Local Culture based Water Resources Conservation in the

Village of Sangeh

I Gusti Lanang Made Parwita, Made Mudhina and I Nyoman Anom P. W.

Civil Department Polytechnic State of Bali, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia

Keywords: Mumbul Springs, Sangeh Village, Water Supply System, Water Conservation, Local Wisdom.

Abstract: Badung Sangeh Village has an area of 4.5 km

, located in Abiansemal District, Badung Regency, with a

population of 2,322 people with a density of 1,084 people / km

. The clean water supply system in this village

uses water from the local drinking water company in Badung Regency with a 100% service percentage

consisting of 967 customers. Based on the technical data of the local drinking water company in Badung

Regency, there are 2 large water bodies with a discharge above 10 liters/second, namely Gerana springs (22

liters/second) which then become the source of water to the Regional Drinking Water Company in Badung

Regency and springs Mumbul (± 125 liters/second) which is a source for irrigation, drinking water, holy water

for religious purposes and a place for purification or self-cleaning. This research was conducted by collecting

secondary data in the local drinking water company in Badung Regency as well as measuring the

instantaneous discharge of the spring water and testing the quality of water directly. The analysis was carried

out on water use patterns, raw water quality and the active participation of the community and government in

carrying out water conservation in a sustainable manner. The results showed that the people of Sangeh Village

with cool conditions, their monthly water usage for one customer is around 18.5 m

. Water quality testing

shows that the water quality meets the requirements as raw water. Even though all people have a water

connection at their house, not a few of the people of Sangeh and its surroundings still take water from the

Mumbul spring for drinking water consumption. There are several reasons that they convey related to taking

water from the Mumbul spring, such as the taste of the water is better, it has been around since a long time

ago, the place to get the water is clean and easy to reach and the fees for collecting the water are donations.

Based on the very important function of the Mumbul spring related to culture and religion in the village of

Sangeh, with the help of the Badung Regency Government, several facilities have been arranged and improved

such as parking, cleaning/painting areas and the arrangement of the Panca Tirta Temple in the location of the

spring. As a reinforcement of water conservation in Sangeh Village, it has also been supported by customary

regulations /awig-awig regarding the system and rules of taking water for various purposes. This integrated

conservation model provides various benefits in addition to preserving the Mumbul spring as well as for the

welfare of the surrounding community.

1 INTRODUCTION

Balinese who are predominantly Hindu have great

respect for their surrounding environment. In

Balinese Hinduism, the concept of Tri Hita Karana is

known (three harmonious relationships that cause

true happiness, namely relationships that are in

harmony with God, relationships with people and

relationships with the surrounding environment).

With this concept, the respect of the Balinese people

for forests, river, lakes and springs becomes very

large because in their view, if they are well

maintained, nature will provide prosperity for

mankind (M. C. Baleseng 2015; Gusti and Agung

2020; Wijaya, Lantika, and Permadhi, 2021).

The Mumbul spring is in the Banjar Brahmana

area of Sangeh Village, Abiansemal District, Badung

Regency at the position of 8

30'39 " south latitude and

115

12'17" east longitude about 25 Km north of

Denpasar City. The existence of Sangeh Village

under Lake Beratan and Lake Batur and flanked by

two river basins, namely the Ayung river in the east

and the Penet River in the west, makes this area rich

with several springs that are spread almost evenly in

the village area. Some of the springs in the village

area of Sangeh include Brahmana 1, Brahmana 2,

Mumbul, Pacung 1, Sangeh, Taman and Tanah Wuk.

The existing springs have been used by local

community for various purposes. such as drinking

water sources through the local drinking water

1474

Parwita, I., Mudhina, M. and W., I.

Local Culture based Water Resources Conservation in the Village of Sangeh.

DOI: 10.5220/0010967500003260

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 1474-1478

ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

company in Badung Regency, irrigation water

sources, drinking water sources for the community as

well as a means for cultural and religious activities.

