Preliminary Study: Conversion of Organic Fractions in Municipal
Waste in Samarinda City into Value-added Products
Mustafa
1
, Pramila Tumanaidu
2
, Faisyal
1
and Muh Irwan
3
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Industrial Chemical Technology, Samarinda State Polytechnic, Indonesia
2
Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering Heavy Equipment Engineering, Samarinda State Polytechnic, Indonesia
Keywords: Inorganic Waste, Municipal Waste (MSW), Organic Waste, Subcritical Water Technology.
Abstract: In line with economic and population development, currently cities in Indonesia are facing increasing waste
management problems with the area of land to buy continues to decrease. As the population increases, the
amount of waste generated will also increase. Based on data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry
(KLHK) in 2020, the amount of waste in Indonesia in 2020 reached 67.8 million tons per year with the
composition of waste dominated by organic waste, contributing 60% of the total waste. Plastic waste ranks
second with 14%, followed by paper waste at 9% and rubber at 5.5%. This initial study aims to characterize
waste in the Samarinda City area and pay attention to Organic Waste in Municipal Waste (MSW) so that it
becomes a value-added product using subcritical water technology. With a research method that refers to the
type and characterization of waste in the city of Samarinda and the potential for organic waste to be converted
into energy or products by reading organic waste in municipal waste into value-added products using the
subcritical water method and analyzing the environmental impact of technology to convert organic waste into
waste city. Studies from other researchers, most researchers only use conventional technology methods,
namely composting, biogas and incineration. Other researchers also conduct special research with certain
types of samples. This is different from research that uses the subcritical water technology method.
1 INTRODUCTION
Garbage is residual material from human activities
that has no use, serial must be managed. Without
proper and proper management, waste can cause
losses because it will cause flooding, climate
management, cause bad smells, disturb beauty,
worsen environmental sanitation and threaten
various diseases (Sri, 2015).
In line with the development of the economy and
population, currently, cities in Indonesia are facing
the problem of handling the waste problem which
continues to increase with large areas of land to
cancel the end which continues to decline. Indonesia
is the largest archipelago in the world with an area:
1.905 million km² consisting of 17,504 islands. With
a population of nearly 270,054,853 people in 2018,
it is projected that in 2020 it will increase by
271,066,000 people (Badan Pusat Statistik Kota
Samarinda, 2020).
From the increasing population, it will also
increase the amount of waste produced. Based on
data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry
(KLHK) in 2020, the amount of waste in Indonesia
in 2020 reached 67.8 million tons per year with the
composition of waste dominated by organic waste,
accounting for 60% of the total waste. Plastic waste
is in second place with 14%, followed by paper
waste at 9% and rubber with 5.5%. Other waste
consists of metal, cloth, glass and other types of
waste (Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Samarinda, 2020).
From this increase, both the population and the
amount of waste will also occur in every island in
Indonesia such as in East Kalimantan, especially in
the city of Samarinda in 2020 according to data from
DLH Samarinda, the daily waste production of
Tepian City is 800 tons. Within a year, garbage in
the city of Samarinda can reach 292 thousand tons
per year (Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Samarinda,
2020).
Where the composition of waste in the city of
Samarinda is food waste 59.30%, plastic 17.90%,
paper 12.93%, yard waste 3.19%, cardboard 2.17%,
diapers 2, 04%, hazardous and toxic waste 0 , 80%,
Mustafa, ., Tumanaidu, P., Faisyal, . and Irwan, M.
Preliminary Study: Conversion of Organic Fractions in Municipal Waste in Samarinda City into Value-added Products.
DOI: 10.5220/0010959300003260
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 1077-1085
ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246
Copyright
c
 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
1077

0.43% cans, 0.41% glass, 0.40% wood, 0.28%
textiles, 0.11% rubber, 0.03% metal and 0% leather,
while based on the variation it is dominated by waste
organic 62.90%, inorganic waste around 36.30% and
hazardous and toxic waste around 0.8% (Juli, 2017).
The size of the waste problem grows along with
the population growth in the city (Sucipto, 2012).
