On the Assessment of the Recreational Capacity of the Projected

Natural Park "Teriberka" in the Context of Sustainable Development

of the Murmansk Region

Miłosz Huber

, Marija Menshakova

and Ramziya Gainanova

Department of Geology, Soil Science and Geoinformacy, Faculty of Earth Science and Spatial Management. Maria Curie

– Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland

Laboratory Monitoring and Preservation of Natural Ecosystems of the Arctic, Murmansk State Arctic University,

Murmansk, Russia

Keywords: Recreational Capacity, Specially Protected Natural Areas, Standards for Allowable Recreational Loads.

Abstract: The results of the assessment of the ecological and economic balance and the recreational capacity of the

territory of the projected natural park "Teriberka" in the Murmansk region are presented. The ecological and

economic balance was determined on the basis of land explication data using the equation proposed by B.I.

Kochurov (1999). Recreational capacity was calculated using the methodology for assessing the current

capacity developed by A.D. Kalikhman and T.P. Kalikhman. The territory under consideration is one of the

leading tourists spots by popularity visiting the Murmansk region. According to the results of the study, it was

found that the current load does not exceed the calculated recreational capacity of the projected natural park.

Regular updating of data of the recreational capacity and current load is the basis for making decisions on the

regulation of the tourist flow and a condition for the effective functioning of Specially Protected Natural Areas.

1 INTRODUCTION

When planning the socio-economic development of

the regions of the Russian Federation, the growth of

domestic tourism shall be increasingly cited as one of

the leading factors of such development. The

Murmansk region is no exception. So, in the state

program "Economic Potential", approved by the

Decree of the Government of the Murmansk region

dated 11.11.2020 No. 780-PP, as the main activities

for the development of tourism next events are listed:

promotion of the Murmansk region as an attractive

region for tourists, state support of the subjects of the

tourism industry, the formation of a tourist and

recreational cluster. Specially protected natural areas

(SPNA) of regional significance shall be actively

involved in the recreational development of the

territory.

At the moment, the Government of the Murmansk

region has prepared materials to justify the creation

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-6230

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0441-668X

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4088-7246

of the state natural park "Teriberka" in the vicinity of

the village of Teriberka, Kola region. This area is one

of the most visited tourist destinations in the region.

The fast rise in popularity was associated with the

release of the film "Leviathan" by Andrey

Zvyagintsev. The tourist potential of the territory

consists from: the opportunity to visit the shores of

the Arctic Ocean, walks during the polar day,

watching the northern lights, snowmobile tours,

diving, sports and recreational fishing, birdwatching,

historical sights. Thereby, the village of Teriberka

environs shall be visited by tourists all year round.

Recently, the sustainable development of

territories shall be associated, among other things,

with the development of tourism (Shedenov et al,

2019), because it is generally accepted that this sector

of the economy does not cause significant damage to

nature and human health. At the same time, many

authors note that an increase in tourist traffic not only

creates a high load on ecosystems, but can also lead

to the destruction of natural objects that attract

Huber, M., Menshakova, M. and Gainanova, R.

On the Assessment of the Recreational Capacity of the Projected Natural Park "Teriberka" in the Context of Sustainable Development of the Murmansk Region.

DOI: 10.5220/0010663600003223

In Proceedings of the 1st International Scientiﬁc Forum on Sustainable Development of Socio-economic Systems (WFSDS 2021), pages 47-52

ISBN: 978-989-758-597-5

tourists and a sharp decrease in the number of tourists

in the future (Petrosillo et al, 2006: Lacitignola et al,

2007). In this connection, there is a need for a detailed

assessment of the value of tourist areas (Liangping et

al, 2019).

According to the materials of the justification for

giving the territory the legal status of SPNA, the

tourist flow shall be currently estimated at 40

thousand people per year (Report ..., 2021; book 2).

Исходный текст Thus, the anthropogenic load on the

natural complexes of the environs of the village of

Teriberka has significantly raised. The negative

consequences of this impact shall be aggravated by

the lack of a developed infrastructure for tourism

purposes and mechanisms for regulating the flow of

tourists. So, in the environs of the Teriberka village,

the flow of road transport has increased in the absence

of organized parking spaces, which leads to

uncontrolled parking of cars, destruction of the

ground cover, threats to the existence of rare plant

species included in the Red Book, and disturbance of

animals living on the territory. The lack of

accommodation facilities in the village and the lack

of organized tourist camps cause spontaneous

recreational development, the appearance of new

bonfires, which threatens the loss of the properties of

valuable natural objects, a deterioration in the

recreational qualities of the territory, and sometimes

the outbreak of fires, especially dangerous in the

tundra zone.

The materials for the justification of the SPNA

creation contain an assessment of the factors of

negative impact that threaten natural complexes.

