A Review of the Design of a Single Antenna and Antenna Arrays at

60 GHz for 5G Applications System

Salah-Eddine Didi

1*,

Imane Halkhams

, Mohammed Fattah

, Younes Balboul

, Said Mazer

, and

Moulhime El Bekkali

IASSE Laboratory, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco

IMAGE Laboratory, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco

Keywords: 5G technology, microstrip patch antennas, antenna arrays, mm-wave antenna, and 60GHz.

Abstract: Modern mobile technology is rapidly improving due to its considerable influence on social life. Therefore, it

is necessary to study antenna devices' developments, as they are considered essential for wireless technology.

This document contains a review of previous research results of different antennas and antenna arrays at

60GHz for fifth-generation (5G) application systems. We present a comparative study of the different types

of designs. For fifth generation technology applications, it is essential to design antennas with essential

features such as large bandwidth, substantial gain and directivity, minimization of size and flat profile, and

ease of integration in-package or on-chip with other elements.

1 INTRODUCTION

Today's wireless technology is considered one of the

most sensitive areas of communication systems. 5G

technology uses high frequencies and wide

bandwidth to increase transmission rates, enabling

better coverage with low battery consumption at a

low cost, which is the main objective of 5G

technology (Abdelhafid, 2020; Mohammed, 2020;

Salah-Eddine, 2021). As part of the frequency

allocation, the 2015 World Radiocommunication

Conference (WRC-15) allocated identification

frequencies in the range between 24GHz and 86GHz

for upcoming cellular and mm-wave wireless systems

(Iskandar, 2017; Abdelhafid, 2021).

The band around 60 GHz is the frequency band

chosen for the new WLAN network standard, WiGig

(Wireless Gigabit). Its main advantage for very high-

speed applications, such as streaming multimedia

content without compression, is the wide available

bandwidth. We standardized the band around 60GHz

for wireless data transfer, the Gigabit Ethernet in

WPANs (Wireless Personal Area Networks). WiGig

provides technical specifications for 60 GHz

communications for high-speed and short-range

applications such as modulation type, coding rate, and

power (Kohei, 2014; Muhammad, 2018; Marwa,

2019). In the past, these frequencies were not feasible

for BANs. The 60 GHz band is attractive for body

area network (BAN) applications because of its high

atmospheric reduction, low interference with other

networks, compactness of the components, sizeable

available bandwidth, and low skin absorption by the

human body(Daghouj, 2020; Solofo, 2014).

Nevertheless, thanks to the evolution of circuit

integration solutions, technological and cost barriers

have fallen.

The millimetre band has been identified as

potentially promising for wireless communications

on the human body, particularly the frequency band

around 60 GHz (Mohammed , 2019; Raad, 2013).

First of all, this is also true for the entire millimetre

spectrum, the wavelengths in the vacuum λ0 are small

(only 5 mm at 60 GHz). This characteristic makes it

possible to develop antennas whose dimensions are

centimetres or even millimetres, thus facilitating their

integration into the body. The second advantage is the

atmospheric absorption peak at 60 GHz, of 16 dB/km,

which reduces the risk of interference with

neighbouring arrays (Arriola, 2011). This isolation

can be an essential criterion for specific applications,

such as in the military domain. The third advantage is

that the 60GHz band is royalty-free and extends over

several GHz (57-64 GHz in North America, 57-

66GHz in Europe, 59-66 GHz in Japan). This latter

advantage offers data rates of up to several Gbit/s

(Masood, 2017), which has met the growing need for

faster data transfers.

Didi, S., Halkhams, I., Fattah, M., Balboul, Y., Mazer, S. and El Bekkali, M.

A Review of the Design of a Single Antenna and Antenna Arrays at 60 GHz for 5G Applications System.

DOI: 10.5220/0010729300003101

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Big Data, Modelling and Machine Learning (BML 2021), pages 103-107

ISBN: 978-989-758-559-3

103

The exciting properties related to the technology

of wireless communication systems operating in the

60 GHz frequency band are all criteria taken into

account in designing this type of system. In wireless

systems, one of the significant elements is the

antenna, as it has significant effects on the receiver's

overall sensitivity, and therefore on the bidirectional

design, the selection of digital modulation schemes,

and the link budget. As a result, research in the area

of 60 GHz antenna technology development has been

attracting much interest, and, significantly, both the

conception and analysis of these antennas are

described in detail in various research

works(Saravanya, 2017; Younger, 2018).