Based on data
from the (Badan Pusat Statistik Kota
Samarinda, 2020), Samarinda City has an
increasingly
rapid population growth. Waste is a
problem in big
cities, both in terms of quantity and
type, and the
composition of the waste will have an
effect and have
a big impact on the waste
management system (Sumantri, 2013).
Solid waste management systems, especially for
urban areas, must be implemented appropriately and
systemically. Solid waste management activities will
involve the use and utilization of various waste
infrastructure and facilities which include container,
collection, transfer, transportation, processing and
final disposal. The problem of waste is closely
related
to the lifestyle and culture of the community
itself.
Therefore, waste management is not only a
government affair, but its handling requires broad
community participation (Jailan, 2016).
Thus, the need for efforts to reduce waste from
the
source to reduce the burden of processing waste
at the
TPA. The concept of waste management by
reducing
waste at the producer and consumer levels,
waste
handling which includes sorting, collecting,
transporting, and final processing has not yet
optimally resolved these problems. Currently, the
level of solid waste services has only reached
79.80%, while the universal target of access to
sanitation is 100% in 2019. (Kementerian PUPR,
2019),
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Samarinda City is the capital of the province of East
Kalimantan, as well as the largest city in the
whole
of Kalimantan Island with a population of
812,597
people. Samarinda has an area of 718 km²
with a
hilly geographical condition with altitudes
varying
from 10 to 200 meters above sea level. The
city of
Samarinda is divided by the Mahakam River
and
becomes the gateway to the interior of East
Kalimantan by river, land and air. The population
growth reaches 2,000 people per year or 1.9% and
vehicle growth reaches 4.46%(Badan Pusat Statistik
Kota Samarinda, 2020), the progress of
industry and
trade directly affects the condition of the
city itself,
causing social impacts that are not easily
resolved
thoroughly, such as the problem of sampad
and
waste management in the city of Samarinda
(Fitriyati, 2020).
Garbage is solid which is no longer used and
thrown away. Garbage can come from our daily
activities or come from industry, commercial places,
markets, parks and gardens, etc. From the material
content, waste is classified into two types, namely
organic waste (waste originating from animal, plant
and human parts) and inorganic waste (waste
originating from mineral materials such as metal,
glass, plastic, and so on). Organic waste contains
various substances such as carbohydrates, proteins,
fats, minerals, vitamins, etc. Naturally, these
substances are easily decomposed by physical,
chemical influences, the enzymes contained by the
waste itself and the enzymes released by the
organisms living in the waste.
The uncontrolled decomposition of organic
waste generally takes place anaerobically (without
oxygen). From this process, gases such as H2S and
CH4 arise, which smell so strong that this process is
known as the process of decay. From this process
leachate (leachate) also arises which can cause
ground and surface water pollution. Decomposing
waste is also a source of diseases such as bacteria,
viruses, protozoa, and worms. Judging from the
sanitation and environmental aspects as described
above, organic waste needs serious handling or
attention because the amount it generates is quite
large, around 70 - 80% of the total waste. City
(Wahyono, 2011).
The issue of waste is constantly being
discussed,
because it is related to the lifestyle and
culture of the
community itself. Therefore, waste
management is
not only a matter for the government,
but also
requires the participation of the public at
large. In
terms of waste handling, it can be assumed
that the
rate of waste production is not proportional to
the
handling process. This certainly spurs local
governments to think earlier about how efficient
strategies are in overcoming solid waste problems.
In
the capacity of the city as a source of meeting
human
needs, it is appropriate to provide adequate
facilities
and infrastructure to preserve the
environment
through good solid waste management.
If the waste
problem is not handled properly, it can
cause various
problems, to the risk of human health
and other
creatures. Good solid waste management
is a series of
activities that include collection,
transportation,
management and disposal. Each of
these activities is
related to one another and is
mutually related.
The development of waste production every
day
iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science
1078

has increased quite sharply. He hopes that its
management will also be carried out effectively and
efficiently. However, based on empirical
observations, it can be seen that the waste
production
and the ability to manage this waste are
not balanced.
