Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth): Chemistry, Biology, and

Anti-inflammatory Activities: A Review

Khairan

1,2,3,4

, Syaifullah Muhammad

4,5

and Muhammad Diah

Departement of Pharmacy, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Pusat Riset Obat Herbal, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Pusat Riset Etnoscience, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

PUI-Nilam Aceh-Atsiri Research Centre, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine,

Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Keywords: Pogostemon cablin Benth, Phytochemicals, Biology Activities, Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

Abstract: Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) is an essential oil and an aromatic medicinal plant, industrially valued

due to widely used in flavours, fragrance and pharmaceuticals. Recently, researchers are showing deep interest

towards patchouli alcohol. In Indonesia, patchouli is commonly known as ‘nilam’ which stand for Nederlands

Indische Land ook Acheh Maatscappij. Understanding the chemistry, biology, and anti-inflammatory

activities allows its utilization in medicine, toiletries, perfumery and insecticides. This review provides a

comprehensive information on chemical compositions of patchouli species and its extracts by gas

chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID).

The biological activities of patchouli towards microorganisms is also being reviewed. This review also

provides an additional information on anti-inflammatory activities of Pogostemon cablin Benth.

1 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, the natural product from plants are widely

used as herbal medicines and health therapy to treat

various diseases. Some products including essential

oils, dyes, cosmetics, and drugs also derived from

natural products. Currently, several medicinal and

aromatic plants are widely cultivated by farmers and

industrial agricultural both large and small scale to

obtain plants metabolites that are indispensable for

industrial needs (Lubbe and Verpoorte, 2011). The

aromatic plants are capable to produce some

essentials oils that are useful for several therapeutics

such as pharmaceutical, perfume and food industries.

For example, perfumes, cosmetics, and other health

products used 90% of essential oils sourced from

plants.

In Indonesia, patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin

Benth) is commonly known as ‘NILAM’ which stand

for Nederlands Indische Land ook Acheh

Maatscappij. P. cablin is an herbaceous plant, spread

in Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam, Malaysia,

Thailand, and Indonesia. P. cablin mainly contains of

patchouli alcohol, this compound is functioned as

long-lasting aroma or as fixative in perfumes

industries. This compound commonly used as

indicator to determine the quality of essential oils

from patchouli (Anonis, 2006). Patchouli alcohol,

commonly used in the perfume manufacturing

industry and some products such as soap, detergents,

body lotions, and cosmetics (Swamy and Sinniah,

2015), deodorants, and insecticides (Hasegawa et al.,

1992).

P. cablin is also known contain several

metabolites such as sesquiterpenes, hydrocarbons,

patchoulol, patchoulene, bulnesene, guaiene,

caryophyllene, elemene, and copaene. P. cablin also

contains others bioactive compounds such as

flavonoids and glycosides (Hasegawa et al., 1992). In

addition, patchouli oil is also widely used as

aromatherapy to increase sexual arousal

(aphrodisiac), to mitigate depression, and anxiety to

calm nerves. Several studies reported that patchouli

oil are potentials used for treatments of antimicrobial,

analgesic, antioxidant, antiplatelet, aphrodisiac,

antithrombotic, antidepressant, antimutagenic,

Khairan, ., Muhammad, S. and Diah, M.

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth): Chemistry, Biology, and Anti-inﬂammatory Activities: A Review.

DOI: 10.5220/0009956600670073

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Essential Oils (ICEO 2019), pages 67-73

ISBN: 978-989-758-456-5

fibronolytic, antiemetic, and cytotoxic activity

(Swamy and Sinniah, 2015; Chakrapani et al., 2013;

Priya et al., 2014). In this review, we described some

chemicals compounds containing in P. cablin and the

biological activities on some bacteria, fungi and

others microorganisms. In this review, the anti-

inflammatory activities of P. cablin also

communicated.

2 CHEMICALS COMPOSITION

OF PATCHOULI OIL

(Pogostemon cablin benth)

Patchouli oil contains some secondary metabolites

and some volatile and in-volatile compounds. Some

of these compounds are described as shown below.

2.1 Phytochemicals

The phytochemicals screening results showed that P.

cablin contains several secondary metabolites

including monoterpenoids, triterpenoids,

sesquiterpenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, organic

acids, lignins, glycosides, alcohols and aldehydes.

The main of phytochemicals from P. cablin were

patchouli alcohol, α-patchoulene, β-patchoulene, α-

bulnesene, seychellene, norpatchoulenol, pogostone,

eugenol and pogostol (Mallapa et al., 2016).

