Instagram Use and Emerging Adults: The Role of Self-compassion

on Body Image

Jihan Nabilah CS and Yolivia Irna Aviani

Department of Psychology, State University of Padang, Padang, Indonesia

Keywords: Body Image, Self-Compassion, Emerging Adults, Instagram

Abstract: The negative impact on body image for emerging adults cannot be separated from social media, especially

Instagram. Self-compassion has been studied to play a role in problematic body image. The purpose of this

study was to see the extent to which self-compassion affects body image. Emerging adults who use Instagram

(N=276) completed a scale measuring self-compassion and body image. Regression analysis was conducted

to correlate the relationship between self-compassion and body image. The results show that self-compassion

is a factor that affects the body image of emerging adults who use Instagram (R

= 0,231). This finding

explains that the application of self-compassion can minimize the negative impact of Instagram usage on body

image.

1 INTRODUCTION

Social media is currently a place to spend time for

young people, especially photo-based social media.

This is because photo-based social media allows users

to share photos and short messages more relaxedly

(Bjornsen, 2018). Furthermore, NapoleonCat (2021)

reports 82.3 million Instagram users during the

January 2021 period in Indonesia, and its users are

dominated by individuals aged 18-24 years or

emerging adults (Arnett, 2018). The dominance of

emerging adults as Instagram users is very reasonable

because media as a means of socializing is done

intentionally to carry out their developmental tasks,

namely identity exploration (Coyne, Padilla-Walker,

& Howard, 2015).

The importance of social media for emerging

adults has led several researchers to focus recently on

the negative impact of social media use. For example,

time to use the internet and social media is positively

related to the internalization of the ideal thin body,

body control, and encouragement to look thin

(Tiggemann & Slater, 2013). In addition, previous

researchers have reported that Instagram affects body

image satisfaction in young people (Ahadzadeh,

Sharif, & Ong, 2017). It was further explained that

exposure to photos on Instagram impacted the

individual's body image.

Body image is a dynamic mental representation of

oneself that develops in the body (Krueger, 2002). In

addition, body image is the physical identity of the

individual (Santrock, 2019). During the exploration

of identity, emerging adults will focus on body image,

especially how they and other individuals evaluate

their body appearance (Wängqvist & Frisén, 2013).

Gattario and Frisén (2019) stated that body image

starts to stabilize at 18 years and moves positively

when individuals age 24 years. However, there are

many inappropriate body images in emerging adults

(see Haslinda, Ernalia, & Wahyuni, 2015; del Mar

Bibiloni, Coll, Pich, Pons, & Tur, 2017).

Media-mediated body image is generally caused

by two paths, namely the internalization of ideal

thinness and the tendency to compare one's

appearance with the appearance of other individuals

(Dittmar & Howard, 2005). High internalization will

lead individuals to be dissatisfied with their bodies

(Rodgers, McLean, & Paxton, 2015), especially when

exposed to posts or photos depicting other users' ideal

body appearance (Cohen, Newton-John, & Slater,

2017). Furthermore, regarding the second path,

Instagram users will engage in social comparison

behavior after viewing photos of celebrities and peers

(Brown & Tiggemann, 2016; Fardouly, Willburger,

& Vartanian, 2018). Individuals exposed to photos

that show an ideal body appearance report threatened

body image because of dissatisfaction with

appearance, weight, and insecurity (McComb &

Nabilah CS, J. and Irna Aviani, Y.

Instagram Use and Emerging Adults: The Role of Self-compassion on Body Image.

DOI: 10.5220/0011094200003368

In Proceedings of the International Conference of Mental Health (Icometh 2021), pages 5-11

ISBN: 978-989-758-586-9

Mills, 2021). Therefore, the body image of

individuals exposed to the media tends to be negative.

The rise of problems with body image has made

several researchers focus on studying how to have a

positive body image. Positive body image focuses on

appreciating and accepting the body's uniqueness

rather than thinking about the imperfections of the

body itself (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015). Positive

body image protects individuals from excessive

pressure on appearance (Halliwell, 2013). Previous

researchers have studied ways to have and increase

positive body image in individuals. For example, self-

compassion has been studied to improve and promote

positive body image (Rodgers, Franko, Donovan,

Cousineau, Yatesa, McGowan, Cooka, & Lowy,

2017). In addition, self-compassion can overcome

body shame (Wollast, Riemer, Bernard, Leys,

Kotsou, & Kelin, 2019).

Self-compassion is the ability to be kind and

understand one's situation (Neff, 2003). Previous

researchers (Lathren, Bluth, & Park, 2020; Tylka,

Russell, & Neal, 2015) have suggested that self-

compassion can reduce individual pressures towards

the ideal internalization of thinness (Lathren, Bluth,

& Park, 2020; Tylka, Russell, & Neal, 2015).