The technology of the waveguides incorporated in

the support (SIW), particularly adapted, makes an

essential step in the research sector concerning the

millimetre waves. The new developments and

applications concern antennas as well as filter circuits

and coupling devices for RF input (Fan fan , 2012),

the orientation of the beams, and MIMO systems (

Sam, 2016). Until now, most designs of the SIW

antenna that have been suggested within the 60 GHz

band documentation have had to choose between

providing adequate bandwidth. It has been shown that

SIW slot antenna arrays produce excellent

bandwidths(Thomas, 2017; Cyril, 2018). In (Carlos,

2016), Design of V-Band SIW Fed Cavity Backed

Aperture Coupled Microstrip Patch Array (ACMPA)

Element for Applications in Body Area Networks. Is

proposed, which can realize a bandwidth of 14.25%,

between 56.16GHz and 64.8GHz and whose gain

reaches 5.6dBi. In (Rubén, 2017), The results of the

circularly polarized microstrip patch array element

for bodyworn applications provide a wide bandwidth

of 8.64 GHz as well as a maximum gain of 7.2 dBc.

Another antenna proposed in (Samuel, 2018) offers a

very high gain of 10.55dB and a bandwidth of

7.23GHz. It has an omnidirectional radiation pattern.

In the available literature, we note that millimetre-

wave antennas represent a significant development in

recent years. This paper reports on the research work

concerning millimetre-wave antennas' design, hoping

that this paper contains sufficient essential data for

future studies on this topic for integration into future

5G wireless communication systems.

This article is organized as shown below: the

second chapter explains an analysis of the status and

costs associated with 60 GHz links. The third chapter

illustrates the design aspects of millimetre-wave

antennas. The fourth chapter examines 60GHz

antenna technology with comparative analysis.

Finally, the Fifth and last part of this article is devoted

to the conclusion.

2 ANALYSIS OF THE STATUS

AND COSTS ASSOCIATED

WITH 60 GHZ LINKS

The frequencies from 30 to 300 GHz are called

"millimetre waves" or "high-frequency waves."

These frequencies have great appeal because of multi-

gigabit communication services, such as high-quality

digital multimedia and video systems, high-speed

Internet, gigabit wireless data transmission, and

short-range automotive radar sensors. Nevertheless,

there are concerns regarding the implementation of

millimetre-wave frequency bands due to the higher

interference effects of penetration, rain, and foliage.

These additional propagation losses vary depending

on the construction materials, the rainwater's strength,

or the trees' height (Maroua , 2019; Sulyman, 2014).

Because of the higher propagation losses and

oxygen absorption, on the order of 10-15dB per km,

in the vicinity of the 60 GHz band, the size of 60-GHz

links is small, allowing for more frequent frequency

reuse to build higher throughput. It is an exciting

property for the conception and development of

systems dedicated to the 5G wireless communication

system, but high gain antennas are also required.

Therefore, the system design must use antenna arrays

with good gain and high-efficiency properties to

lower overall cost and improve system performance.

With the low transmitting power and the high path

attenuation in the 60GHz band (68dB at 1m), it is

necessary to use directive antennas to obtain very

high throughput rates. Table 1 shows the performance

that can be found in some countries.

Table 1: Frequency range with maximum transmit power

and maximum gain for a 60 GHz system.

Countries FR(GHz) Power(mW) Gain(dB)

USA 57-64 500 -

an 59-66 10/250 47

Euro

e 57-66 20 37

China 59-64 10 34

Canada 57-64 500 -

3 DESIGN ASPECTS OF

MILLIMETRE-WAVE

ANTENNAS

5G has requirements to design and implement high

transmission speeds and colossal data throughputs

with a high footprint for various applications,

including sensor networks and intelligent buildings.

BML 2021 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIG DATA, MODELLING AND MACHINE LEARNING (BML’21)

104

Other preferred characteristics for antenna

Construction are Highly efficient radiation patterns

and stability throughout the required band and small

dimensions, and low profiles with easy integration.

Improvements in the antennas' gain and efficiency

must be considered when designing the system, as

propagation losses are higher at higher frequencies,

which means a better-received signal. The following

essential and vital element to consider during the

design phase is the supply lines' choice. Conventional

feeds such as microstrip lines and waveguides are

subject to undesirable influences when transmitting

and radiating at millimetre-wave frequencies,

decreasing the total radiation performance and

significantly reducing the gains generated by the

various antennas and antenna arrays.

4 60GHZ ANTENNA

TECHNOLOGY WITH

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Reflector, lens, or horn type antennas for millimetre-

wave communication systems are not suitable for 60

GHz radio systems because of their high price,

difficulty integrating into a component, and large

size, but they have a high gain. Because of this, the

researchers decided to focus on designing printed

antennas for millimetre-wave systems. These printed

antennas have several different and pleasing features:

low profile, small size, low cost, and easy integration

on components or the human body. Due to their

simplicity of design, several slot antenna structures

are employed to increase the antenna's performance.

