Priority Petri Net Multimedia Model for Non-deterministic Events of

Multimedia Presentations

Marvin Chandra Wijaya

Departement of Computer Engineering, Maranatha Christian University, Jl. Surya Sumantri 65, Bandung, Indonesia

Keywords: Petri Net, Multimedia Model, Multimedia Authoring, Non-deterministic Event.

Abstract: Nowadays, the use of multimedia for presentation needs has been widely used by various parties. Multimedia

authoring translates the input data in the form of spatial and temporal layouts into a multimedia document.

Multimedia documents are in the form of multimedia programming languages such as Synchronized

Multimedia Integration Language. One of the problems in this translation process is the existence of a non-

deterministic event which makes the translation process difficult. The objective of this study is to find a good

method for translating multimedia authoring where the input is given has non-deterministic events and priority

based on user input. The multimedia model needs to be modified to anticipate non-deterministic events in the

temporal layout. In this study, a method called Priority Petri Net is proposed which is applied to a multimedia

model. The results on multimedia authoring using the Priority Petri Net model obtained good results.

However, the translation process takes a little longer time than using the regular Petri Net model. The use of

the Priority Petri Net model makes the translation process better. Future research can be carried out by making

various modifications to the multimedia model to obtain a good process and fast processing time as well.

1 INTRODUCTION

Multimedia is a way of communication today,

multimedia components such as video, audio, text,

animation, images are widely used as a

communication medium. The multimedia

components are combined to create an attractive

multimedia presentation. The multimedia

presentation is created using a tool called Multimedia

Authoring. Multimedia Authoring combines every

multimedia component used to produce a multimedia

document (Picinin, Farines, Santos, & Koliver, 2018).

Several multimedia programming languages are

widely used as multimedia documents such as

Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language

(SMIL) and Nested Context Language (NCL)

(Bulterman, 2018; Joel André Ferreira Dos Santos &

Muchaluat-Saade, 2012).

Multimedia has been widely used in various fields

such as education, business, sports, entertainment,

and others (Hakim & Solechan, 2018; Wijaya, 2019;

Yousafzai, Chang, Gani, & Noor, 2016). The use of

multimedia increases the absorption of presentation

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5920-4348

material on the audience who is listening to

presentations through the use of multimedia. Humans

can remember more if they both hear and see at the

same time. Therefore multimedia has turned into

interactive multimedia to increase audience

participation, this participation will increase the

delivery rate of presentation material (Kazanidis,

Palaigeorgiou, Papadopoulou, & Tsinakos, 2018).

These days interactive multimedia has been used for

finance, e-commerce, social networking, E-Learning:

training, teaching aids, learning media,

entertainment: games, cultural communication:

museum and gallery information. Interactive

multimedia is the use of computers to create and

combine images, text, audio, moving images (video

and animation) by combining tools and links (or

hyperlinks) that allow audiences to interact, navigate,

create and communicate. An interactive multimedia

presentation is a hypervideo consisting of various

media which is navigated through hyperlinks

(Meixner, 2017).

There are two kinds of interactive multimedia:

Online Interactive Multimedia and Offline Interactive

Multimedia. Online interactive multimedia is

Wijaya, M.

Priority Petri Net Multimedia Model for Non-deterministic Events of Multimedia Presentations.

DOI: 10.5220/0010744200003113

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Emerging Issues in Technology, Engineering and Science (ICE-TES 2021), pages 49-57

ISBN: 978-989-758-601-9

interactive media that is conveyed via LAN, intranet,

or the internet. Examples of online interactive

multimedia are websites, Yahoo Messengers, and so

on. This type of media has a broad target and covers

the wider community. Offline interactive multimedia

is interactive media that is not delivered through data

communication channels. Examples of offline

interactive multimedia are interactive CDs: Company

Profile, Learning Media. This media target is not too

broad and only covers people in certain areas. The use

of online and offline interactive multimedia does not

always stand alone but can also complement each

other (Tanti & Buhalis, 2017).