2.2 Volatile Chemical Composition of

Pogostemon cablin Benth

P. cablin generally contains volatile and non-volatile

compounds. The volatile compounds generally

derived from the leaves and stems such as

monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and alcohol. Ling

mentioned that P. cablin consisting of patchouli

alcohol (31.86%), seychellene (9.58%), α-guaiene

(8.82%), δ-guaiene (8.65%), δ-patchoulene (8.8%)

8.48%), ß-patchoulene (6.91%), and pogostone

(3.83%) (Ling et al., 1992). Zang also reported that

96% compounds containing in P. cablin were

generally in the form of volatile compounds (Zhnag

et al., 2003). Some volatile compounds such as

geranium ketone, 7-patchoulene, α-patchoulene, α-

bulnesene, 5-cedrol and eucalyptus oil ketene. Zhou

also reported that the aerial part of P. cablin contains

four compounds derived from patchoulene namely

8α, 9α-dihydroxypatchoulol; 3α, 8α-

dihydroxypatchoulol; 6α-hydroxypatchoulol and 2ß,

12-dihydroxypatchoulol (Zhou et al., 2011). Zhou

also successfully identified four sesquiterpenoid

compounds from the aerial part of P. cablin such as

(5R) -5-hydroxypathoulol, (9R) -9-

hydroxypatchoulol, (8S) -8-hydroxypatoulol and

(3R) -3-hydroxypathoulol (Zhou et al., 2011). The

main structure of terpenoids contained in volatile oil

from P. cablin can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1: The main structure of terpenoids contained in

volatile oil from P. cablin.

2.3 Non-volatile Chemical Composition of

Pogostemon cablin Benth

Besides volatile compounds, P. cablin also contains

several non-volatile compounds. Guan reported that

two flavones compounds such as retusine (1) and

pachypodol (2) also available in P. cablin. Guan also

reported that ethanolic extracts from leaves and stems

of P. cablin contain four non-volatile compounds

(flavonoids glycosides) such as isorhamnetin-3-O-ß-

D-galactoside (3), hyperoside (4), 3,5,8,3',4'-

pentahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone-3-O-β-D-

galactoside (5) and isisolidone-7-O-α-L-

rhamnopyranoside (6). Some researchers also

reported several other types of flavone compounds

such as 3α-hydroxypatchoulane-3-O-β-D-

glucopyranoside (7), 15-hydroxypatchoulol 15-O-β-

D-glucopyranoside (8) (Ding et al. (2009) Friedelin

(9), epifriedelinol (10), oleanolic acid (11), ß-

sitosterol (12), eugenol (13), cinnamaldehyde (14),

benzaldehyde (15), patchoulipyridine (16),

epiguaipyridine (17), and daucosterin (18) [Guan et

al., 1994; Itokawa et al., 1981; Treasure 2005).

(Figure 2).

Ding reported that ethanolic and buthanolic

extracts from leaves and stems of P. cablin contains

several glycosides compunds such as apigenin 7- (O-

methylglucuronide), apigenin-7-galacturonide,

luteolin 7-O- (6-O-methyl-β-D-

glucuronopyranoside), quercetin-7-β-D-glucoside,

syringaresinol-β-D-glucoside, verbascoside,

orobanchoside and campneoside I (Ding et al., 2009).

ICEO 2019 - 2nd International Conference of Essential Oil Indonesia

Figure 2: Structure of some non-volatile compounds apart

from flavonoids in P. cablin.

However, the quality of essential oils from P.

cablin is highly depend on chemotypes and others

factor such as environmental conditions, ways of

adaptation, climate, gene quality, dryness of leaves,

geographical location (geographical index), and time

of harvest. The research conducted by Blank.

mentioned that P. cablin planted in different harvest

seasons would have different chemotypes both

qualitatively and quantitatively. Interestingly, the

main compound of patchouli alcohol (patchoulol)

was founded in all plants that planted in different

seasons

(Blank et al., 2011). (Table 1).

Besides the harvesting seasons, the chemical

content of the patchouli alcohol was also strongly

influenced by the geographical indication. Yunhui

reported that patchouli alcohol and pogostone from P.

cablin were differences in percentage of yield of 36

samples in three provinces in China (Guangdong,

Guangxi and Hunan Provinces)

(Yinhui et al.,2006).,

Figure 3.

Table 1: The percentage of main volatile compounds from

P. cablin Benth in different seasons of harvesting time

using gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization

detector (GC-FID) (Blank et al., 2011).

Note: 1

: harvest (May 2008); 2

: harvest (August 2008);

: harvest (November 2008); and 4

: harvest (February

2009)

Figure 3: The percentages of patchouli alcohol and

pogostone from 36 samples of P. cablin in three provinces

in China (Yinhui et al.,2006).

