Analysis of Community-based Rural Water Management (PAMDES)

the Rural Clean Water Supply System of Jembrana Regency

I Nyoman Anom Purwa Winaya, Mudhina Made and I Nyoman Sedana Triadi

Civil Engineering Department, Bali State Polytechnic, Campus Street Bukit Jimbaran Badung, Bali, Indonesia

Keywords: Analysis, Community-based Rural Water Management (PAMDES), Clean Water Supply.

Abstract: The low coverage of clean water services causes many people who consume water that does not meet

proper health standards. The projected availability of clean water in Jembrana Regency which is

managed

by the village (pamdes) until 2040 is 41.05 l/sec, while it is managed by PDAM until 2040 is

247 l/sec.

The projected water demand in Jembrana Regency until 2040 is 678.99 l/sec, there is a water

deficit in 2040

in Jembrana Regency of 390.93 l/sec. The Jembrana Regency Rural Clean Water Supply

System is only

able to serve the Jembrana community in 2025 around 9.25%, and in 2040 at 6.045%, of

the total clean water

needs in Jembrana Regency. Efforts to overcome the clean water deficit in Jembrana

district by developing

the Benel Reservoir 60 l/s, Titab Reservoir 50 l/s, Biluk Poh Longstorage 100 l/s,

Yeh Sumbul Longstorage

100 l/s, Balian Longstorage 50 l/s, Springs Pulo Sae 50 l/sec. The development

of a clean water supply system

in Jembrana Regency is believed to be able to meet the needs of clean

water until 2040, resulting in a clean

water surplus of 19.06 l/sec.

1 INTRODUCTION

The supply of clean water in Jembrana Regency,

especially on a large scale, is still concentrated in

urban areas, and is managed by the Regional

Drinking Water Company (PDAM). For areas that

have not received clean water services from PDAM,

they generally use ground water (wells), river water,

rain water, source water (springs) and this condition

is around 84%. To overcome this problem, one

alternative is to build an installation to treat

groundwater or well water so that drinking water of

quality that meets health requirements is obtained. In

terms of the quantity of community-based managed

drinking water services (PAM Desa) in Jembrana

Regency, it is still very limited and unable to keep

pace with the rate of demand due to the increasing

population. Jembrana Regency in 2017 only 14% of

Village PAMs were able to serve the community in

Jembrana Regency.

1.1 Clean Water Supply System

Water supply system capable of providing sufficient

potable water is essential for a large modern city. The

clean water supply system includes:

Raw Water Unit, it is a building for taking raw

water

from a water source and flowing it to the

production

unit through a transmission pipe. The

building to tap

raw water as far as possible is carried

out by gravity,

equipped with a coarse filter that

functions to filter

out waste carried by the flow.

There are several ways

of taking water systems,

including: - Free intake -

Broncapturing - Weir –

Pump and Production Unit, it is an attempt to change

the properties of a substance.

This is important for

drinking water because with this

treatment it will be

obtained a drinking water that

meets the drinking

water standards that have been

determined.

Distribution Unit about the clean water

distribution

system consists of a distribution reservoir

and a

distribution pipe network. - Distribution

Reservoir

Distribution reservoir is a temporary water

reservoir

that holds water when the use is less than

the supply

and is used to cover shortages when the

usage is

greater than the supply. Distribution

reservoirs are

usually in the form of reservoir

towers/tanks or

ground reservoirs. Distribution

reservoirs are

generally box-shaped and round or

conical shapes

are usually made to add artistic value

so that they

are pleasing to the eye. - Pipe Networks

The use of

pipelines in the field of civil engineering

is found

in the drinking water distribution network

system.

Winaya, I., Made, M. and Sedana Triadi, I.

Analysis of Community-based Rural Water Management (PAMDES) in the Rural Clean Water Supply System of Jembrana Regency.

DOI: 10.5220/0010960500003260

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 1117-1122

ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246

 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

1117

This network system is the most expensive

part of

a water company. Therefore, careful planning

must

be made to obtain an efficient distribution

system.

The amount or discharge of water provided

depends

on the number of residents and the type of

industry

served (Bambang, 2017).

1.2 Drinking Water Quality

Water is a term that describes the suitability or

suitability of water for certain uses, such as drinking

water, fisheries, industry, recreation and so on. The

parameters of the quality of clean water or drinking

water stipulated in the Decree of the Minister of

Health Number: 492/Permenkes/IV/2010 consist of

physical parameters, chemical parameters,

radioactive parameters, and microbiological

parameters. The mandatory parameters consist of

parameters that are directly related to health and

parameters that are not directly related to health.