A multimedia presentation can be represented by

a spatial layout and a temporal layout. The spatial and

temporal layout needs to be verified so that it can be

processed further. (Joel A.F. Dos Santos, Braga,

Débora, Roisin, & Layaïda, 2015). Figure 1 is an

example of a multimedia representation, in this

example, there are 6 multimedia components (A, B,

C, D, E, and F) which can be either image, video, text,

or animation.

Figure 1: Example of multimedia presentation.

In this example, each multimedia component is

located in an area called a region (R1, R2, R3, and

R4). The region is a part of a larger area called the

root layout as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Example of regions.

In Figure 1 it can be seen that component B is

played when component A is finished; component E

is played when components B, C, and D are finished;

and component F is played when component E is

finished. Problems will arise if there are components

with no known duration. For example, if component

D has no known duration, it will be difficult to

determine when component E will start playing as

shown in Figure 3. This condition is called a non-

deterministic event.

Figure 3: Non-deterministic event.

This problem is often combined with interference

from the audience with the button for interaction.

Audience input can affect the start, stop, and duration

of the multimedia component when it plays.

Problems with non-deterministic events and buttons

occur frequently and need to be solved.

A multimedia presentation in the form of spatial

and temporal layout needs to be processed in several

steps so that it can become a multimedia document

(Bouyakoub & Belkhir, 2011, 2012) The first stage is

to carry out the modeling process. The existing

multimedia models in the previous study are Petri

Net, Hoare Logic, Language of Temporal Ordering

Specifications (LOTOS), Simple Interactive

Multimedia Model (SIMM) (De Mattos &

Muchaluat-Saade, 2018; Mekahlia, Ghomari, Yazid,

& Djenouri, 2017; Sampaio & Courtiat, 2004).

Petri net is a model for representing discrete

distributed systems. The problem for non-

deterministic events is a form of problem that is

suitable to be modeled using the Petri net. Petri net is

a model that can be modified or have many

extensions. Examples of Petri net extensions are as

follows: Colored Petri net, Hierarchy Petri Net

(Bouyakoub & Belkhir, 2008), vector addition with

state (VASS), Dualistic Petri net (dP-nets), and

others. So that in this study, modifications will be

made to the Petri net to solve the problem of non-

deterministic events. This research contributes to

modification and applies it to non-deterministic event

problems, which the proposed method used is Priority

Petri Net.

ICE-TES 2021 - International Conference on Emerging Issues in Technology, Engineering, and Science

2 RELATED WORKS

A Multimedia Presentation must be processed with

the Kernel Mechanism as shown in Figure 4 (Wijaya,

Maksom, & Abdullah, 2021b).

Figure 4: Kernel mechanism.

2.1 Petri Net

Petri Net is a multimedia model that is widely used in

Multimedia Authoring. Petri Net uses graphics as a

representation of multimedia presentations. There are

several symbols in Petri Net, namely "arc", "place",

"transition", and "token" as shown in Figure 5

(Belkhir & Bouyakoub-Smail, 2007).

Figure 5: Petri Net symbol.

"Place" is a symbol of the multimedia component

in a multimedia presentation. "Transition" is a

transition that occurs when a multimedia component

ends and another multimedia component starts.

"Token" is the status of a place that is currently being

played. "Token" will move from "place" to "place",

this process is called "Fire". "Arc" connects "place"

and "transition" to guide the movement of "token".

All these symbols will form a representation of the

multimedia document.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: (a) Sequential Petri Net. (b) Parallel Petri Net.

In simple terms, Petri Net is formed sequential and

parallel, examples of sequential and parallel images

are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 7: Primitive structure of Petri Net.

For more advanced forms, Petri Net has several

forms called Primitive structures such as conflict,

confusion, synchronization, concurrency, and

merging as shown in Figure 7.

The sequential structure has a clear sequence,

token activation from place P1 to place P2 then to

place P3 which activates sequentially. Likewise,

concurrency structures have a clear form, tokens will

move according to the existing transition.