This has carried out conservation with the concept of

local culture which is proven to be effective in

maintaining the preservation of the spring. It is very

necessary to conduct a deeper study so that the

conservation pattern that has been successfully

carried out in Sangeh Village can be carried out on

springs in other places, of course with culture. the

habits of the people are different.

The Mumbul spring has a large pond on the north

side of the road that connects Taman village with

Sangeh village. The depth of the pool ranges from 1

to 3 m which is in a basin with low hills to the north.

Dean Ananda (Gusti, Ni, and Ayu Agung. 2020),

mentions that in the eastern area of Taman Mumbul

Main Temple the vegetation is Tectona grandis and

west of Taman Mumbul Main Temple the vegetation

is Theobroma cacao. The spring pool of Mumbul

becomes the main of a water source to be used for

irrigation on the west side and for religious activities

on the east side. Water from the Mumbul spring is

used to irrigate 200 ha of rice fields in the south of

Sangeh Village.

Figure 1: Mumbul spring.

Figure 2: For irrigation.

The Mumbul spring has a very important role in

relation to Balinese Hindu religious activities. It is

recorded that 11 traditional villages in the vicinity use

Mumbul spring as a holy spring/Beji for religious

Figure 3: For purification ceremony.

activities in their respective areas. In Mumbul spring

there are three temples, namely Mumbul temple.

Mumbul templw which is built in the pool area as well

as Pancaka Tirta temple to request drinking water.

a. Mumbul temple

This temple located in the north of the pool

with a height of about 5 m from the water

surface of the pool. This temple is a grand

ceremony every 210 days.

b. Mumbul temple (pool area)

This temple is built in the form of a

building/Padmasana which located in the

middle of a pond. This temple is a big

ceremony in conjunction with Mumbul

Temple every 210 days.

c. Pancaka Tirta temple

This temple located in the south of the pond as

a place to request drinking water for the

surrounding population.

2 METHODOLOGY

The research was conducted by conducting field

observations in the form of the location of the springs,

the buildings around the springs, local community

habits and policies, the participation of the

surrounding community and the participation of the

government in the conservation of the Mumbul

spring. In addition, instantaneous discharge

measurements were also carried out and water quality

testing related to the quality of the Mumbul spring.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Inventory of springs is one of the important things to

calculate water potential. (Gupta and Kulkarni 2018)

(Barquín and Scarsbrook 2008). Based on the results

Local Culture based Water Resources Conservation in the Village of Sangeh

1475

of interviews and observations with community

leaders, youth and the general public, it is shown that

the Mumbul spring area is managed by a traditional

village (traditional village is a traditional Balinese

community unit outside of the official village

established by the Indonesian Government) which

has power and authority. which is autonomous in the

arrangement of the Mumbul spring. The existence of

the Mumbul spring and all activities carried out in it

must obtain permission from the Sangeh traditional

village. Activities carried out in the springs by the

Sangeh community and other surrounding villages

must coordinate with the head of the customary

village (Bendesa). Bendesa is assisted by several

administrators. The customary village head performs

his duties guided by the customary village regulations

called awig-awig. In the management, all officers

who work are given honoraria by the customary

village.

Based on data from the Bali Penida River Council

in 2015, the flow of mumbul springs is 112

liters/second divided into two outlets, namely the

western outlet and the eastern outlet. From the results

of direct measurements of the discharge of springs in

the west with a current meter, it was found that the

amount of discharge was 57.27 liters/second.

Meanwhile, in the east, the flow rate is measured by

instantaneous discharge of 62,7 liters/second. From

the results of discharge measurements with several

measurement experiments, it shows that the variation

in the measurement results is consistent, in other

words, the variation in discharge that occurs does not

differ much. This shows that the Mumbul spring has

a consistent discharge throughout its flow. Table 1

shows the measurement data of the spring outlet in

the west and table 2 shows measurement data of the

spring outlet in the east.

Table 1: West Outlet Instantaneous Discharge

Measurement.

Source: analysis, 2020.

Table 2: East Outlet Instantaneous Discharge

Measurement.