Internalization and self-compassion have also been

shown to weaken the relationship between body

appearance and social comparison behavior (Homan

& Tylka, 2015; Rodgers et al., 2017). It can be

concluded that media pressure on body image can be

overcome by self-compassion (Tylka, Russell, &

Neal, 2015).

Thus, the researcher aims to see how much self-

compassion contributes to body image, especially for

Instagram users in emerging adulthood. Previous

research on self-compassion and body image has been

conducted. Previous researchers (Anggraheni &

Rahmandani, 2019) reported that self-compassion

contributed 21.5% to female student body image. In

addition, Yamani (2020) says that self-compassion

contributes to 10.8% of students who are in high

school. Although self-compassion and body image

have been studied simultaneously, the selection of

Instagram users, especially in emerging adults as

research participants, has not yet been found because

it is generally studied in adolescents. The research

hypothesis upheld is a contribution of self-

compassion to body image in emerging adult

Instagram users.

2 METHOD

This research used a quantitative approach to see how

self-compassion contributes to the body image of

emerging adult Instagram users. Participants in this

study (N=276) were Instagram users of emerging

adulthood obtained through snowball sampling.

Emerging adulthood Instagram users are in the age

range of 18-25 years (M=21.11 years; SD=1.42) and

have given consent to researchers to be involved in

this research. After providing consent, participants

were then asked to fill in demographic statements in

age, gender, body mass index obtained from height

and weight, and time spent on Instagram. See Table 1

for a description of the participants in this study.

Table 1: Gender, Instagram usage time, and body mass

index (BMI) among emerging adults who use Instagram

(N=276).

N %

Gender

Male 72 26,08 %

Female 204 73,92 %

Instagram Usage Time*

30min – 1h 99 35,87 %

1h – 2h 63 22,83 %

3h – 4h 58 21,01 %

5h – 6h 25 9,06 %

> 6h 31 11,23 %

Body Mass Index (BMI)**

Underweight – Heavy

(< 17,0)

11 3,99 %

Underweight – Light

(

17,0

–

18,4

)

45 16,30 %

Normal Weight

(

18,5

–

25,0

)

177 64,13 %

Overweight – Heavy

(25,1

–

27,0)

20 7,25 %

Overweight – Light

(

> 27,0

)

23 8,33 %

*Instagram usage time per day.

**BMI was categorized by Direktorat P2PTM,

Indonesia Health Ministry.

Furthermore, participants in this study were

invited to complete the self-compassion scale and

body image scale online via Google form. The body

image scale used in this study was compiled by

researchers based on five body image dimensions

pioneered by Cash and Pruzinsky (2002), namely

appearance evaluation (6 items), appearance

orientation (5 items), body areas satisfaction (10

items), overweight preoccupation (6 items), and self-

classified weight (4 items). The body image scale in

this study obtained an Alpha coefficient, α = 0,88.

Icometh 2021 - International Conference of Mental Health

Furthermore, the researchers used the self-

compassion scale by Renggani and Widiasavitri

(2018), tested previously. Participants were given a

self-compassion scale consisting of 31 items to

measure three components of self-compassion,

namely self-kindness (13 items), common humanity

(7 items), and mindfulness (11 items). The self-

compassion scale in this study obtained an Alpha

coefficient, α = 0,88.

The research data obtained were then analyzed

using the IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 for Windows

program. Before testing the hypothesis, the researcher

looked at the normality of the data distribution by

using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test. The

Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test showed that data

were normally distributed (p=0.20; p>0.05).

Furthermore, simple linear regression analysis was

used to test the research hypotheses.

3 RESULTS

Based on research conducted on emerging adulthood

Instagram users, it was found that the participants'

self-compassion was generally in the moderate

category (63.4%). These results indicate that

participants have sufficient ability to provide self-

compassion in dealing with events that occur in

participants' lives. Furthermore, the results showed

that participants generally had a body image in the

moderate category (83%). This indicates that

participants evaluate their body appearance quite

positively. The distribution of participant categories

can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2: Self-compassion and body image among emerging

adults who use Instagram (N=276).

Categor

High

(

)

Moderate

(

)

Low

(

)

Self-

Compassion

(34,8)

175

(63,4)

(1,8)

Body

Image

(14,9)

229

(83)

(2,1)

Furthermore, the results of hypothesis testing

with regression analysis are shown in Table 3. The

results indicate a contribution of self-compassion to

body image in emerging adulthood Instagram users

with a coefficient of determination that is R2 = 0.231

(p=0.00<0.05). These results indicate that self-

compassion effectively contributes 23.1% towards

body image among Instagram users of emerging

adulthood. The remaining 76.9% is influenced by

other variables not examined in this study, such as

self-esteem (Shahyad, Pakdaman, & Shokri, 2015),

social comparison (Ho, Lee, & Liao, 2016), and other

variables. Based on the results of statistical

calculations, the regression model obtained is as

follows.

