encountered cyberbullying,

both as the perpetrator and the victim. Meanwhile,

from several studies in Indonesia, it can be seen that

many adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (junior high and

high school students) have encountered

cyberbullying (Ruangnapakul, Salam, & Shawkat,

2019).There are several factors that cause teenagers

to engage in cyberbullying. Several possible factors

are internet usage frequency and empathy (Erdur-

Baker, 2010). Many literature states that teenagers

access their social media for more than one hour per

day. The next cause is the lack of empathy in

individuals who do cyberbullying.

Davis (1996) defined empathy as a series of

constructs that relate a person's response or response

to another individual's experience. Where the

construction specifically includes the process of

taking from within the observer and the affective and

non-affective results they get from the process.

Regarding the cyberbullying behavior of adolescents,

those with a low level of empathy are more likely to

intimidate people who are considered weak, and vice

versa (Erdur-Baker, 2010). It can be said that the

image of the victim who is considered weak or does

not have the resources to fight back makes it easier

for the perpetrator to do cyberbullying.

Brewer & Kerslake (2015) stated that a lack of

empathy can be a predictor of cyberbullying

behavior. This shows that cyberbullying behavior is

the same as traditional bullying behavior when

viewed from the empathy of the perpetrator (Jolliffe

& Farrington, 2004). This shows that adolescents who

have low empathy can bully in the real world as well

as cyberspace and vice versa.Adolescents who have

low empathy sensitivity make them less competent to

understand the condition of their victims, don't care,

and will continue to commit violence against others

(Rachmah, 2014).Studied that compared the level of

empathy between cyberbullying perpetrators,

victims, and adolescents who are not perpetrators also

stated that the level of empathy of offenders is lower

than the other two groups (Steffgen, König, Pfetsch,

& Melzer, 2011). So there are indeed differences in

the level of empathy of the three groups or groups of

adolescents. Based on some of the dynamics of past

studies, it can be concluded that the level of empathy

can be the cause of cyberbullying. Although it is quite

clear that there is a relationship between the two in

the world of social media, researchers still want to

know more specifically the influence of both on

adolescents who access Tiktok videos. Unlike other

social media where the perpetrator may not be active

enough to use the social media, in the TikTok

application the perpetrator and victim can mix

together to create video content. Where the Tiktok

application provides a duet feature, which is used as

the perpetrator to ridicule or commit cyberbullying to

the victim(Krishna, 2018). Not only fellow users can

do cyberbullying, social media users who do not have

a Tiktok account can also enjoy the content in the

application because of the sharing feature. There are

several examples of cyberbullying cases that have

occurred in various countries and in Indonesia, such

as cyberbullying received by Natalia from America

(Krishna, 2018), Bowo Alpenlibe (Fanani, 2018) and

Cimoy Montok (Yuniarta, 2020) from Indonesia, and

others.Based on previous descriptions of empathy and

cyberbullying, to the ease with which Tiktok videos

are accessed on various social media, researchers are

interested and want to know what kind of impact

empathy has toward cyberbullying in adolescents

who access Tiktok videos.In contrast to previous

studies which only discussed empathy and

cyberbullying on the internet in general, this study

emphasizes cyberbullying behavior towards tiktok

video content that can be accessed on various social

media platforms. This approach helps a more

comprehensive understanding of cyberbullying that

occurs on other social media, not only on the TikTok

application platform but also among other TikTok

video viewers through other platforms that display

videos. This provides an important novelty for

research in the field of cyberbullying, in part because

it can reveal the possibility of repeated bullying by

perpetrators to victims through several platforms

containing videos of victims. In addition, multi-

platform based research also provides an advantage

for this study to measure various levels of

cyberbullying due to variations in the characteristics

and user profiles of each platform which differ by

age. For example, on the Instagram platform,

currently active users in Indonesia are dominated by

teenagers and early adults, while on the Facebook

platform there are also middle-aged to middle-aged

users who have user profiles and are still quite active

in accessing Facebook. The findings of this study can

Icometh 2021 - International Conference of Mental Health

be an update of the findings on the level of cyber

violence in Indonesia and reveal the level of empathy

of multi-platform internet users more clearly than

before.