In this part, we present the several types of antennas

for the 60GHz band, which offer considerable

flexibility and low cost. Low profile design

capabilities are presented in table 2, which gives the

possibility to compare the performance of these

antennas.

Table 2: performance comparisons of the different existing

antennas.

Ref DS Sizes

Types N

(Jyoti,

2017)

RT 8×8×1.6 AP - IS

(Aishah,

2017

)

RT 3.6×4.3×0.1

AP - IS

(Hang,

2013

)

RT 9.5×7.5×0.5

AP - IS

(Alam,

2013)

RT 1.48×1.5×1.

575

AP - IS

(Nacer,

2012)

RHF 10×100×

100

Yagi-

Uda

- -

(Ahmed,

2019

)

UL 33.5×20×0.

AP - IS

(Sarava

nya,

2017)

FR4 - AP - IS

(Seongk

yu,

2018)

FR4 5×5×0.127

Yagi-

Uda

8 PF

(Nacer,

2013

)

Tex - AA 4 -

(Da

Silva

Júnior,

2019

)

Si - AA 2 IS

(Younge

r, 2018)

TLY - AA 8 PF

Ref BW

GHz

Gain

(dB)

S11

(dB)

(Jyoti,

2017

)

4.028 5.6 -40.99 -

(Aishah,

2017)

- 7.55 -29.23 -

(Hang,

2013)

7 7,73 - -

(Alam,

2013

)

11.3 9.52 -41 C-P

(Nacer,

2012)

7 11.9 - P-P

(Ahmed,

2019)

- 2.19

4.43

-13.99

-19.26

(Sarava

nya,

2017)

11.9

/12

- -13.55

-13.76

(Seongk

yu,

2018

)

0.408

2.86 -23 -

(Nacer,

2013)

- 8.6 - C-P

(Da

Silva

Júnior,

2019

)

5.88 8.83 -30.4 -

(Younge

r, 2018

)

- 14,8 -27.5 -

where DS is the term for the support used for the

design, RT refers to Rogers RT5880 substrate with a

relative permittivity of ε

=2.2, RHF refers to

Rohacell 51 HF substrate with a relative permittivity

of εr=1.05, UL refers to ULTRALAM® 3850HT

substrate with a relative permittivity of ε

=3.14, Tex

refers to a textile substrate, SI refers to a silicon

substrate, TLY refers to TaconicTLY substrate, AP

means it's a patch antenna, the term AA indicates that

A Review of the Design of a Single Antenna and Antenna Arrays at 60 GHz for 5G Applications System

105

it is an antenna array, The symbols are as follows:

ET: technical enhancements, PF: probe feed, IS:

Inserting the slot, PT: polarization type, C-P: cross

polarization, P-P: parallel polarization, and NA:

number of antenna array elements.

Table 2 above details the previous results obtained

with the different antennas, as well as the type of

antenna, the number of elements in the antenna array,

the type of antenna polarization and the methods of

improving the antenna performance. Table 2 shows

that the antenna array mentioned in

(Da Silva Júnior,

2019) has a better bandwidth, and a larger reflection

coefficient S

than those mentioned in (Younger,

2018; Nacer, 2013; Seongkyu, 2018)

, as well as the

number of antenna elements being smaller than the

arrays mentioned in

(Younger, 2018; Nacer, 2013;

Seongkyu, 2018)

, But the array in (Younger, 2018)

achieves a high gain among other antenna arrays. The

performance of the antenna (Alam, 2013),

including

bandwidth, gain, and S

is better than that of the other

antennas mentioned in (Jyoti, 2017; Aishah,2017; Hang,

2013; Nacer, 2012; Ahmed, 2019; Saravanya, 2017;

Younger, 2018),

as well as its smaller size than the

latter.

The work done on the propagation mode in the 60

GHz frequency band shows that the technique of slot

insertions at the antennas allows obtaining very

efficient results, as shown in Table 2.

5 CONCLUSIONS

In recent decades the discipline of broadcasting has

undergone a period of considerable growth. Some

new antennas' technical progress, such as the

millimetre-wave antenna, broadband, dual/multiband

or reproducible structures, as well as dimensional

decrease, compactness, reduced profile, impedance

bandwidth, increased gain, or linear and circular

polarization applications, etc., have all contributed to

this growth. Even if a sufficient level of maturity has

been reached, several issues remain to be resolved.

The microstrip patch antenna can be designed to

integrate with a large part of the architecture to

develop the 5G application system features. This

report presents single antennas and antenna arrays in

the 60GHz bane for 5G communication; the purpose

of each antenna is to improve the performance of

other antennas.

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