Parameters that are directly related to health consist

of microbiological parameters and inorganic

chemistry while parameters that are not directly

related to health consist of physical parameters and

chemical parameters. To meet microbiological

parameters, drinking water must not contain Coliform

bacteria (type of coli) either fecal (eg Escheresia coli)

or non-fecal (eg Enterobacter aerogenes). The

inorganic chemical parameters include Arsenic,

Fluoride, Total Chromium, Cadmium, Nitrite as

NO2, Nitrate as NO3, Cyanide and Selenium.

Physical parameters include odorless, colorless

drinking water, a maximum total dissolved substance

(TDS) of 500 TCU, a maximum turbidity of 5

newton total units, tasteless and a temperature of

+30C from the current temperature. While the

chemical parameters include aluminum, iron,

hardness, chloride, manganese, pH,. Zinc, Sulfate,

Copper, Ammonia (

Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan

Nasional, 2003).

1.3 Clean Water Needs

Planning for water needs is seen from the factors that

require water, the factors in question are: water

Needs for Agriculture (Irrigation Water Needs), the

calculation of the water requirement is based on the

cropping pattern that will be used in the area in

question. By knowing the maximum water demand in

lt/sec/Ha, the total demand can be determined based

on the area to be irrigated. Water Needs For

Domestic Use the larger the size of the city, the more

the population, the more industrial and trade

activities and the more complex waste network and

possibly greater water wastage. The above variables

cause the larger the size of the city, the greater the

need for water. The Directorate General of Human

Settlements (2000), has set a standard water use for

metropolitan cities of 190 liters/person/day, this is

greater than the standard water requirement for large

cities of 170 liters/person/day, medium cities of 150

liters/person/day , and a small town of 130 liters of

people/day. In detail, the allocation of water use for

several city categories can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1: Criteria for domestic water use in

Indonesia.

Source: Directorate General of Human Settlements,

DPU, 2000

Domestic water demand standards according to the

Department of Settlement and Regional

Infrastructure

in 2003 and SNI in 2002 are shown

in the following

table 2.

Table 2: Water demand standard.

1.4 Clean Water Usage Pattern

The use of clean water in an area will never be

exactly the same as in other areas due to the

characteristics possessed by the area concerned. The

pattern of clean water usage is largely determined by

climate, population characteristics, environmental

issues, industry and trade, water fees, city size and

water conservation needs.

1.5 Population Projection

Calculation of population using arithmetic, geometric

and least square formulas. To determine the method

used in each sub-district, the smallest standard

deviation value of the three approaches will be

determined.

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a. Geometric Method

Pn = Po+(1- r)n

Source : Construction and Building Guidelines, Dep.

Public Works in the Directorate of Irrigation and

Bappenas, 2006

Pn = total population in year

Po = population base year

= population growth rate

n = number of year intervals

1.6

Village Clean Water

Management

System

Clean water (sanitation water) is water that can be

used for various purposes in the household sector

such as for bathing, washing and latrines. Clean

water requirements include clear, colorless, tasteless,

odorless, non-toxic, neutral pH and free of

microorganisms. (Andito, 2020)

PDAM is a regional-owned company engaged in

the

processing and distribution of clean water. Raw

water

from PDAM comes from sources located in

springs,

rivers, lakes or mountains. This raw water

cannot be

directly used to meet the needs of clean

water in daily

life. In general, clean water treatment

consists of 3

ways, namely physical, chemical and

biological

treatment. Physical treatment is carried out

utilizing the mechanical properties of water, for

example by doing precipitation, filtration (filtering),

adsorption (absorption) without the addition of

chemicals. (Satmoko, 2005) . Meanwhile, chemical

processing is done

by adding chemical substances

such as alum and

chlorine. This substance is

commonly used to remove

heavy metals contained in

water. As well as in

biological processing, certain

microorganisms are

used as processing media that

can help purify water.

PAM Desa has the

characteristic that the highest

power in making

decisions on all aspects related to

drinking water is

in the hands of community

members, starting from

the initial stage of identifying

drinking water service

needs, planning the desired

service level, technical

planning, implementation of

development, to

operational management. At certain

times during the

development process they may

obtain facilitation

from outside parties, for example

information on

various alternative technologies and

technical

assistance (eg contractors, entrepreneurs, or

professionals), but the final decision remains with the

community itself.

1.7 Clean Water Development System

The elements in a clean water distribution network

system are the components that exist in a series of

clean water distribution network systems. These

elements consist of pipes and their connections,

valves, pumps, reservoirs and reservoirs where all of

them must work properly.

Water Sources: Natural springs, deep

groundwater, surface water, lake surface water

Pipe

In a clean/raw water distribution network system,

pipes are the main component. This pipe serves

as a means to drain water from water sources to

reservoirs, as well as from reservoirs to

consumers. The pipe has a circular cross section

with various diameters. In the service of

providing clean water, pressure pipes are used

more because they are less likely to be polluted

and the cost is cheaper than using open channels

or gutters. A pressure pipe is a pipe full of water

flowing through it.