The cause is the limited means of
collecting and
transporting waste. This problem will
not only be a
short-term problem, but will become a
long-term
problem, so it needs to be addressed with
local
government policies, so that the handling will
be
more integrated with maximum results. Solid
waste
problems occur partly due to chaotic
settlement
patterns and the rapid increase in
population. So one
aspect that is being pursued is
adequate facilities and infrastructure as the main
media for solid waste
management (Mohamad,
2011).
Waste management of a city aims to serve
the
waste generated by residents. Currently, solid
waste
management is facing a lot of pressure,
especially
due to the increasing source of waste from
waste
producers. This is made even harder by the old
paradigm of management that relies on collection,
transportation and disposal activities. This condition
requires a larger budget from time to time and if a
suitable system for waste management is not
available it will cause many operational problems
such as waste not transported, facilities that do not
meet requirements, how to operate facilities that do
not comply with technical requirements.
Based on the explanation of Law Number 18
Year
2008 concerning Waste Management. It is time
for
the waste management paradigm that relies on
the
final approach to be abandoned and replaced
with a
new paradigm of waste management. The
new
paradigm views waste as a resource that has
economic value and can be utilized, for example, for
energy, compost, fertilizer or for industrial raw
materials.
Waste management is carried out with a
comprehensive approach from upstream, from
before
a product that has the potential to become
waste is
produced, downstream. , that is, at the stage
the
product has been used so that it becomes waste,
which
is then returned to environmental media
safely. Waste
management with this new paradigm
is carried out by
reducing and handling waste
activities. Waste
reduction includes limitation, reuse,
and recycling
activities, for waste handling activities
including
sorting, collection, transportation,
processing, and
final processing (Reni, 2017). One
interesting option is the
conversion of organic waste
in municipal waste
(MSW) into value-added
products using subcritical
water technology
(SBCWT).
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research method refers to identifying the type
and characterization of waste in the city of
Samarinda
and evaluating the potential of organic
waste to be
converted into energy or products by
converting
organic waste in municipal waste into
value-added
products using the subcritical water
method and
analyzing the environmental impact of
conversion
technology. organic waste in municipal
waste.
Studies from other researchers, most
researchers only
use conventional technological
methods, namely
composting, biogas and
incineration. Other researchers also specifically
conducted research with
certain types of samples.
This is different from
research using subcritical
water technology methods
The research that will be
carried out begins with formulating the problem
from the background
problem so that it is expected
to achieve the expected
results and conclusions. To
follow up the problems
that have been formulated, a
literature study was
carried out to find out
information and the theoretical
basis of problem
solving. Furthermore, research and
data collection
will be carried out with procedures
and variables
based on the literature study that has
been
conducted. This research is expected to be able
to
answer smapah problems which often become
environmental, social and cultural problems.
However, the problem can be overcome with a
conversion technology approach, namely converting
waste into high value products.
Garbage is solid which is no longer used and
thrown away. Garbage can come from our daily
activities or come from industry, commercial places,
markets, parks and gardens, etc. From the material
content, waste is classified into two types, namely
organic waste (waste originating from animal, plant
and human parts) and inorganic waste (waste
originating from mineral materials such as metals,
glass, plastics, etc.).
Organic waste contains various substances
such
as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals,
vitamins,
etc. Naturally, these substances are easily
decomposed by physical, chemical influences, the
enzymes contained by the waste itself and the
enzymes released by the organisms living in the
waste.
The uncontrolled decomposition of organic
waste generally takes place anaerobically (without
oxygen). From this process, gases such as H2S and
Preliminary Study: Conversion of Organic Fractions in Municipal Waste in Samarinda City into Value-added Products
1079

CH4 arise which smell strong so this process is
known
as the process of decay. From this process
leachate
(leachate) also arises which can cause
ground and
surface water pollution. Decomposing
waste is also a
source of diseases such as bacteria,
viruses, protozoa,
and worms. Judging from the
sanitation and
environmental aspects as described
above, organic
waste needs serious handling or
attention because the
amount it generates is quite
large, around 70 - 80% of
the total waste. City
(Wahyono, 2011).
The issue of waste continues to be discussed,
because it is related to the lifestyle and culture of the
community itself. Therefore, waste management is
not only a matter for the government, but also
requires the participation of the public at large. In
terms of waste handling, it can be assumed that the
rate of waste production is not proportional to the
handling process. This certainly spurs local
governments to think earlier about how efficient
strategies are in overcoming solid waste problems.