Excessive tourist flow shall be cited as one of these

factors. The assessment of the ecological and

recreational capacity of the territory was not carried

out at the design stage of SPNA. At the same time,

the availability of such data could increase the

efficiency of decisions made on the zoning of the

territory of the natural park, the development of a

management plan for SPNA. In the context of

recreational development of the Arctic territories, this

is of particular relevance.

Recreational capacity, as a rule, means the

maximum number of visitors that can simultaneously

be on the territory without threats to its condition. To

determine the capacity, such an indicator as the

standard of allowable recreational loads, expressed in

the number of people per unit area, shall be used.

Such standards have been developed and shall be

widely used for forest areas (Temporary

methodology, 1987; Plotnikova, Vasilyeva, 2019).

The temporary methodology, which has not lost its

relevance now, contains the norms valid for the zone

for mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests and also

the requirement to reduce these norms by 2.5 times

when calculating the recreational capacity of

territories located in the northern taiga subzone. For

landscaped areas of settlements, the estimated

number of one-time visitors to parks, forest parks,

forests, green zones were established by SP

42.13330.2016 with the requirement to reduce the

norms by 20% in the zone of deserts and semi-deserts.

Work to establish standards for permissible

recreational loads was carried out in the SPNA of

Kamchatka (Chizhova, 2006), in the Volga river delta

(Chizhova, 2007), in the protected areas of Central

Altai (Yashina, Sharavina, 2005).

For the tundra zone of the Murmansk region, the

standards of permissible recreational loads have not

yet been developed. With that, a significant share of

the tourist flow falls on the outskirts of the Teriberka

village (Semenov, 2019) and the Rybachy and Sredny

Peninsulas Natural Park (Petrova, Borovichev, 2019),

located in the forest-tundra and tundra zones.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this work, the assessment of the recreational

capacity of the territory of the projected natural park

"Teriberka" shall be carried out on the basis of the

approaches proposed by a team of authors under the

leadership of D.Yu. Zemlyansky (2020) and also the

methodology for assessing the current capacity

(Kalikhman A.D., Kalikhman T. P., 2014).

Preliminarily, the determination of the ecological

and economic balance of the territory was carried out

using the equation proposed by B.I. Kochurov (1999).

This methodological approach has been repeatedly

used to assess the ecological and economic balance of

various territories of the Russian Federation: in the

Penza region (Tkachuk et al., 2020), the Saratov

region (Vasilchenko, Khavanskaya, 2020), the

territory of the Ob-Tomsk interfluve (Panchenko,

Dyukarev, 2016), Republic of Tyva (Chupikova et al.,

2020).

To determine the capacity of linear objects, the

physical current load (FTN) and the maximum

allowable number of visits (PTE) were calculated by

the following formulas:

FTN = A* V/ a * Rf (1

)

where A - is the area available for public use;

V - is the number of visitors;

a - unit of area;

Rf - rotation factor (number of visitors per day).

WFSDS 2021 - INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FORUM ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

РТЕ = FТ

- Сf1 - Cf2 - …Cfn (2)

where Cf - correction factors, %.

As corrective factors, the calculation takes into

account the share of the part of the route located

within the boundaries of the projected natural park

from the total length; the share of habitats of plant

species included in the Red Data Book of the

Murmansk Region, located on the route and in the

immediate vicinity of it, of the total number of known

habitats (for the summer period); percentage of days

when the travel to the Teriberka village is limited due

to weather conditions.

As the initial data, we used materials to justify the

creation of protected areas in the natural park

“Teriberka” (Report..., 2021; book 1, book 2), from

the website of the Ministry of Natural Resources,

Ecology and Fisheries of the Murmansk Region.

3 RESEARCH RESULTS AND

THEIR DISCUSSION

3.1 Ecological and Economic Balance

of the Territory

The calculation results are shown in tables 1 and 2.

According to the explication of the lands of the

projected natural park, the main part of the territory is

made up of undistributed lands with a low degree of

anthropogenic load, that makes it possible to

preliminarily assess the ecological and economic

situation as favorable.

The obtained value of the coefficient of absolute

ecological stress, which reflects the ratio of areas that

have undergone a strong anthropogenic

transformation and ow-disturbed areas, also indicates

a relatively favorable state of the environment. The

value of the coefficient of relative ecological stress is

very different from 1, which excludes the assessment

of the ecological and economic state of the territory

as balanced. The area of land forming the ecological

fund is 1774.6 hectares.

In accordance with the methodology of B.I.

Kochurov, the value of the coefficient of natural

protection less than 0.5 is interpreted as a critical

level, indicating land congestion with economic

activity. For the territory under consideration, the

value of coefficient of natural protection was 0.57,

which slightly exceeds the critical level and allows, at

the current level of anthropogenic load, to assess the

natural protection as satisfactory. Nevertheless, it

should be understood that the determination of the

ecological and economic balance of the territory

solely according to the explication data is formal,

since the land management materials do not always

fully reflect the scale of the economic development of

the territory.