2 METHODS

The research method is quantitative correlational

design. Correlational quantitative research seeks to

ascertain or measure the relationship between two or

more variables (Thompson, 2014). Where in this

discussion the researcher tries to see the impact of

empathy (X) towards cyberbullying behavior (Y) on

adolescents who accessed TikTok in Indonesia.

Respondent population of this research is adolescents

across Indonesia who had social media accounts and

can access social media to watch TikTok videos.

Sampling technique in order get match samples of

population is by using non-probability purposive

sampling. Samples were taken based on criteria in

accordance with the objectives of the study.

Participant

Participant in this researh are: 708 adolscents spread

across 33 provinces in Indonesia with an age range of

12-21 years old, have an access TikTok videos, have

watched TikTok videos, and have responded to the

videos watched.

Measurement

The research instrument used a Likert itemresponse

modelin questionnaires form. For empathy, we used

an instrument that has been made based on previous

research, namely the empathy scale by Sari (2019).

The scale refers to aspects of empathy proposed by

Davis (1983), including perspective taking, fantasy,

empathy concern, and personal distress. The

reliability of this scale is 0.86.The cyberbullying scale

is taken from Willard's (2007) seven cyberbullying

aspects: flaming, harrasment, denigration,

impersonation, outing and trickery, exclusion, and

cyberstalking compiled by the researchers

themselves.

Data Collecting

The statement items of cyberbullying totaling 43

items were distributed via Google Form to 180

respondents and processed using the SPSS for

Windows version 20 to test the validity of each item.

The validity of these items is known through the

product moment validity test. Based on the analysis,

there were 12 items that failed so only that 31 items

could be used in the study. Meanwhile, the

cyberbulllying coefficient value is 0.924.Thus, there

are 19 items on the empathy scale and 31 items on the

cyberbullying scala used in data collection. Several

stages of research carried out include:

1. The preparation stage

In the form of preparation of measuring instruments

for research. Aspects based on Willard's theory for

measuring the cyberbullying scale are developed into

statement items. The items compiled were also

determined into directitems and reverse items.

2. The trial phase

Measuring instruments that have been compiled are

transferred to google form format and distributed to

social media. The collected sample data was 180, then

tested for validity and reliability using the SPSS for

Windows. After finding the missing items, the

researcher rearranged the measuring instrument with

a valid scale and asked for professional judgment and

obtained approval so that this measuring instrument

could be distributed in research.

3. Implementation Stage

Valid measuring tools are disseminated through

various social media platforms. Researchers also

include the criteria for respondents when distributing

the link so that those who fill in are the desired

respondents. The data collection process was carried

out on December 27, 2020 to January 4, 2021. All

data from 708 respondents were then analyzed for

normality test, linearity test, and analysis of

regressionusing the SPSS.

Data Analysis

The data analysis used simple linear regression

analysis to determine the impact of empathy toward

cyberbullying. data were processed using SPSS for

Windows.

3 RESULTS

The number of research subjects was 708 adolescents

spread across 33 provinces in Indonesia with an age

range of 12-21 years. Female subjects totaled 561

persons (79.2%), while male respondents are 147

persons (20.8%). The majority of respondents in this

study were students, as many as 331 non-students

participants (46.8%) and followed by 292 students

participants (41.2%). Meanwhile, 64 respondents

(9.0%) were employed. Finally, there are as many as

20 respondents wereuncategorized (2.8%). It is

known that the majority of respondents have had at

The Impact of Empathy towards Cyberbullying Behavior among Adolescents Who Accessed TikTok in Indonesia

least oneTiktok account as many as 415 people

(58.6%) and 293 people (41.4%) who does not have

Tiktok account.

The empirical avarage score for the empathy

variable was greater than the hypothetical average

score (Hypothetic Avg = 47.5 <Empirical Avg =

58.42). This shows that the empathy of adolescents

who access Tiktok videos on social media is greater

than the general population. Whereas on the empirical

average, the cyberbullying variable was lower than

the hypothetical average (Hypothetical Avg = 77.5>

Empirical Avg = 51.13), which means that the

cyberbullying behavior of adolescents who accessed

the Tiktok was lower than the general population.