In the capacity of the city as a source of meeting
human
needs, it is appropriate to provide adequate
facilities
and infrastructure to preserve the
environment
through good solid waste management.
If the waste
problem is not handled properly, it can
cause various
problems, to the risk of human health
and other
creatures. Good solid waste management
is a series of
activities that include collection,
transportation,
management and disposal. Each of
these activities is
related to one another and is
mutually related.
The development of waste production every
day
has increased quite sharply. He hopes that its
management will also be carried out effectively and
efficiently. However, based on empirical
observations, it can be seen that the waste
production
and the ability to manage this waste are
not balanced.
The cause is the limited means of
collecting and
transporting waste. This problem will
not only be a
short-term problem, but will become a
long-term
problem, so it needs to be addressed with
local
government policies, so that the handling will
be
more integrated with maximum results. Solid
waste
problems occur partly due to chaotic
settlement
patterns and the rapid increase in
population. So one
aspect that is being pursued is
adequate facilities and
infrastructure as the main
medium for solid waste
management.
The data obtained from the research will be
collected and processed, then analyzed in order to
obtain results and conclusions. There are several
stages of data collection, namely primary and
secondary data with a data approach using a
qualitative description method, namely to analyze
previous research on the conversion of organic waste
into municipal solid waste. The reference of this
research data uses reliable reference sources, which
can be traced to the google scholar index, to identify
relevant academic literature.
3.1 Proposed Method
The method used in this study is a qualitative
description method, namely to analyze previous
research on the conversion of organic waste into
municipal solid waste. The reference of this research
data is to use reliable reference sources, which can
be
traced to the google scholar index, to identify
relevant
academic literature.
The activities carried out in this study were
to
collect data about waste and how to handle it in the
city of Samarinda. The data collected is in the form
of
primary data. Primary data is data obtained
directly
from the field or research location through
observation and questionnaire methods.
Researchers use this data to obtain direct
information about the characteristics of the area, the
condition of the area and the management system
garbage in the Samarinda area. Primary data used
include:
a) Waste generation
b) Solid waste management, consisting of
collection, transportation and disposal.
c) Factors that affect the waste management
system.
4 RESULTS AND DISSCUSION
The method that will be used in this study is a
qualitative description method, namely to analyze
previous research on the conversion of organic waste
in municipal waste. The reference for this research
data is to use trusted reference sources, which can be
traced to the Google Scholar Index, for identification
of relevant academic literature.
The activity carried out in this research is to
collect data on waste and how to handle it in the city
of Samarinda. The data collected in the form of
primary data and secondary data. Primary data is
data
obtained directly from the field or research
location
through observation and questionnaire
methods. And
secondary data is data obtained from
the literature and
an overview of accurate data
information.
iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science
1080

4.1 Primary Data
Researchers use this data to get direct information
about the description of the
characteristics of the
area, the condition of the area
and the waste
management system in the Samarinda
region. The
primary data used include:
a) Garbage Generation
Based on SNI 19-2454-2002 concerning
Procedures
for Urban Waste Management, waste
generation is
the amount of waste that arises from the
community
in units of volume and weight per capita
per day, or
expand buildings, or lengthen roads.
It is very important to know waste generation
data
to determine the facilities of each waste
management
unit and its capacity, for example
equipment
facilities, transport vehicles,
transportation routes,
recycling facilities, area and
type of landfill.
The data in the table below is primary data
obtained on April 7, 2021 at the Samarinda City
Environmental Service. This was carried out during
a
direct interview with the Head of the DLH Section
(Kasi) of Samarinda City, Mr. Zainal Abidin.
Primary
data is data obtained directly from the
research location, as well as respondents who
provide
information to researchers.
Table 1: Calculation of the minimum service standard of
Samarinda city transportation services per
year period.
b) Waste Management, Consisting of Collection,
Transportation, and Disposal.
c) Factors Affecting the Waste Management
System.
Table 2: Waste management, consisting of collection,
transportation, and disposal.
Sumber: Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Samarinda tahun 2021.
