The Partial Substitution Influence of Fine Aggregate with Egg Tray
Waste in the Green Concrete Production
Jusuf W. M. Rafael, Koilal Alokabel, Alva Y. Lukas and Abia E. Mata
Civil Engineering Department, State Polytechnic of Kupang, Adisucipto Penfui, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Keywords: Partial Substitution, Fine Aggregate, Egg Tray Waste, Green Concrete.
Abstract: Study on the compressive strength of concrete is carried out by adding egg tray waste as a building material
for green concrete. Egg tray waste made into pulp is used as a partial substitute for fine aggregate with a
substitution percentage of 1%, 3% and 5%. These three variations were tested for the compressive strength of
concrete at the age of 7 days and 28 days which resulted in comparison with normal concrete. The results
showed that the compressive strength of concrete at a variation of 1% egg tray as a substitute for fine aggregate
gave a concrete compressive strength value of 23.95 MPa at the age of 7 days and 31.29 MPa at the age of 28
days, which is close to the value of normal concrete compressive strength. For samples with variations of 3%
and 5% egg tray, the compressive strength for 7 days of age was 9.75 MPa and 8.64 MPa, while for 28 days
it was 14.46 MPa and 9.79 MPa. Partial substitution of fine aggregate with 1% egg tray waste can be used as
structural concrete, while the egg tray percentage of 3% and 5% is not recommended for use as structural
concrete.
1 INTRODUCTION
The increasing quantifier of urban population is not
only caused by the high birth rate but also the
urbanization of society. With a high population, it
will result in an increase in the volume of waste
generated from homes (Hasibuan, 2016). Egg tray
(egg packaging) is one of the easy-to-find household
waste which is generally made from recycled paper
waste in Indonesia (Pradana et al, 2019). This
condition is due to the highest percentage of the
highest amount of waste being in the category of
paper waste and paper-based waste so that processing
into functional products with selling value is one
solution in reducing the amount of uncontrolled waste
(Kurniasih and Handoko et al, 2013 and 2018). Based
on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS,
2020), the production of laying hens in Indonesia in
2020 reached a total of 5,044,394.99 tons. This figure
does not include the production of native chicken
eggs and duck eggs which also always increase every
year. This condition has shown that the use of egg
trays will increase based on the demand for egg
production which in turn increases the volume of egg
tray waste.
The utilization of waste materials as construction
materials has become a special concern, one of which
is as a building material for green concrete. The term
of green concrete is given to concrete made from the
use of waste materials so that it becomes
environmentally friendly concrete (Agarwal et al and
Al-Azzawl et all, 2016 and 2020). Used waste
materials to make green concrete can be utilized
through the replacement of cement, aggregates,
fillers, or fiber reinforcement. Cement as a
construction material is considered an environmental
pollutant die to the production cycle, while waste
materials can have environmental benefits when used
instead of coarse aggregate or fine aggregate or to
replace cement (Sagban et al and Mohammad et al,
2019).
Study on the use of egg trays as a material in
concrete was carried out in the form of egg tray ash
combined with rice husk ash. The results of testing
the compressive strength of concrete using additional
materials of rice husk ash and egg tray ash less than
25% addition variations can be used as lightweight
concrete materials for lightweight structures, but for
addition above 55% can be used for non-structural
lightweight concrete (Tarru et al, 2019). For study on
paper waste in the form of waste paper sludge (WPS)
Rafael, J., Alokabel, K., Lukas, A. and Mata, A.
The Partial Substitution Influence of Fine Aggregate with Egg Tray Waste in the Green Concrete Production.
DOI: 10.5220/0010958200003260
In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Engineering Science (iCAST-ES 2021), pages 1023-1027
ISBN: 978-989-758-615-6; ISSN: 2975-8246
Copyright
c
 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
1023

as a partial substitute for cement, it shows that the
addition of WPS at a certain percentage can increase
the compressive strength of concrete but the
increasing percentage of WPS makes the strength of
the concrete decrease (Bhargavi et al, 2016). The
addition of paper waste to the concrete mixture with
the percentage of paper waste added by weight shows
a significant decrease in the compressive strength of
concrete along with the increase in the percentage of
paper waste addition (Mamta et al and Choudary et
al, 2017 and 2018).
The contribution of this study is very supportive
in overcoming the problem of household waste. In
this case, egg tray waste can be used as an alternative
material for making concrete that is more economical
and environmentally friendly and can be applied by
the society.
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURES
2.1 General
The minimum of research on the use of egg trays in
concrete mixtures, to support this study also refers to
other research on the use of paper waste in concrete
mixtures, which as previously mentioned that egg
trays are the result of processing from paper waste.