Table 1: Empathy and cyberbullying score categories.

Categories Empathy Cyberbullying

Very low X ≤ 33,25 X ≤ 54,25

Low 33,25 ≤ X ≤ 42,75 54,25≤ X ≤ 69,75

Moderate 42,75< X ≤ 52,25 69,75< X ≤ 85,25

High

52,25< X ≤ 61,75

85,25< X ≤

100,75

Very high X >61,75 X >100,75

Then to find out the categorization of the subject

according to the score obtained, the researcher

divided the categorization into five levels as shown in

the table above. The results of calculations on the

research data obtained. Below is an overview of the

subject categories for each variable.

Table 2: Categorization of respondents' scores.

Categories

Cyberbullying Empathy

(%)

Very low 454 64,1% - -

Low 234 33,1% 2 0,3%

Moderate 19 2,7% 71 10%

High 1 0,1% 441 62,3%

Very high - - 194 27,4%

Total 708 100% 708 100%

Most respondents or subjects with cyberbullying

behavior are in the very low category, where a total

of 454 people (64.1%). This means that most of the

subjects who access Tiktok videos have a very low

level of cyberbullying. Then, subjects with low levels

of cyberbullying were 234 people (33.1%). In the

medium category, 19 people (2.7%) accessed video

tiktok with cyberbullying behavior. The high

cyberbullying category is only in one respondent,

with a percentage of 0.1%. From the description

above, it can be seen that the level of cyberbullying

in research subjects is very low.

From the empathy variable categorization table, it

can be seen that the most subjects are in the high

category. Where there are 441 people (62.3%) in this

category, which means that the subject has high

empathy. In the very high category, there were 194

people (27.4%) of respondents, with their level of

empathy being the highest compared to other

subjects. Then in the medium category, there are 71

people (10%) of respondents, and there are 2

respondents who are in the low category with a

percentage of 0.3%. Finally, in the very low category,

no subject occupies this position. It can be concluded

that the respondent's empathy is high.

Furthermore, hypothesis testing is carried out to

determine whetherthe research hypothesis could be

accepted or rejected. As stated, the data

scoreshasmetall the assumption test requirements,

and can be analyzed using a simple linear regression

test. The testing results described in this following

table:

Table 3: Hypothesis results.

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standar

dized

Coeffic

ients

t Sig

B Std.

error

Beta

(Constant) 11,276 0,532 21,16

0,00

empathy -0,543 0,70 -0,282 -

7,802

0.00

The constant 11,276 means that the consistent

value of the cyberbullying variable is 11,267. While

the Empathy (X) coefficient of regression are -0.543

means that when 1% of the value of empathy is added,

the cyberbullying behavior is reduced by 0.543. Due

to the regression coefficient has a negative value, it

means that the direction of the influence of the

Empathy on Cyberbullying is changing in reverse

order.

The hypotheses are cofirmed as a significant with

0.000 significance value(in table 3) which means the

significance value are less than 0.05 (0.000 <0.05).

This means that the Emphaty (X) affects the

Cyberbullying (Y) significantly more than 95%. This

has concludedthe research hypothesishas been

confirmed by the data. This research found there is a

significant contributions of empathy on

cyberbullying behavior in adolescents who access

Tiktok videos. In other words, Empathy (X)

contributes to Cyberbullying behavior (Y) can be

seen through the model of this research (see table 3).

Icometh 2021 - International Conference of Mental Health

The coefficient value in the determination column or

R square (R2) is 0.079, so the effect ofEmpathy (X)

to Cyberbullying behavior (Y) is 7.9%. While the rest

is influenced by other variables not examined in this

study.

4 DISCUSSIONS

Social media users are always increasingin Indonesia.

Due to the increasing number of needs or daily

activities that require the built-in features of social

media, especially, in the midst of the Covid-19

pandemic, students and workers need social media to

do their tasks or needs. Teenagers are the largest

number of social media users in Indonesia.

Indonesian teenagers has been accessing various

applications like social media, and one of the most

popular application to them is Tiktok, an application

for creating and sharing short videos.