Yunhui also mentioned that Guangdong Province

(S1-S23) had percentage of patchouli alcohol and

pogostone were 43.51 and 7.47%, respectively.

While, Guangxi Province (S24-S33) had percentage

of patchouli alcohol and pogostone were 40.81 and

9.65%, respectively. Interestingly, the samples from

Hunan Province (S34-S36) had the highest patchouli

Main volatile

compounds

Percentage of abundance

compounds (%) each harvest

time

α-Pinene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

ß-Pinene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Limonene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Acetophenone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

ß-Patcoulene 2.30 2.81 2.62 2.02

ß-Elemene 0.72 0.39 1.06 0.45

ß-Caryophyllene 2.41 1.18 2.24 1.53

α-Guaiene 7.43 3.73 5.99 4.44

Seychellene 5.01 3.01 4.58 3.25

α-Humulene 0.63 0.30 0.33 0.32

α-Patcoulene 3.14 1.71 2.81 1.95

α-Bulnesene 10.32 5.82 8.37 6.48

(E)nerolidol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Caryophyllene

oxide

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

ß-Atlantol 0.00 0.54 1.01 1.17

Pogostol 4.18 5.04 4.30 5.06

Pathoulol 55.25 68.41 61.17 62.15

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth): Chemistry, Biology, and Anti-inﬂammatory Activities: A Review

alcohol content (51.70%) and the lowest pogostone

content (2.11%). These results indicate that plant

sources (cultivation sources), growth temperature

(climate) and time of growth (harvesting time) greatly

affect the chemical composition of essential oils of P.

cablin

(Yinhui et al.,2006).

3 BIOLOGY ACTIVITIES

3.1 Antibacterial Activities

Luo reported that aqueous P. cablin extract possess

antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,

Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enteritis

coccus and Aerobacter aerogenes. Interestingly, this

extract has antibacterial activity against

Staphylococcus aureus significantly, but does not

show activity against Escherichia coli (Luo, 2005).

Pattnaik mentioned that patchouli oil was effective in

inhibiting on 20 bacterial strains and 12 fungal

strains. He also mentioned that the patchouli oil

derived from several countries with geographical

differences such as China, India, and Indonesia

showed antifungal activity against 17 of pathogenic

fungi, and effective against 16 commensal bacteria

from the skin, mucous membranes, nails, feet and

armpits (Pattnaik et al., 1996). Hammer also

mentioned that P. cablin extract were effective in

inhibiting Acenitobacter baumanii, Aeromonas

veronii, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis,

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteric and

Staphyllococcus aureus. The organics leave extracts

of P. cablin were reported have significant activity

against Escherichia coli, Escherichia aerogenes,

Bacillus substilis, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Among all the compounds contained in patchouli oil,

pogostone and (-) - patchoulol have the greatest

therapeutic effect on bacteria (Hammer et al., 1999).

3.2 Antifungal Activities

The research conducted by Kocevski showed that

patchouli oil has antifungal activity against 11 fungal

types. However, it has no activity against Aspergillus

flavus, Aspergillus niger and Escherichia coli, but

showed antifungal activity against several

Aspergillus species at concentration of 44.52%

(Kocevski et al., 2013). Yang reported that patchouli

alcohol, α-bulnesene and patchoulene isolated from

P. cablin from China have activity on 12 types of

dermatophytes (dermatophytes) with MIC

values

were around 50-400 μg / L (Yang et al., 2000). In

addition, the combination of patchouli oil and sodium

artesunate has a synergistic effect on Plasmodium

berghei (Liu et al., 2000). Yu also reported that

pogostone from P. cablin had antifungal activity

against clinical isolate of Candida albicans at

concentrations of 50-400 µg / ml both in vitro and in

vivo (Yu et al., 2012). Lie showed that pogostone

from P. cablin is also effective as candidiasis

especially against Vulvovaginal candidiasis (Lie et

al., 1994).

3.3 Antiviral Activities

P. cablin extracts were reported have anti-influenza

activity against the FMI virus in vivo to the mouse

model by evaluating the pulmonary index, while the

methanolic extract of P. cablin leaves was known

have antiviral activity against influenza viruses

(Kiyohara et al., 2012). Gao reported that patchouli

alcohol in volatile oils obtained from isolation using

HPLC showed antiviral activity against H1N1 with an

value of 2,635 µM. In addition, Gao also

reported that the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts

of P. cablin had an excellent antiviral effect against

the coxsackie B virus, with IC50 values of 26.92 and

13.84 µg / ml, respectively (Gao et al., 2009). P.

cablin was also known to have effects on Herpes

simplex types I and II in people with HIV-AIDS

(Buckle, 2002). However, until now it has not been

known exactly how the mechanism of action of P.

cablin as an antivirus.