Source: analysis, 2020.

The results of the instantaneous discharge

calculation show that there has been no significant

change in discharge between the debit that was

measured by the Bali River Council as measured in

2015 and the current measurements. It also shows that

the condition, the springs are in good condition where

there is no change in discharge at different time

measurements. It is necessary to do a strategy in

managing water carefully for various uses so that no

party is harmed (E. Kreuzberg-Mukhina, N. Gorelkin,

A. Kreuzberg V. Talskykh, E. Bykova and I.

Mirabdullaev, 2004; Matt Yost et al., 2020).

Water quality testing is carried out to determine

the actual water quality that is currently available.

This water quality test is important as information

material for people who use the Mumbul spring for

drinking directly. Testing was carried out on 6

samples taken at different times and testing was

carried out at the Analytical Laboratory of Udayana

University. The parameters tested included color,

temperature, pH, TDS, turbidity, BOD5, COD,

Nitrate (NO3-N), Nitrite (NO2-N) and ammonia

(NH3). The test results showed that the color was not

detected, the air temperature was 27

C, the pH was

not detected, the turbidity was not detected, BOD5

18.02 mg / liter ,, COD 24.24 mg / liter, Nitrate 0.267

mg /liter, Nitrite was not detected and ammonia 0.076

mg / lt. The results of the analysis of the average water

quality can then be seen in the following table 3.

Table 3: Water Quality Testing Results.

Source: Udayana University, 2020.

measurement Channel shape Diameter Water velocity Discharge

(m) (m/second) (liter / second)

1 Round 0,08 1,20 6,03

2 0,08 1,40 7,03

3 0,08 1,03 5,17

4 0,08 1,21 6,08

5 0,08 1,02 5,12

6 0,08 1,30 6,53

7 0,08 1,02 5,12

8 0,08 1,03 5,17

9 0,08 1,03 5,17

10 0,08 1,21 6,08

11 0,08 1,03 5,17

total 62,70

No. Parameter Metode Unit Hasil Quality standards

(average) of indonesia

1 Color Spektrofotometri Unit pt Co no detection 15

2 Temperature Termometri

27 Temperature ± 3

3 pH Elektrometri 7,4 ttd 6,5-5,8

4 TDS Gravimetri mg/liter 0,267 500

5 Turbidity Spektrofotometri mgSiO

/liter no detection 5

6 BOD5 Titrimetri mg/liter 18,024 -

7 COD Titrimetri mg/ liter 24,24 -

8 Nitrat (NH3-N) Spektrofo tometri mg/ liter 0,267 50

9 Nitrit (NH2-N) Spektrofotometri mg/liter no detection 3

10 A moniak Spektrofotometri mg/liter 0,076 1,5

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From the results of the above tests compared to

the quality standard of Indonisea Government No.

492 /Menkes/Per/IV / 2015 (Matt Yost, et al., 2020),

it shows that the Mumbul spring in Sangeh village is

seen from its color, temperature, pH, TDS, turbidity,

nitrite, nitrate and ammonila meet as water that can

be drunk directly. However, for the nitrate and nitrite

content, it is necessary to boil the water before

consumption.

In accordance with the Tri Hita Karana concept

for the Balinese Hindu Society and in accordance

with the spirit of building the current Bali Province,

namely Nangun Sad Kerthi Loka Bali (6 main aspects

for the welfare of the Balinese people), it is very

closely considered to protect the environment,

especially the Mumbul spring. which is in Sangeh

Village. The concept of conservation of the Mumbul

spring spring seen from each of the elements can be

conveyed as follows (Matt Yost, et al., 2020):

1. Farming Community (Subak)

For the people of Subak Sangeh and the surrounding

subak, the existence of Mumbul spring is important

because it is a source of irrigation water so that it

provides welfare for the community who uses it. For

this reason, the Subak community has made several

kinds of regulations aimed at preserving springs. This

rule is a local policy that is highly respected not only

by members of the Subak community but also by

other communities outside the Subak community. The

existing regulations in Subak related to the

preservation of the Mumbul spring include:

a. It is prohibited to throw garbage into springs and

other drainage bodies

Although this prohibition is not accompanied by

sanctions, it has become a habit for the

community to participate together in maintaining

water sustainability

b. In ceremonial activities at Mumbul temple, all

members will give dues as gratitude for God's

grace that has given sufficient water.