Pump

The pump is a system component that is able to

provide additional pressure in a clean water

distribution network system. With a pump, the

reduced pressure level can be increased again so

that the system can flow water to higher and

farther service points.

Reservoir

Reservoir is a component of a clean water

distribution network system that has a function

to accommodate and store water from deep

ground springs, surface water of lakes or

reservoirs, rivers. Things to consider in planning a

reservoir are:

2 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research was conducted in Jembrana Regency,

with quantitative descriptive research methods. The

quantitative descriptive method aims to make a

systematic, factual and accurate description or

description of a phenomenon or the relationship

between the phenomena being investigated.

2.1 Research Time and Location

The research time for Community-Based Rural Water

Management (Pamdes) Analysis in the Rural Water

Supply System of Jembarana Regency is six calendar

months (180 days).

Analysis of Community-based Rural Water Management (PAMDES) in the Rural Clean Water Supply System of Jembrana Regency

1119

2.2 Data Analysis

Data analysis conducted in this study are as follows:

Analysis of rural clean water availability, analysis of

clean water availability in lt/sec, and m

, Analysis of

instantaneous water discharge, using the method of

measuring flow velocity with a current meter tool.

The discharge calculated based on direct velocity

measurements is carried out using the VAM

(Velocity Mean Method) method, where the cross-

section of the river is divided vertically in the form of

streams and the average velocity represents the flow

velocity in the stream. In this method, each such

cross-section does not exceed 10% of the total cross-

sectional area. Population Analysis, the calculation of

the population is based on Ministerial Regulation

No.18/PRT/M/2007, concerning the Implementation

of Drinking Water Supply System Development

using arithmetic, geometric and least square

formulas. To determine the method used in each sub-

district, the smallest standard deviation value of the

three approaches will be determined. Analysis of

existing Rural Clean Water Needs.

The Directorate General of Human Settlements

has

set a standard water use for metropolitan cities of

190

liters/person/day, this is greater than the standard

for

large cities of 170 liters/person/day, medium cities

of 150 liters/person/day and small cities, 130 liters

of people/ day. Analysis of Clean Water Supply

System

(PAMDES), it is carried out by means of a

literature

study with the development of the

concept of

sustainable water source management,

based on the

current system conditions that have

been running,

then the sustainability of clean water

supply in the

future is calculated. To inventory clean

water sources

that currently exist and village clean

water sources

that are in the process of

development, and which

will be planned to be

developed.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Potential

Jembrana Regency has 17 rivers that have the

potential to be utilized. The river with the lowest

Groundwater potential in Jembrana Regency is part

of the State Groundwater Basin with a flow capacity

of 73 million m3/year. The northern and northeastern

areas, which include Pekutatan, part of Mendoyo, and

part of Kecamatan Negara, are areas that are not

groundwater basins or groundwater basins with no

potential. It is part of the Quaternary Jembrana

Volcanic Rock Formation which is composed of lava,

volcanic breccia, and tuff produced by Mount

Kelatakan, Mount Merbuk, and Mount Patas. The

western and southern parts which include the Melaya

District and part of the Negara District have local

aquifers with moderate productivity caused by the

capacity is the Bajra River or DAS with a capacity of

17.04 liters/second. The river that has the largest

capacity is the Yeh Sumbul River or DAS with a

capacity of 2,716.69 liters/second.

Water samples were taken from several rivers

flowing in Jembrana Regency. From the sample test

results, it was found that all water samples from

rivers in Jembrana Regency exceeded their BOD

quality where the Minister of Health Regulation

Number 32/Menkes/Per/VI/2017 Environmental

Health Quality Standards and Water Requirements

for Sanitation stated the threshold value was 12

milligrams per liter . In processing river water into

raw water, there is still a very high tolerance and it is

still very feasible to be processed into raw water.

Palasari Formation which is composed of

sandstone,

limestone and reefs.

3.2 System for Meeting Rural Drinking

Water Needs in Jembrana Regency

In addition to the provision of drinking water through

PDAM by the district government, there is also a

rural drinking water supply system (Pamdes) in 5

(five) sub-districts, including Melaya District,

Mendoyo District, Jembrana District and Pekutatan

District. The current conditions for each Pamdes in

each sub-district are described as follows:

Melaya District

There are 2 (two) groups of water users in the Melaya

sub-district, all of which use water from bore wells.

The number of Pamdes services in Belimbingsari

Village is 2,575 people, while the number of Pamdes

services in Candikusuma Village reaches 1,835

people. The total number of Pamdes services in

Melaya District is 4,410 people or 8.25% of the total

population of Jembrana Regency, which is 53,460

people.