Y = 57,353 + 0,500X (1

)

Based on the regression equation above, the

constant 57.353 indicates that if self-compassion is in

a constant state or the value is equal to zero, and the

body image has a value of 57.353. Furthermore, a

positive regression coefficient of 0.500 indicates that

for every increase in self-compassion of zero units, an

increase in body image will occur in 57.353.

Therefore, based on hypothesis testing, it can be

concluded that the hypothesis upheld in this study is

accepted.

Table 3: Linear regression model summary.

Self-Compassion

R R

B(Cons.) B(SC)

Body

Image

0,480 0,231 57,353 0,500

In addition to testing the primary hypothesis

upheld in this study, the researchers further studied

the participants' body image based on the

demographic information obtained, namely gender,

BMI, and time of using Instagram, by conducting

different tests. Based on the results of the additional

analysis, the results are shown in Table 4.

Table 4: The significance value of differences in body

image based on gender, BMI, and Instagram usage time.

Sig.

Gender* BMI** IUA***

Body

Image

0,414 0,005 0,988

*The analysis used is independent sample t-test.

**The analysis used is one-way ANOVA.

***Instagram usage time.

Based on the significance value of the different

tests shown in Table 4, the significance value of body

image based on gender was p = 0.414 (p>0.05), based

on BMI, p = 0.005 (p<0.05), and based on the time of

using Instagram, p = 0.988 (p>0.05). Thus, it can be

concluded that the body image of emerging adulthood

Instagram users in this study did not show any

difference when viewed based on gender and time of

Instagram usage. Furthermore, the body image of

emerging adulthood Instagram users in this study

showed differences based on the participants' BMI.

Comparison between all research results with

Instagram Use and Emerging Adults: The Role of Self-compassion on Body Image

previous research will be discussed in the discussion

section.

4 DISCUSSION

This research aims to see the magnitude of the

contribution of self-compassion to body image. Based

on the study results, it was found that self-compassion

contributed positively to the body image of emerging

adult Instagram users. This means that with every

increase in the self-compassion of Instagram users in

emerging adulthood, the individual's body image will

increase. On the other hand, the decline in self-

compassion will reduce the body image of emerging

adult Instagram users. This is in line with the results

of previous research (Rodgers et al., 2017), which

reported that self-compassion was a protective factor

that played a role in the body image of emerging

adulthood.

The body image of emerging adulthood Instagram

users in this study was generally in the moderate

category, although some participants had a low body

image. The majority of the participants in this study

who were in the medium category were in line with

the research results by Gattario and Frisén (2019),

which stated that body image in emerging adulthood

tends to be stable and begins to begin move in a

positive direction during emerging adulthood. The

rest, the low body image of some Instagram users in

emerging adulthood, can be caused by factors that can

affect an individual's body image, such as the media.

Media as a factor that influences body image can

reduce body image in individuals. The low body

image of Instagram users is caused by the exposure of

Instagram users to photos or pictures that contain the

ideal appearance of other users. This causes

Instagram users to feel negative emotions that cause

dissatisfaction with body image Instagram users

(Brown & Tiggemann, 2016). Thus, this causes the

body image of Instagram users to be below.

In the context of body image, self-compassion has

been studied to foster a compassionate view of

oneself and the individual's body (Ferreira, Pinto-

Gouveia, & Duarte, 2013). In addition, previous

research (Siegel, Huellemann, Hillier, & Campbell,

2020) reported that self-compassion is negatively

related to appearance, self-esteem, and body

comparison. That is, self-compassion helps

individuals deal with stress related to body

appearance. Self-compassion contribution to body

image can also be seen from the scores category,

which generally moves from medium to higher. That

is, the higher the self-compassion, the higher the body

image. This is consistent with previous research

(Albertson, Neff, & Dill-Shackleford, 2015; Seekis,

Bradley, & Duffy, 2017), which reported that

increasing self-compassion behavior can help

improve the condition of body image in individuals.

Self-compassion is an individual's ability to

accept, respect, and forgive all problematic situations

encountered in life (Neff, 2003). As self-compassion

as a variable has been investigated to influence body

image, previous research has explained how each

component of self-compassion, namely self-kindness,

common humanity, and mindfulness, contributes to

the body image of Instagram users in emerging

adulthood.