The structure of conflict and confusion has an

unclear form, the token in place of P4 activates three

transitions, but when one is activated, the other two

Priority Petri Net Multimedia Model for Non-deterministic Events of Multimedia Presentations

transitions are disabled, the token in place of P8

activates T10 and T11, but if T10 is active then T11

becomes inactive. This causes the conditions for the

two structures to be similar.

The synchronization structure has a clear form if

the process at place P10, place P11, and place P12 has

been completed then the three will be synchronized

by starting place P13. Meanwhile, the merging

structure is not the same as the synchronization

structure. In the merging structure, the three

transitions T14, T15, T16 do not need to be fired at

the same time, or three transitions fire before T17.

In 1998, the use of the Petri Net as a model for

multimedia was initiated. The study entitled "A

Graphical Interface for creating and playing SMIL

documents (GRiNS)" is a Multimedia Authoring Tool

that can translate multimedia documents (Bulterman,

1998). In 2005, the Petri Net model was refined and

used as a graphics-based multimedia processing

paradigm (Bulterman & Hardman, 2005).

Yang Chun Chuan in 2003, made modifications to

the Petri Net by simplifying the places that are not

synchronized (C. C. Yang & Yang, 2003). For

example, if there is a multimedia program like in

SMIL:

<seq>

</par>

</par>

</seq>

The Petri Net graph for an example of this

program is as shown in Figure 8. In this example there

are two parallel groups, in the first group, there are 3

multimedia components, each one video (V1), audio

(A1), and image (I1). Likewise, in the second group,

each one contains video (V2), audio (A2), and image

(I2). The difference is that for the first group the

synchronization place is V1, while in the second

group the synchronization place is A2.

Figure 8: Petri Net model for the example.

Figure 8 can be simplified by eliminating places

that are not part of the synchronization. In the first

group, the place symbols for A1 and I1 are removed,

in the second group the place symbols for V2 and I2

are removed. The result of this simplification is

shown in Figure 9. The simplification model is called

the Real-Time Synchronization Model (RTSM).

Figure 9: Simplified Petri Net (RTSM).

2.2 Non-deterministic Event

Yang Chun Chuan in 2008 conducted a study entitled

"Extension of Timeline based Editing for Non-

deterministic Temporal Behavior in SMIL 2.0

Authoring", in that study the concept of Dividable

Dynamic Timeline (DDTL) was introduced (C.

Yang, Chu, & Wang, 2008). In a multimedia

presentation, audience interaction is possible. These

interactions can take the form of buttons being

pressed by the audience. This button functions to

change the multimedia components that are played.

Examples of multimedia programs that involve

interaction from the audience:

<seq>

<Image src=I1 begin=Btn1

end = Btn2/>

</par>

</seq>

ICE-TES 2021 - International Conference on Emerging Issues in Technology, Engineering, and Science

In the example program, there is a non-

deterministic event with the symbol "?". The scenario

of the multimedia presentation is that there is an

image component (I1) that becomes the

synchronization of a parallel-group. In the group,

there are a video (V1), an image (I1), and an Audio

component (A1). Component I1 will play if Btn1 is

clicked and will end if Btn2 is clicked. After the group

ends, it will not proceed to the next group, if the Btn3

button is not clicked. Graph Petri net for this example

is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10: Petri Net with non-deterministic event.

The methods used in dealing with non-

deterministic event problems are divide/split

operations and merge operations.

Figure 11: Divide and merge operation.

Figure 11 is an example of DDTL, in this example,

there are 3 multimedia components video 1 (V1),

video 2 (V2), and video 3 (V3). Between V2 and V3

there is a non-deterministic event, in the DDTL

method the divide operation will be carried out first

at that point. After the divide operation is performed,

it will be connected again using the merge operation.

3 METHODS

A multimedia authoring must-have multimedia

authoring attributes to function properly. Multimedia

Attributes consist of Formal Verification Model,

Editing, Services, and Performance. Attribute editing

provides convenience for authors to create

multimedia presentations such as ease of use and

expressivity. Service attributes are facilities provided

by multimedia authoring tools to verify so that there

are no errors in multimedia documents. Attribute

Performance is to provide an overall overview of a

multimedia authoring tool. The attribute Formal

verification model is a process model of multimedia

presentation that is modeled properly (Wijaya,

Maksom, & Abdullah, 2021a).