3.4 Insecticidal Activities

P. cablin leaf extract at a concentration of 1% (w / w)

was known to be effective as a repellent against

Stegobium paniceum (Kardian, 1997). Chun reported

that patchouli oil was effective against Lasioderma

serricorne, Sitophilus zeamais, Tribolium confusum,

Falsogastrallus sauteri, and Coptotermes

formosanus Shiraki (Chun et al., 2000). Patchouli oil

is also effective as a repellent for mosquitoes Ades

aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex

quinquefasciatus (Trongtokit et al., 2005;

Albuquerque et al., 2013; Gokulakrishnan et al.,

2013). Petroleum ether extract of P. cablin leaves was

also reported to be effective against

Dermatophagoides farina (Wu et al., 2010).

Progostone compounds from P. cablin were also

reported effective as larvicidal, antifeedant, pupicidal

activities against Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera

exigua (Huang et al., 2014).

ICEO 2019 - 2nd International Conference of Essential Oil Indonesia

3.5 Nematicidal Activities

Wiratno reported that patchouli oil from P. cablin has

nematicidal activity against root-knot nematode of

Meloidogyne incognita with a mortality rate of

around 4 ± 5.6% with IC

, IC

, and IC

values was

more than 19.2 mg / ml (Wiratno et al., 2009). Patidar

also reported that P. cablin extract at a concentration

of 500 ppm had nematicidal effect on second stage

juveniles (J2) Meloidogyne incognita with a percent

mortality of 28.25% after 48 hours of incubation of

time (Patidar et al., 2016).

4 ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS

Hussin reported that patchouli oil had antioxidant

activity and radical scavenging by DPPH assay. The

results of the antioxidant effect test also showed that

patchouli oil from P. cablin had a higher activity than

mannitol. Polysaccharide compounds from P. cablin

are reported to be able to remove hydroxyl radicals

(•OH) and superoxide radicals (O

•) (Hussin et al.,

2012). Other results also show that P. cablin is very

effective in protecting A172 cells (human

neuroglioma cell line) from necrosis and apoptosis

induced by hydrogen peroxide (H

), which is

indicated by the ability of P. cablin act as reactive

oxygen (ROS)-scavenger (Kim et al., 2010). In

addition, patchouli alcohol reported able to reduce the

level of ROS and Ca

ions to cells induced by Aß25-

35. P. cablin is also reported to be able to protect the

intestinal barrier function by protecting membrane’s

fluidity of epithelial cells through regulation of NO

and TNF-α in serum. The volatile oil from P. cablin

has also been reported to have an antitussive and

expectorant effect on ammonia-induced mice (Xie

and Tang, 2009).

5 ANTI-INFLAMMANTORY

ACTIVITIES

It has been reported that methanolic extract of P.

cablin possess anti-inflammatory activity by reduced

the level of malondialdehyde in paw endema on mice

by increasing the antioxidant activity of enzymes in

the liver (Lu et al., 2011). Lu also mentioned that this

extract was able to reduce the level of superoxide

dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase,

gluthathione reductase, COX-2 and TNF-α in paw

endema of mice. The extract of P. cablin also reported

have strongest anti-inflammatory response by

regulation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and

prostaglandin E (2). Yu also reported that patchouli

alcohol from Pogostemonis plant mice was able to

inhibit ear edema and paw edema in xylene and

carrageenan-induced mice at concentration of 10-40

mg / kg body weight of mice. The patchouli alcohol

was also able to reduce the production of TNF-α, IL-

1ß, iNOS, and COX-2 in hind paw to carrageenan-

induced mice (Yu et al., 2011). In addition, Jin also

reported that patchouli alcohol has anti-inflammatory

activity against RAW264.7 and HT-29 cell lines

through suppressing ERK mediated by the NF-κB

pathway (Jin et al., 2013). Li mentioned that

pogostone has an anti-inflammatory effect and could

be potential developed as septic shock therapy (Li et

al., 2014). Besides that, Park reported that aqueous P.

cablin extract was be able to suppressed colon

inflammation by suppressing the expression of pro-

inflammatory cytokines (Park et al., 2014).

6 CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

This review tries to summarize the latest research

related to the phytochemical content, biological

activity and anti-inflammatory effect of P. cablin.

The chemical constituents of P. cablin were strongly

influence by several factors including environmental

conditions, adaptation methods, climate, gene

quality, dryness of leaves, harvest time, and its

geographical location. However, further research

needed to develop patchouli oil as drug candidate

particularly for anti-inflammatory drugs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank to Atsiri Research Center (ARC)

and Herbal Medicine Research Center (ProHerbal) of

Universitas Syiah Kuala for their support of this

study.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of

interest.

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