c. The use of water for irrigation is allowed to be

removed from the interests of water used for

religious ceremonies

d. For serious violations, sanctions will be imposed

in the form of sanctions from the traditional

village

2. Traditional Village

The Traditional Village of Sangeh has a role in the

conservation of the Mumbul spring because all

regulations related to the management and

preservation of the Mumbul spring are in the hands of

the Traditional Village. The customary village has

local regulations in the Sangeh Traditional Village

which regulates the social life of the Sangeh

community in several dimensions including

preserving the Mumbul spring. Some of the local

policies of the Sangeh Traditional Village which

become reinforcement in the preservation of the

Mumbul spring are as follows;

a. It is not allowed to throw garbage into the spring

b. Women who are menstruating are prohibited from

entering the Tirta Solas area

c. Every other traditional village that will use the

mumbul

spring for religious activities must

coordinate with the traditional mumbul village

d. It is not allowed to take water from the spring

using a machine/pump

e. Each water withdrawal is expected to donate Rp.

2000 for cleaning fee

f. Every day the village employs 2 cleaners and 2

people as service personnel at Tirta Solas

g. To maintain the cleanliness of the Mumbul spring

area, the traditional village of Sangeh has

collaborated with the Badung Regency Sanitation

Office in terms of transporting waste

h. Not allowed to park for cars/motorbikes outside

the designated areas

3. Government

The subdistrict and regency and provincial

governments of Bali actively provide support for the

preservation of the Mumbul spring through repair and

structuring programs such as repairing parking lots,

repairing places for painting at Tirta Solas,

structuring the Pancaka Tirta temple and other

supporting facilities. This improvement is made

through the budget of both the Provincial and District

Government. Apart from that, the government also

has the authority to regulate the community to

conserve the forests around the springs. The

government's role is very important to protect the

springs through funding and infrastructure

development. (Romadhan 2020), (United Nations

2011).

4. Visitors

For people outside Sangeh Village who visit, it is

hoped that they will follow the rules conveyed by the

officers and on the displayed announcement board.

So that cleanliness and sustainability can still be

maintained. There are many visitors to the springs in

addition to domestic tourists as well as tourists from

abroad. many tourists are interested in coming to the

concept of a cultural village with the preservation of

Local Culture based Water Resources Conservation in the Village of Sangeh

1477

the mumbul spring as the main tourist icon. In this

condition, the concept of conservation and tourism

provides community welfare (Amerta 2017; Maryati

et al. 2021; Fatimah et al. 2021)

4 CONCLUSION

Based on what was stated in the introduction as well

as the results and discussion, several things can be

concluded as follows:

1. The discharge of the Mumbul spring is in a stable

condition, as evidenced by the results of

measurements by the Bali Penid River Council in

2015 of 112 liters/second, not much different:

with the current conditions of 119.97 liters/second

2. From the aI quality test, it shows that the mumbul

spring meets the requirements as raw water,

whereas if it is used as drinking water it does not

directly meet the requirements of the nitrate and

nitrite content. However, for the nitrate and nitrite

content, it is necessary to boil the water before

consumption.

3. In terms of water conservation, preservation of the

mumbul spring is fully supported by groups of

irrigation water users (subak), the community,

traditional villages and the government of both the

regency and province of Bali.

4. The existence of Mumbul spring is still

sustainable to this day due to the very large role of

traditional villages in implementing local

wisdom/awig-awig rules which have very high

obscurity values from all levels of society.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

On this occasion the researchers would like to thank

all those who have helped, especially friends from the

Bali State Polytechnic research and service institute,

the Sangeh village community, the local drinking

water company in the Badung district and the Bali

Penida river council.

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