Obstacles for the Samarinda city government in
dealing with waste problems in the
city of
Samarinda or the obstacles faced by the
Department
of Hygiene and Parks in the city of
Samarinda in
efforts to overcome waste in handling
waste in the
city of Samarinda, such as the lack of
TPS/containers in the city of Samarinda and causing
high piles the garbage in the container as well as the
lack of public awareness in complying with the rules
of time and place in disposing of waste which causes
the landfill to always look full.
Even though in the container area the Sanitation and
Parks Office of Samarinda City has put up a banner
to always throw garbage into the container. With the
increasing population of Samarinda City, the volume
of municipal waste also increases. If the TPS and the
waste collection fleet are not balanced with the
increasing volume of waste, it will be difficult to
create a clean and healthy city environment.
Moreover, there is no waste processing technology
that can process waste into goods of economic value,
namely the conversion technology from municipal
waste (MSW) into high-value goods.
In the Samarinda City Regulation Number
02 of
2011 concerning Waste Management, it has
been
explained that the provision or procurement of TPS,
transporting waste from TPS to TPA, including
providing garbage carts in certain places where TPS
is not possible to build is the obligation of the
Regional Government and is the responsibility of the
Office of Hygiene and Parks. Samarinda city in
providing services to the community, especially in
the field of services. This indicates that the
Sanitation and Parks Office of the City of Samarinda
has not been maximal in fulfilling its obligations to
serve the community in the waste sector because
cleanliness is a shared responsibility that should be
realized by all parties, both from the community
and authorized agencies, as stated in the Regional
I. Number of Garbage Collection Fleet
OPD : Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Samarinda
Tahun : 2021
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1 Container Garbage Transport
Ar ea
Rool
20 2 2 2 6 1 19 8 Unit
2 Garbage Transport 56 3 1 2 4 6 1 9 1 34 8 Unit
3 Ditch and sewage transportation 9 3 6 4 Unit
4 Sand Transport 12 74 Unit
5 SATGAS worker transportation 5 1 5
6 TPS/Container Spraying 1 1
7 Garbage Patrol Car And Counseling 2 1 1 2
8
Transport of trench workers
Engkel
Truck
5 3
Transport of spraying of
TPS/contai ners
Tank
Truck
2 2 3000 Liter
9 Vacuum Cleaner Sweeper 1 1 1 2 4 Orang
Fleet 113 5 1 4 6 12 1 1 5 10 3 81
Dump
Truck
Pick Up
Tota l
Production Year
Number and Capacity of Garbage Collection Fleet
No Descri ption
Fl eet
Type
Tota l
Dri ver
Tota l
Fl eet
Trash
volume/Unit/
m3
Information
Preliminary Study: Conversion of Organic Fractions in Municipal Waste in Samarinda City into Value-added Products
1081

Regulation of the City of Samarinda No. 02 of 2011
Article 45 Paragraph 2 states that the Head of the
Neighborhood Association (RT) as the person in
charge of residential areas is responsible for the
order and cleanliness of the environment in his area.
Based on these regulations, in other words, every
citizen is obliged to maintain the cleanliness of his
environment without being separated from the
monitoring and direction of the Head of the
Neighborhood Association (RT) and the Village
Head as the leader of the administration of
government affairs in the working area of the
Village. So basically the obstacles in handling waste
problems in the city of Samarinda are: a. Lack of
discipline in the city of Samarinda, there are still
many who do not understand and are not aware of
the cleanliness of the city b. Age of old facilities and
facilities c. And budget.
Besides the above constraints, there are also
other factors, namely the separation of waste based
on its composition or type of waste. The Samarinda
city government only separates its waste based on 2
major groups, namely organic waste and inorganic
waste. The current problem in Samarinda City for
handling waste is that the waste composition group
has not been implemented. However, research on the
composition of waste has been carried out by (Juli,
2017) but the government has not implemented a
waste classification system based on its composition.
The following data was carried out (Juli, 2017), the
composition of waste in the city of Samarinda is
59.30% food waste, 17.90% plastic, 12.93% paper,
3.19% yard waste, 2.17% cardboard, 2 diapers ,
04%, hazardous and toxic waste 0.80%, cans 0.43%,
glass 0.41%, wood 0.40%, textile 0.28%, rubber
0.11%, metal 0.03% and leather 0%, while based on
the variation, it is dominated by organic waste
62.90%, inorganic waste around 36.30% and
hazardous and toxic waste around.