2.2 Review of Various Research
• The study conducted by Tarru et al (2018) used a
combination of rice husk ash and egg tray ash as
an additive in concrete. The results showed that
the compressive strength of concrete using rice
husk ash and egg tray with the addition of 10%
reached 16.27 MPa at the age of 28 days.
Meanwhile, normal concrete at the age of 28 days
reaches a compressive strength of 15.33 MPa. In
addition variations of 25%, 55%, 80% and 95%
had compressive strength at the age of 28 days
respectively 8.93 MPa, 4.33 MPa, 2.80 MPa and
3.27 MPa. From these results, the variations of
10% and 25% can be used as lightweight materials
for lightweight structures, while the additions of
55%, 80% and 95% can be used to make non-
structural lightweight concrete.
• Bhargavi et al (2016) conducted a study using
waste paper sludge (WPS) as a partial substitute
for cement. The replacement of cement with an
additional 4% WPS resulted in a concrete
compressive strength of 32.41 MPa at the age of
28 days, while at the same age for normal concrete
it was 30.50 MPa. For the additional conditions of
8%, 12% and 16% WPS, the compressive strength
of concrete at the age of 28 days was 25.42 MPa,
22.19 MPa and 20.56 MPa. This shows that the
addition of WPS at a certain percentage can
increase the compressive strength of concrete but
the increasing percentage of WPS makes the
strength of the concrete decrease.
• The investigation of various proportions of waste
paper in the concrete mixture was carried out by
Mamta et al (2017) with the addition of waste
paper 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight. The
compressive strength of concrete for 0%
condition at the age of 28 days reached 26.27
MPa. With the addition of 5%, 10% and 15%
additional paper waste, the compressive strength
values were obtained which decreased to 19 MPa,
16 MPa and 15.67 MPa.
• Similar results were also obtained by Choudhary
et al (2018) with the use of waste paper pulp as a
partial substitute for sand through variations in the
addition of waste paper pulp by 5%, 10% and 15%
for several conventional concrete qualities. With
the increase in the percentage of waste paper pulp
in the concrete mixture, the compressive strength
of the concrete will decrease.
3 METHODOLOGY
Research and sample testing was carried out at the
Materials Testing Laboratory, Department of Civil
Engineering, State Polythecnic of Kupang using local
materials for fine aggregate and coarse aggregates,
and for cement using PPC type 1. Egg tray waste used
is obtained from household waste as well as from
traditional markets (see Figure 1). Testing for the
characteristic of the material is carried out first to
determine whether the quality of the material used has
met the required specifications standards.
Mixed design was carried out to obtain a
compressive strength of normal concrete with target
f'c=30 MPa. The specimens were made in 4 (four)
sample variations for the percentage of egg tray waste
with variations of 0% for normal concrete, 1%, 3%
and 5% for variations in substitution of fine aggregate
with egg tray. The egg tray waste used is cleaned of
dirt so that it remains in a clean state which is then
made into pulp to be mixed into the concrete. The
percentage of egg tray addition is based on the ratio
to the weight of the fine aggregate. Each sample
variation was made as many as 8 samples of
cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 15 cm and a
height of 30 cm. The specimens was given treatment
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in water after 24 hours produced and the compressive
strength test was carried out at the age of 7 days and
28 days.
Figure 1: Egg tray from household waste and traditional
markets.
For specimens with variations in the addition of
egg trays, corrections are made to the water
requirement based on the moisture content of the fine
aggregate and egg tray due to the egg tray must be
made into pulp before being mixed with concrete so
that the egg tray can mix well and become
homogeneous with the concrete
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The mixed design obtained to make the concrete
mixture in the variation of the sample for 1 specimen
is shown in Table 1 and detailed of specimen is shown
in Table 2. The water requirement for the concrete
mixture with variations in partial replacement of the
egg tray needs to be corrected due to the egg tray that
is mixted is in the form of pulp so that it can be
homogeneous with other materials.
Table 1: Composition of concrete mixture for 1 specimen.
Egg
Tray
Content
PCC
(kg)
Fine
Aggregate
(kg)
Coarse
Aggregate
(kg)
Water
(liter)
Egg
Tray
(kg)
0% 2.47 4.22 4.73 1.07 0.00
1% 2.47 4.18 4.73 1.25 0.04
3% 2.47 4.09 4.73 1.61 0.13
5% 2.47 4.01 4.73 1.98 0.21
Table 2: Number of specimens.
Age of sample
Percentage of Egg Tray
0% 1% 3% 5%
7 days 4 4 4 4
28 days 4 4 4 4
Total of sample 8 8 8 8
The specimens produced from each variation of
the egg tray percentage as a substitute for sand in the
concrete mixture showed different volumes of test
specimens within 24 hours after being poured into the
mold as shown in Figure 2. In normal concrete
specimen and 1% egg tray percentage variations,
there is no change in the specimen height, which is
still according to the existing mold of 300 mm.