Table 1. Determination of the degree of anthropogenic load (AL) of the lands of the projected natural park "Teriberka".

Land category Area, hectares

Propor

tion,

Points

Degree of

Undistributed lands 2156.7 69 2 Low

Lands for industry, energy, transport, communications, radio

broadcasting, television, informatics, land for space activities,

land for defense, securit

and other s

ecial

oses

849.2 27 6 Highest

Agricultural land 123 4 4 High

Total 3128.9

Table 2. Determination of the parameters of the ecological and economic balance of the territory of the projected natural park

"Teriberka".

The name of the parameter Calculation formula (Kochurov,

1999)

The Value

Coefficient of absolute environmental stress (Ka) Ка=AL6/AL1

0.39

Coefficient of relative environmental stress (Ko) Ко=(AL4+AL5+AL6)/

(AL1+AL2+AL3)

0.45

Total area of land with environment and resource stabilizing

functions

(

Ref

)

, hectares

Ref=R1+0.8 R2+0.6 R3+0.4 R4

1774.6

Coefficient of natural protection (Кез) Кез=Ref/Rо

0.57

On the Assessment of the Recreational Capacity of the Projected Natural Park "Teriberka" in the Context of Sustainable Development of the

Murmansk Region

3.2 Assessment of Recreational

Capacity

The assessment of the recreational capacity of the

territory of the projected natural park and its protected

area was carried out using the methodology where the

recreational capacity of the protected areas is equal to

the sum of the capacities of individual recreational

zones (Zemlyansky et al., 2020).

At the capacity assessing, it is important to take

into account that the recreational load on the territory

is uneven. The maximum load falls on a number of

attractants located along the sea coast, which are the

most attractive for tourists, as well as on the territory

of the Teriberka village, which is included in the

protected area of the natural park.

The recreational capacity of the territory was set

for the most popular route, taking into account the

seasonal characteristics of staying on the territory

(Fig. 1).

The route passes through the territory of the first

cluster and the protected area of the projected natural

park. During the recreational capacity calculating, the

area of the protected areas of the projected park was

not excluded from the total area of clusters within the

boundaries of which there are tourist sites, since the

draft regulation on the natural park does not contain

prohibitions and restrictions in terms of the

implementation of recreational activities in protected

areas.

The conditions of stay of tourists on the territory

vary significantly by season. During calculating the

duration of the summer period was taken equal to 122

days (June-September), winter - 244 days (October-

May).

Summer time the route is open 24/7. In winter,

due to weather conditions, the road to the Teriberka

village is periodically closed, which excludes the

possibility of delivering tourists to the route.

Figure 1: Schematic map of the location of the projected

natural park "Teriberka".

Some parts of the territory may become inaccessible

in winter, so the length of the route during this period

can be significantly reduced. The size of the groups

according to the data presented on the websites of

fifteen different travel agencies offering tours in the

vicinity of the Teriberka village is from 4 to 30

people. The average group size shall be used in the

calculation. The results of calculating the recreational

capacity of the route are shown in Table 3.

Based on the obtained values of the maximum

allowable number of visits, it is possible to calculate

the maximum capacity of the route by season and also

the annual recreational capacity:

304*122+90*244=59106 person per year.

Table 3. Recreational capacity of the route calculation.

Indicators

Unit of

measurement

Route

Summe

Winter

Route len

th m 10000 4000

Route visit time, total hou

1 1

Tourist flow direction unit 24 4

Average time to pass the trail, hours. hou

4 4

Group size

erson 11 11

Minimum distance between tourist groups m 500 300

The size of the nature trail

er visitor

(

1m * 1m

)

.m. 1.5 1.5

Number of

rou

s on the route unit 20 13

Number of visits per da

unit 6 1

Physical Current Stress (FTN)

erson per da

1980.00 214.50

Maximum allowable number of visits (PTE)

erson per da

304 90

WFSDS 2021 - INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FORUM ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Thus, the scale of the existing tourist flow to the

territory does not exceed the calculated recreational

capacity. At the same time, mechanisms for

regulating recreational loads are not implemented at

this stage. The Government of the Russian Federation

has approved a regulatory act that allows you to

collect fees for visiting SPNA. If a checkpoint is

established, the possibility of visiting the territory of

the projected natural park "Teriberka" may be limited

by the operating mode of such a checkpoint. As a

result, despite the polar day, tourists will not be able

to walk on the route around the clock, which will

increase the one-time load on the territory.

4 CONCLUSION

The recreational capacity of the route established in

the framework of this study on the territory of the

projected natural park "Teriberka" and its protective

area should be regularly adjusted taking into account

new data on the nature of tourist development of the

territory, the results of monitoring the state of natural

complexes of the most popular areas, as well as

protected objects. This will make it possible to make

informed decisions on the regulation of recreational

loads, this is a condition for the effective functioning

of SPNA.

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