Tiktok had experienced controversy in various

countries,so that the application and its users received

unpleasant treatment by fellow users, like cyber-

harrasment, mock videos, offensive comments, and

many kind of cyberbullying. Despite the growing

popularity and many teenagers have had registered

for accounts in TikTok, those cyberbullyingsare still

common among the users (Krishna, 2018).

Cyberbullying not only occur within the scope of the

applicationorfellow users, but it also got extend in to

other social media(Pacer, 2019) and even the real life.

This happened due to the TikTok's share features

made it easly for th offender to share any videos they

want. Cyberbullying perpetrators are known to have

lower empathy than victims or other people who are

not perpetrators (Steffgen et al., 2011). Therefore, this

study aims to find out whether there is an effect of

empathy on cyberbllying in adolescents who access

Tiktok videos, and how much the empathy had

influence to cyberbullying behavior among teenagers

using or accessing TikTok videos.

Data was collected from708 teenagers aged 12

years to 21 yearsand live in 33 provinces in Indonesia,

who have accessed Tiktok videos. This aims to

determine to find out whether empathy do have

effects to cyberbullying. After being analyzed

usingsimple linear regression analysis, it was found

that there is an influence of empathy on cyberbullying

in adolescents who access Tiktok videos. In this study

it can be said that adolescents who have high empathy

tend to be aware of their behavior on social media and

cause their participation in cyberbullying against

Tiktok videos also low.

The regression coefficient value are -0.543 shows

that when the empathy of adolescents is increased by

1%, their cyberbullying behavior will decrease by

0.543. The negative sign on the coefficient value

indicates that the effect of Empathy (X) on

Cyberbullying (Y) is in reverse. These finding

supports the previous research finding by Wahyuni &

Adiyanti(2011) which stated that the ability to

empathy has a negative relationship with a tendency

to bullying behavior or in this case cyberbullying on

Tiktok videos. Based on the score, the most subjects

were in the low and very low categories of

cyberbullying behavior. Im the other hand, their

empathy were mostly in the high and very high

categories. This mean that tendency of cyberbullying

behavior of a person can be measured by the their

level of empathy.

This research was not foundany significant

difference between men and women counterparts

regarding cyberbullying behavior level. The majority

of both groups are in the low and very low categories.

This supports a study which states that there is no

significant difference in ones cyberbullying behavior

when viewed from gender (Ruangnapakul et al.,

2019). In this study, the majority of subjects also had

TikTok accounts totaling 415 people (58.6%) and the

rest were teenagers who did not have accounts. This

means that now the Tiktok application can be said to

have received acceptance from social media users. As

Michel (2018) stated that the short video platform, in

this case, Tiktok is increasingly popular among

teenagers. As Tiktok videos got more and more

acceptable among teenage usersit getting less and less

cyberbullying in this application.

To determine the contribution of empathy to

cyberbullying behavior, it can be seen from the value

of R square (R2). It can be seen that the coefficient

value is 0.079, indicating the effect of empathy on

cyberbullying is 7.9%. Meanwhile, other

contributions are influenced by variables not included

in this study. This supports the researches of Wahyuni

& Adiyanti(2011)and Setianingrum(2015)which

states that low empathy can be a predictor of

cyberbullying. So that in the future, when you find

someone committing cyberbullying, it can be said

that one of the causes of their behavior is low

empathy.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings of this study, most of the

adolescents who access Tiktok videos have

cyberbullying behavior which is in the very low and

The Impact of Empathy towards Cyberbullying Behavior among Adolescents Who Accessed TikTok in Indonesia

low categories.Meanwhile, the level of empathy

among adolescents who access Tiktok videos is

mostly in the high and very high categories and the

rest are in the medium and low categories. There is an

impact of empathy toward cyberbullying in

adolescents who access Tiktok videos. This study

shows that the direction of the influence of empathy

on cyberbullying is negative. The direction of the

negative influence shows if the higher the empathy

for someone, the lower the level of cyberbullying

behavior. Conversely, when the empathy for someone

gets lower, the level of cyberbullying behavior will be

higher.Lastly, empathy contributes 7.9% to

cyberbulllying behavior in adolescents who access

Tiktok videos.

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