4.2 Secondary Data
Data from reliable reference sources regarding waste
both on a national scale and on a
local scale
(Samarinda city scale) obtained from the
reference
http://SIPSN.MenLHK.go.id/SIPSN/ (Badan Pusat
Statistik Kota Samarinda, 2020) are as follows:
• National Scale
Waste Management Performance Achievement is
the
Achievement of Reduction and Handling of
Household Waste and Waste Similar to Household
Waste. The achievements below are the
achievements
in 2020 consisting of 283
regencies/cities throughout
Indonesia.
Waste Generation: 35,476,875.59 (tons/year)
Waste Reduction: 16.19% i.e. 5,744,379.16
(tons/year)
Waste Handling: 37.92% i.e. 13,451,297.67
(tons/year)
Managed Waste: 54.11% i.e. 19,195,676.83
(tons/year)
Unmanaged Waste: 45.89% i.e. 16,281,198.76
(tons/year)
• Samarinda City Scale
The East Kalimantan Environment
Agency (DLH)
shows the percentage of waste that is
managed and
utilized (Semester 1) from January to
June 2020 in
10 regencies and cities throughout East
Kalimantan.
Specifically for data on managed waste,
waste
generation amounted to 703,664.26 tons. A
reduction of 102,290.48 tons. Handling amounted to
443,178 tons, and managed as much as 545,468.64
tons per year. Meanwhile, for the utilization of waste
throughout East Kalimantan, there was as much as
703,664.26 tons of waste generated. The amount of
waste reuse is 11,176.87 tons, the amount of waste
recycling is 58,269 tons, processing is 16,442.20
tons
and the waste is utilized as much as 85,887.79
tons.
The data is taken from the regional strategic
policy
document (Jakstrada) for the management of
household waste
and similar household waste.
And for the amount of waste from both the
national
and local scales are as follows:
¬ TOTAL WASTE IN INDONESIA
KLHK: 2020 National Waste Amount Reaches 67.8
Million Tons per year Based on data from the
Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), the
composition of waste is dominated by organic waste,
which reaches 60% of the total waste. Plastic waste
occupies the second position with 14%, followed by
9% paper waste and 5.5% rubber. Other waste
consists of metal, cloth, glass, and other types of
waste.
(https://www.idntimes.com/news/indonesia/aldzah-
fatimah-aditya/klhk-nomor-sampah-nasional-2020-
men reach-678-juta-ton/3)
¬ TOTAL WASTE IN EAST KALIMANTAN
The East Kalimantan Environmental Service (DLH)
shows the percentage of waste that is managed and
utilized from January to June 2020 in 10 regencies
and cities throughout East Kalimantan. For data on
managed waste, waste generation is 703,664.26 tons
per year. A reduction of 102,290.48 tons. Handling
amounted to 443,178 tons, and managed as much as
545,468.64 tons per year.
20Environment%20Life%20(DLH)%20Kaltim,wast
e%20amount%20703.664%2C26%20tons).
iCAST-ES 2021 - International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science
1082

¬ TOTAL WASTE IN SAMARINDA
According to data from DLH Samarinda, the daily
waste production of Tepian City is 800 tons. In a
year, the waste can reach 292 thousand tons per
year. 17 to 19 percent is plastic waste. With this
estimate, in a year Samarinda's plastic waste reaches
49,640 to 55,480 tons per year.
(https://rri.co.id/samarinda/government/689980/dlh-
dari-800-ton-sampah-di-samarinda-17-19-persen-
sampah-plastik)
¬ TPS AND TPA DATA
Data In 2020, waste collection sites (TPS) in the city
of Samarinda totaled 269 TPS and 2 TPA or Final
Shelters (http://e-
journals.unmul.ac.id/index.php/JAR/article/view/57
0 ). And Data In 2021 the Waste Shelters (TPS) in
the city of Samarinda amounted to 102 TPS and
there were 2 TPAs or Final Shelters.