Mendoyo District

Mendoyo Subdistrict there are 5 (five) Pamdes

groups that use water from bore wells and river

water. Total Pamdes services in Mendoyo District are

able to serve 3,600 people or 6.16% of the total

population of Mendoyo District, which is 58,480

people.

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State District

There are 2 (two) Pamdes groups in Negara that use

water from bore wells and river water. The number of

people served by Pamdes Giri Amerta is 177 people,

while Pamdes Telepas Ning serves 4,680 people. The

total Pamdes services in the Negara sub-district are

4,857 people or 5.78% of the total population of the

Negara sub-district, which is 84,000 people.

Pekutatan District

Pekutatan subdistrict has 21

(twenty one) Pamdes

groups that use water from

rivers and springs. The

total number of residents

that can be served from

Pamdes in Pekutatan

District is 11,385 people or

44.31 % of the total

population of Pekutatan District,

which is 26,710

people.

3.3 Population

The standard deviation is used to determine the

method to be used in projecting the population, seen

from the smallest standard deviation value. The

backward calculation of the population projections of

the five sub-districts above shows that the standard

deviation of the arithmetic method has the smallest

standard deviation value. So, population projections

for the five sub-districts in 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035,

and 2040 in Jembrana Regency using the arithmetic

method produce the population as shown in the

following table 3.

Table 3: Projected population of jembrana regency

2020,

2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040.

Table 4: Clean Water Balance of Jembrana Regency in 2021.

3.4 Current Clean Water Balance

The provision of raw water in the study area is

planned to meet the needs of raw water including

clean water for the population (domestic) and public

facilities, thus it is calculated by considering factors

that can support or cause an increase in the need for

clean water.

3.5 Jembrana Regency Clean Water

Development

Program Jembrana Regency is projected to require

678.99 liters of water/second in 2040, while water

4 CONCLUSIONS

The conclusion of the research is Analysis of

Community-Based Rural Water Management

(Pamdes) in the Rural Water Supply System of

Jembrana Regency. can be presented as follows:

1. The current availability of clean water in Jembrana

district which is managed by the village

(pamdes)

until 2040 is 41.05 litre/second, while

managed by

PDAM until 2040 is 247 litre/second.

Water demand

in Jembrana Regency up to 2040

is 678.99

litre/second. There is a water deficit in

2040 in

Jembrana Regency of 390.93 l/second.

The Jembrana production from PDAM and Non-

PDAM only

reaches a capacity of 288.05

liters/second. Jembrana

Regency is estimated to

experience a water shortage

of 390.93

liters/second in 2040. To be able to meet

this

shortage, there are several plans for a Clean

Water

Supply System that could reach 2040,

including:

• Benel Reservoir with a capacity of 60

liters/second to meet the needs in the Melaya

District

area

• Titab Reservoir with an allocated capacity of

50 liters/second to meet the needs in the

Gilimanuk

area, Melaya District

• Biluk Poh Longstorage with a

capacity of 100

liters/second

• Yeh Sumbul

Longstorage with a capacity of

100 liters/second

•

Balian Longstorage with a capacity of 50

liters/second

• Pulo Sae Springs with a capacity of 50

liters/second The total capacity of 410

liters/second

will be distributed according to the

following plan:

•

Melaya sub-district, especially the Gilimanuk

port

area, gets a water allocation of 50

Analysis of Community-based Rural Water Management (PAMDES) in the Rural Clean Water Supply System of Jembrana Regency

1121

liters/second from

the Titab Reservoir

• Pekutatan sub-district gets a

water allocation

of 26 liters/second from the

development of the

Tukad Balian Longstorage

•

Mendoyo sub-district gets a water allocation of

100

liters/second

• Jembrana sub-district gets a water

allocation of

90 liters/second

• State sub-districts

receive a water allocation of

94 liters/second

• The

eastern part of the Melaya sub-district gets

a water

allocation of 50 liters/second from the

Pulo Sae

Spring Regency Rural Water Supply

System is only able to

serve the Jembrana

community in 2025, around

9.25% of the total

needs of Jembrana

Regency in that

year, and 6.045% in 2040. To

overcome the clean

water deficit in Jembrana

district, the efforts made

are the development of

Benel Reservoir 60

litre/second, Titab Reservoir

50 litre/second, Biluk

Poh Longstorage 100

litre/second, Yeh Longstorage

100 litre/second,

Balian Longstorage 50 litre/second,

Pulo Sae spring

50 litre/second.

The development of

a clean water supply system

in Jembrana Regency

will be able to meet the needs

of clean water until

2040, resulting in a clean water

surplus of 19.06

litre/second.

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Air Minum Pedesaan Berbasis Masyarakat.

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Dusun Temuireng, Desa Girisuko, Panggang,

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Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional. (2003).

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