However, for variations in the egg tray percentage of
3% and 5%, there was a decrease in the volume of the
specimen which was seen from the decrease in the
sample height from the height of the mold. The 3%
egg tray variation has an average specimen height of
298 mm, while the 5% egg tray percentage variation
has an average specimen height of 296 mm. This
shows that in the sample variation of the egg tray
percentage variation of 3% there is a shrinkage of
0.67% and it is increasing in the sample variation of
the egg tray percentage of 5% with shrinkage of
1.25%.
The Partial Substitution Influence of Fine Aggregate with Egg Tray Waste in the Green Concrete Production
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Figure 2: Shringkage for height of sample.
The partial substitution fine aggregate with an egg
tray can reduce the density of the concrete shown in
Figure 3. Based on the sample specimens, normal
concrete has an average density of 2403.47 kg/m3.
The replacement of sand with a percentage variation
of 1%, 3% and 5% egg tray resulted in a concrete
density of 2313.05 kg/m3, 2199.16 kg/m3 and
2105.72 kg/m3. This shows that there is a significant
decrease in the specific gravity of the concrete with
the addition of an egg tray to the concrete mixture.
For the percentage variation of 1% egg tray, the
specific gravity decreased by 4.36%, and with an
increase in the percentage variation of 3% and 5% egg
tray, the specific gravity of the concrete decreased of
9.07% and 12.93%.
Figure 3: Influence of egg tray content on specific gravity
of concrete.
Based on the results of testing the compressive
strength of concrete for each sample variation shown
in Figure 4, it was obtained that at the age of 7 days
the average compressive strength for normal concrete
specimens was 28.86 MPa. The specimens with
variations in the percentage of egg tray as a partial
substitute for fine aggregate of 1%, 3% and 5%
respectively were 23.95 MPa, 9.75 MPa and 8.64
MPa. At the age of 28 days of concrete for normal test
specimens, the average compressive strength of
concrete is 36.14 MPa, while for variations of 1%, 3%
and 5% egg tray, the average compressive strength of
concrete is 31.29 MPa, 14.46 MPa and 9.79 MPa.
Figure 4: The results of the compressive strength of
concrete at the age of 7 and 28 days.
Generally, there is an increase in the compressive
strength of concrete from the age of 7 days to the age
of 28 days. For the normal concrete, the increase in
the compressive strength of concrete is 25.22%, while
the increase in the compressive strength of concrete
is more significant at 3% egg tray percentage
variation, which is 48.25%. In the variations of 1%
and 5% egg tray, the compressive strength of concrete
increased by 30.67% and 13.28%.
These investigation can be concluded that the
partial substitution of fine aggregate with 1% egg tray
can be used as structural concrete due to the
compressive strength of concrete of up to 30 MPa.
The partial substitution of fine aggregate with 3% and
5% egg tray, it is not recommended to use it as
structural concrete. By replacing fine aggregate with
egg tray, it will further reduce the weight of the
concrete as the percentage of egg trays increases, but
it will also reduce the compressive strength of the
concrete.
5 CONCLUSION
Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded
that egg tray waste can be used as a substitute for fine
aggregate in making green concrete for structural
concrete functions with a percentage of replacement
of fine aggregate by 1% due has a compressive
strength value is close to normal concrete, while for
egg tray 3% and 5% as a substitute for sand in
concrete is not recommended for use as structural
concrete. As the percentage of egg tray increases in
the concrete mixture, the density of the concrete and
the compressive strength of the concrete will
decrease.
Further research development needs to be carried
out to determine the characteristics of flexural
300 300
298
296
0,00 0,00
0,67
1,25
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0% 1% 3% 5%
Shringkage (%)
Height (mm)
Sample Variation
Height
2418,51
2313,05
2199,16
2105,72
0,00
4,36
9,07
12,93
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
0,00
500,00
1000,00
1500,00
2000,00
2500,00
3000,00
0% 1% 3% 5%
Decreation (%)
Specific Gravity (kg/m
3
)
Sample Variation
Specific Gravity Decreation
28,86
23,95
9,75
8,64
36,14
31,29
14,46
9,79
25,22
30,67
48,25
13,28
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
0% 1% 3% 5%
Increation (%)
Compressive Strength (MPa)
Sample Variation
7 days 28 days Increation
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strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of
elasticity produced with egg tray percentage
variations below 1%.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We extend our grateful thank to P3M of State
Polythectnic of Kupang for support and motivation in
this study and to the Material Testing Laboratory of
State Polythectnic of Kupang for the testing facility.
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