Self-kindness as a component of self-compassion

refers to the tendency of individuals to behave well

towards themselves (Neff, 2003). Self-compassion

through self-kindness can make individuals not judge

themselves continuously, especially when critical

thinking and judgment arise when the condition of

their body appearance fails to meet their ideals or

ideal standards. Toole and Craighead (2016) report

that a change in negative judgments aligns with

individual dissatisfaction with body image changes.

So that by reducing personal negative judgments and

thoughts, the individual's body image will be better

than before.

Common humanity as a component of self-

compassion refers to recognizing that all individuals

are imperfect (Neff, 2003). Self-compassion through

common humanity teaches individuals that there is no

universal standard of beauty because beauty is diverse

(Homan & Tylka, 2015). So that negative emotions

can be minimized when there is a difference between

the situation experienced and the situation owned by

other individuals, especially when the condition of

the body's appearance is different from the conditions

possessed by other people.

Mindfulness as a component of self-compassion

refers to being aware of painful experiences and not

ignoring those experiences (Neff, 2003). Swami,

Barron, Todd, Horne, and Furnhamd (2020) report

that mindfulness is related to how individuals

appreciate their bodies. In addition, the application of

mindfulness to individuals can improve body image,

especially to body satisfaction (Lavender, Gratz, &

Anderson, 2012). Additionally, mindfulness

interventions can be provided to people who focus on

body image (Alberts, Thewissen & Raes, 2012;

Taylor & Daiss, 2015).

Based on the discussion on how each component

of self-compassion affects the body image,

individuals should consider the importance of

increasing self-compassion in each individual. Kelly

and Stephen (2016) reported that self-compassion

predicts a person's acceptance of their body condition.

Not only is accepting their body condition, but self-

compassion in individuals is present as an adaptive

emotion regulation (Bluth, Roberson, Gaylord,

Icometh 2021 - International Conference of Mental Health

Faurot, Grewen, & Arzon, 2016; Neff, 2003),

especially in body image. This indicates that self-

compassion can protect individuals from social stress,

especially those exposed to pictures of their ideal

body appearance, and cause a lack of self-

appreciating behavior (Tiggemenn & Anderberg,

2020).

Furthermore, these findings support the

importance of self-compassion on body image in

emerging adult Instagram users as individuals who

actively use Instagram. This is because Instagram

users tend to make social comparisons. The social

comparisons often made, mainly based on

appearances on social media, are more damaging than

social comparisons of appearances in the real world

every day (Fardouly, Pinkus, & Vartanian, 2017).

Therefore, self-compassion has been used as an

effective emotion regulation strategy for human

experience (Odou & Brinker, 2015).

In addition to the regression analysis performed

on self-compassion and body image variables,

additional research in the form of body image in terms

of participant demographic information was carried

out as a further analysis in this study. The results

show that gender does not affect body image.

Consistent with previous research, Shaheen, Kumar,

Dev, Parkash, and Rai (2016) reported no difference

in body image for both male and female participants.

Furthermore, through additional analysis, it was

found that the time of using Instagram did not make a

difference to the participants' body image. This is in

line with the results of a study by Stein, Krause, and

Ohler (2021), who reported that using Instagram did

not affect an individual's body image.

Meanwhile, there are differences in body image

based on participants' BMI. The more normal the

participant's BMI category, the higher the

participant's body image. This is in line with the

results of previous studies (Paans, Bot, Brouwer,

Visser, & Penninx, 2018), which reported that the

higher an individual's BMI, the lower the individual's

body image. Thus, the low body image can be caused

by the BMI category of individuals not being ideal or

not in the normal category.

Although this study provides insight and evidence

that self-compassion plays a role in body image, this

study has some limitations. First, the researcher did

not ask for information about what content the

participants saw. So that future research can study

further whether the range seen in daily use of

Instagram affects self-compassion and/or body image

of Instagram users. Second, researchers have

limitations in ensuring the accuracy of the data

obtained based on a scale distributed online. So that

future researchers can consider additional data

collection methods to verify the accuracy of the data

that has been received. In addition, future researchers

need to study how the dynamics of body image are

influenced by self-compassion and/or other factors.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Self-compassion plays an essential role in body image

in emerging adults as individuals who actively use

social media, especially Instagram. Emerging adults

who apply minimal self-compassion feel the negative

impact of exposure to Instagram, such as having a

problematic body image. This is because self-

compassion is an emotional regulation that can be

adapted to what is faced by individuals, especially

when events are not in line with individual desires.

Therefore, individuals need to implement and

promote self-compassion to minimize the perceived

negative impact of the events encountered, for

example, low body image after being placed on ideal

body content. Instagram users, in this case, can make

moves to promote self-compassion so that other

Instagram users can recognize the meaning of self-

compassion and how self-compassion minimizes the

negative impact of Instagram exposure.

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