To fulfill the attribute attributes of Multimedia

Authoring, it is imperative that multimedia authoring

be able to process a multimedia presentation that

contains non-deterministic events. This study

proposed a method with priority Petri Net to deal with

non-deterministic event problems.

3.1 Priority Arc

An "arc" is divided into “Priority Arc” and “Normal

Arc”. Priority arc is distinguished by a line that is

thicker than the normal arc as shown in Figure 12.

Priority Arc determines the process of moving tokens

from one "place" to the next transition. Normal arc

and priority arc function to determine the firing path

of the token, but the time the token moving/firing is

determined by the priority arc.

(a) (b)

Figure 12: (a) Priority arc. (b) Normal arc.

Priority arc will determine or function as a

synchronizer in a parallel-group. Priority arcs can

function both in groups where there are no non-

deterministic events or in groups where there are non-

deterministic events.

Priority Petri Net Multimedia Model for Non-deterministic Events of Multimedia Presentations

Figure 13: Example 1 of Priority Petri Net.

Figure 13 is the Priority Net graph of example 1

using the priority arc. In this example, the priority arc

is on V1, which means that V1 is the determining time

for the firing token to occur. Regardless of the lack of

pressure on Btn2 by the Audience, this does not

interfere with the firing token process in all places in

the parallel group.

Figure 14: Example 2 of Priority Petri Net.

Figure 14 is the Priority Net graph of example 2

using priority arc. In this example the priority arc is

in Btn2, this means that Btn2 is the determining time

for the firing token to occur. In this case, pressing the

button on Btn2 by the audience will cause a firing

token to occur in all places in this parallel group.

Priority Petri Net is defined as six-tuple:

● Transition :

tr=

{

, t

, …, t

}

(1)

● Place :

{

, pl

, …, pl

}

(2)

● Button :

tn=

{

btn

, btn

, …, btn

}

(3)

● Place and button :

b= pl ∪

(4)

● Normal arc :

na= {tr × pb

} ∪

(5)

● Priority arc :

na= {tr

× pb

} ∪ pb

(6)

Where :

x = number of transition

y = number of places

z = number of buttons

n = normal

p = priority

Each place has:

● Media identity

● Status: token or no token

● Start time

● End time

● Duration time

Transition (tr

), fires immediately with

synchronization of priority arc. Once activated,

transition (tr

) will remove tokens from each input

place and add tokens to each output place.

By using the Priority Petri Net graph, it is

necessary to modify the temporal layout to

accommodate the Priority arc and non-deterministic

events. The multimedia components contained in the

temporal view are divided into regular boxes and

thicker boxes. A thicker box indicates that the

multimedia component is a priority arc. Likewise for

non-deterministic events that need to be marked with

a "?" on the multimedia component to indicate the

interaction button from the audience.

Figure 15: Example 1 of temporal layout.

Figure 15 is an example of 1 temporal layout

where priority is given to the video component (V1)

as a priority for the parallel group synchronization.

The "?" at the beginning and the end of I1 denotes the

start button and end button for component I1. The

vertical thin line at the end of the group represents the

synchronization position. Figure 16 shows example 2

of a temporal layout, to which priority is given to the

Btn2 button which will end the play of Image 1.

ICE-TES 2021 - International Conference on Emerging Issues in Technology, Engineering, and Science

Figure 16: Example 2 of temporal layout.

3.2 Implementation Steps

The steps for implementing Priority Petri Pet for non-

deterministic events in multimedia presentations are

as follows:

● Entering multimedia component data into the

system such as start time, end time, and

duration.

● Entering non-deterministic event data on the

system.

● Entering data on the relationship between

multimedia components and non-deterministic

events.

● Designing on spatial and temporal layouts.

● Arrangement processing in six tuples of Priority

Petri net.