Solid Waste Management Service Chain in
Samarinda City
Figure 1: Solid Waste Management Service Chain in
Samarinda City.
Garbage Type
A
Waste Reduction With
Takakura/Com
p
oster/Waste Ban
k
B
Waste Reduction With 3R TPS / Main
Waste Bank / Communal Biodigester /
Collectors / TPST
C
N
o
t
Collected To TPS/TPS 3R/TPST
D
N
o
t
transported to landfill
E
Waste Reduction in TPA
Composting/Economical Value Waste
Collection by Scavengers Plastic
Counter/Biodi
g
este
r
Types of Waste by Source
Based on the source, waste is divided into 6 types,
including:
1. Trash from humans
2. Trash from nature
3. Consumption waste
4. Nuclear waste/radioactive waste
5. Industrial waste
6. Mining waste
7. Animal litter
Types of Waste Based on Characteristics
1. Organic Waste
Organic waste is waste that can be decomposed or
processed into compost.
Types of waste that are considered as organic
include
food scraps, dry leaves, vegetables, and so
on.
2. Inorganic Waste
Inorganic waste is waste that is difficult to
decompose
and cannot be decomposed.
If not managed properly, this waste can damage
the
ecosystem of animals and humans.
However, the existence of this waste can be
tricked
by looking for recycling.
Examples of inorganic waste include plastic,
cardboard, metal, and so on.
3. B3 Garbage
This type of waste is usually the residue from
processing hazardous chemicals.
Types of B3 waste itself include the following:
• Unspecified sources: Waste originating from
equipment maintenance activities, descaling,
washing, and others.
• Specific sources: Waste originating from industrial
• processes (main activity).
• Other sources: Waste originating from
unexpected
sources such as expired products,
packaging residue,
and product odors that do
not meet specifications.
Types of Garbage Based on Shape
Figure 2: Types of Waste Based on Characteristics.
Preliminary Study: Conversion of Organic Fractions in Municipal Waste in Samarinda City into Value-added Products
1083

Types of waste described above, namely the types of
waste based on their source and based on their
nature, that has been implemented by the local
government of Samarinda city, but the type of waste
based on its form has not been fully implemented in
the city of Samarinda. Therefore, from the initial
study of municipal waste conversion (MSW) this
will emphasize the separation of waste based on its
shape. From the results of previous studies, the
composition of waste in the city of Samarinda is as
follows:
Table 3: Percentage of Municipal Solid Waste
Composition in the City Samarinda.
No Waste Types waste Component
Percentage (%)
waste types waste Composition
1 Organic
Leftovers 62,90 59,30
Junk pages 3,19
2 Inorganic
Wood 36,30 0,40
Paper 12,93
Cardboard 2,17
Plastic 17,90
fabric 0,28
rubber 0,11
skin 0,00
glass 0,41
Cans 0,43
Metal 0,03
Diapers 2,04
3 B3 B3 0,80 0,80
Garbage Handling
The current waste management in the city of
Samarinda uses the 3P method (Collection,
Transport
and Disposal) as in the waste management
service
chain in the city of Samarinda above, while
the
technology for handling organic waste that is
currently used in the city of Samarinda are: Sanitary
Landfill, Incineration, Composting, Briquetting,
Anaerobic Digester and animal feed pellets. For
technology for handling organic waste, researchers
will emphasize the technology for converting
municipal waste organic waste into added value,
namely using subcritical water technology
(hydrothermal technology).
Figure 3: Pilot Plant Waste treatment with hydrothermal
technology (Panji, 2012).
From the above, this is a preliminary study of the
conversion of organic fractions in municipal waste in
the city of Samarinda into value-added products.
5 CONCLUSION
1. From the types of waste described above, namely
the types of waste based on their source and
based on their nature, that has been implemented
by
the local government of Samarinda city, but
the type
of waste based on its form has not been
fully
implemented in the city of Samarinda.
Therefore,
from the initial study of municipal
waste conversion
(MSW) this will emphasize the
separation of waste
based on its shape.
2. For technology for handling organic waste,
researchers will emphasize the technology for
converting municipal waste organic waste into
added
value, namely using subcritical water
technology
(hydrothermal technology).
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