The performance measurement of the

implemented model uses CPU execution time. CPU

execution time is the total computational time CPU

spends on a given task. The formula used for CPU

execution time is as follows:

T = I × CPI × C (7)

Where:

T = Execution time per program in seconds

I = Number of instructions executed

CPI = Average CPI for program

C = CPU clock cycle

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experiments from Priority Petri Net were considered

from two aspects, namely the fulfillment of the

multimedia authoring attribute (editing attribute) and

processing time.

In attribute editing, the method proposed by

Priority Petri Net is seen from the temporal layout.

The temporal layout is the interface that the author

can access to create a multimedia presentation. The

tools considered in the temporal synchronization

paradigm are temporal editing, spatial editing,

interactivity, presentation view, ordinary use support,

priority, and non-deterministic support (De Mattos &

Muchaluat-Saade, 2018).

Table 1: Tool comparison.

Temporal

Synchronization

Paradi

Tool

1 2 3 4 5

Temporal Editing

√ √ √

Spatial Editing

√ √ √ √ √

Interactivity

√ √

√

Presentation view

√ √

Ordinary support

√

Priority support

√

Non-deterministic

ort

√

1 = Composer

2 = NEXT

3 = LimSee2

4 = STEVE

5 = Priority Petri Net

In table 1, it can be seen that in this study, there is

more emphasis on the core processes for spatial and

temporal layout as well as Priority Support and Non-

deterministic support. In multimedia authoring,

several attributes need consideration, namely editing,

services, performance, and formal verification

(Wijaya et al., 2021a). The purpose of this study is to

solve the problem of non-determinitic events, so the

focus of this study is on editing and support for non-

determinitic events. Whereas in other comparison

tools, it can be seen that each tool emphasizes the

temporal synchronization paradigm which is the

focus of its research.

Figure 17 shows the number of temporal

synchronization paradigm in each tool. The

Composer and NEXT tools emphasize interaction

with the author and the spatial editing view. The

LimSee2 tool has complete editing features, both

temporal and spatial editing views. The LimSee2 tool

also has ordinary support and has a presentation view.

STEVE tool has a complete feature and has a good

interaction with the author. The interface of the

STEVE tool also has an attractive appearance.

Whereas, this study focused on input from the factor

in the form of spatial and temporal layouts and to

process non-deterministic events.

Priority Petri Net Multimedia Model for Non-deterministic Events of Multimedia Presentations

Figure 17: Tool comparison.

Table 2: Experimental time comparison.

Number of

Multimedia

Components

Petri Net

(ms)

Priority

Petri Net

(ms)

Difference

Percentage

5 352 403 14%

10 419 465 11%

15 474 513 8%

20 529 565 7%

25 580 617 6%

30 616 649 5%

Figure 18: Experimental time comparison

between Petri

Net and Priority PetriNet.

Table 2 and Figure 18 show the experimental

results comparing the processing time between Petri

Net and Priority Petri Net. Experiments were carried

out using a computer with an Intel® Pentium® CPU

4417U 2.30GHz 4 GB RAM specification.

Experiments were carried out by changing the

number of multimedia components from 5 to 30. The

experimental results show that the processing time on

the Priority Petri Net produces a longer processing

time than the processing time on the Petri Net. The

difference percentage is the difference in processing

time on the Petri net and Priority Petri net. With the

increase in the number of multimedia components,

the percentage difference in time is getting smaller.

Future research can be carried out by making various

modifications to the multimedia model to obtain a

good process and fast processing time as well.

5 CONCLUSIONS

A multimedia authoring that fulfills the multimedia

attribute must consider the problem of non-

deterministic events. This is because interaction with

the audience is very important for an interactive

multimedia presentation. The process of multimedia

authoring is to use a multimedia model, which is

currently widely used in the Petri Net model. A Petri

Net can be modified into a Priority Petri Net to handle

non-deterministic event problems. Experimental

results on Priority Petri Net produce multimedia

authoring that can handle non-deterministic events,

but the processing time required is a little longer.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by the Computer

Laboratory, Departement of Computer Engineering,

Maranatha Christian University, Indonesia.

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Priority Petri Net Multimedia Model for Non-deterministic Events of Multimedia Presentations