Women Participation in an Ecotourism Village Management: A Case

Study in the Ecotourism Village of Pampang, Paliyan District,

Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia

Endang Widayati

, Yitno Purwoko

, Andhyka Murti

STIE “Pariwisata API”, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords:

Participation, Women, Ecotourism Village

Abstract:

The aim of the study was to identify women’s participation in the management of tourism villages analysed

from aspects of activity, access and control in the preparation of programs, implementation, monitoring and

evaluation, as well as supporting and inhibiting aspects of women’s participation. The method used is de-

scriptive qualitative approach, by using naturalistic models that researchers act as key instruments. In addition

to the FGD, data collection was through observation and in-depth interviews. The data analysis is based on

gender sensitivity, includes: activity proﬁle, access and control proﬁle, analysis of supporting factors and in-

hibiting factors for women’s participation in the management of tourist villages. The result obtained is that

there are indications of the still low participation of women in the management of tourist villages in the re-

search locations. Women’s participation is still limited to providing food. Nevertheless there is a desire to

play a further role in the development of the Ecotourism Village in Pampang, not just limited to taking care of

culinary affairs.

1 INTRODUCTION

The contribution of the tourism sector in sustaining

the economy is quite large, this is reﬂected in its con-

tribution to the national GDP by 10% in 2015 (the

highest in ASEAN) with an average growth above

the industry. Foreign exchange 9.3% ranked fourth

after palm oil, coal, crude oil and natural gas, with

the highest growth compared to other commodities.

The tourism sector is also able to provide 9.8 mil-

lion jobs or 8.4%. In 2016 the number of foreign

tourist visits was 12,023,971 visits with a fairly high

growth of 15.54% (Thailand 9.7%, Singapore 7.9%

and Malaysia 4.4%).

Half of Indonesia’s population is women, a con-

siderable potential if they can participate in tourism

development. The level of women’s participation in

tourism development is not inseparable from the gen-

der disparities that currently occur. The gender gap

indicated by the achievement of the Gender Inequality

Index (GII) in Indonesia in 2014 was 0.49 compared

to the world average of 0.45, means that Indonesia’s

IKG was still higher. IKG is determined through three

aspects, namely aspects of health, empowerment and

economic status (HDR, 2015). Gender equality and

women’s empowerment are one of the goals of the

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Human de-

velopment contains elements of gender equality and

empowerment. To ﬁnd out the success of human de-

velopment is used HDI (Human Development Index),

which was then further developed by UNDP with the

Gender-related Development Index (GDI) to measure

the gap in human development of men and women.

Whereas to measure participation between women

and men in economic, political and decision making

activities, the Gender Empowerment Index (GEI) is

used.

The tourism sector, which is able to boost for-

eign exchange and provide considerable employment

opportunities both formally and informally, can cer-

tainly be used to the maximum to reduce the gender

gap that occurs. This is in line with the Village Law

Number 6 of 2014 which establishes the principles

of participation, equality and empowerment. These

three principles are the foundation of inclusive village

development, which accommodates the value of gen-

der equality through women’s participation and em-

powerment.

Gunungkidul is one of the regencies that has con-

siderable tourism potential in DIY. It has various

forms and types of tourist destinations in the form

of beaches, karst, as well as other beautiful natural

306

Widayati, E., Purwoko, Y. and Murti, A.

Women Participation in an Ecotourism Village Management: A Case Study in the Ecotourism Village of Pampang, Paliyan District, Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009868903060313

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Creative Economics, Tourism and Information Management (ICCETIM 2019) - Creativity and Innovation Developments for Global

Competitiveness and Sustainability, pages 306-313

ISBN: 978-989-758-451-0

/ panoramic views. From 2011 to 2015, tourist visits

to Gunungkidul experienced a sharp increase, an aver-

age of 45% per year from 616,696 visits to 2,642,759.

At present the Gunung Kidul Regency GDI is 83.1,

still far below the DIY Province average that is 94.41,

so is the GEI that is only 64.48 meanwhile the DIY

Provinse average is 68.75. This indicates that the level

of equality and empowerment is still low, as shown in

the following Figure 1.

Figure 1: Achievement of GEI, HDI, and GDI of Gunung

Kidul Regency and DIY Province in 2015.Source: KPP-PA,

2016

In 2015, Gunung Kidul HDI amounted to 67.41

below the DIY HDI of 77.55; The male HDI is 74.06

below the average DIY achievement of 80.6; likewise

with female’s HDI of 61.55 below the DIY of 76.09.

The gap between the HDI male of Gunung Kidul Re-

gency and the average male of DIY HDI shows a

smaller number compared to the gap between the HDI

of Gunung Kidul District female and the average of

DIY HDI of female. For the comparison of HDI of

women and men in Gunung Kidul Regency, the gap

is quite high at 13.51. The GDI also shows a consid-

erable difference between the DIY average GDI and

the Gunung Kidul Regency GDI. From here it shows

that there is still a considerable gap between the role

of women and men in human development.

The aim of the study was to identify women’s

participation in the management of Tourism Villages

in terms of aspects of activity, access and control

in program preparation, implementation, monitoring

and evaluation, as well as supporting and inhibiting

aspects of women’s participation.

2 LITERATURE STUDY

2.1 Gender Analysis

Gender analysis is used to analyze issues of gender

injustice (Fakih, 1995) (Puspitawati, 2009). It is nec-

essary to distinguish between gender differences and

gender inequalities with the structure of society’s in-

justice. The concept of gender provides an under-

standing of the signiﬁcance of women and men who

are constructed socially and culturally. Women are

considered motherly, gentle, emotional, painstaking,

and other characteristics that are considered inherent

in women. While men are considered strong, pow-

erful, rational and other characteristics that are con-

sidered inherent in men (Fakih, 1995). Social con-

struction actually places women in an unfavorable

position, and often women lose the opportunity to

actualize because of this. This issue creates a bar-

rier for women to carry out activities in the public

sphere. Gender analysis is used to analyze the po-

sition of men and women in society to identify their

speciﬁc potential and needs, especially focusing on

the imbalance of power, welfare and workload be-

tween men and women in society. The gender anal-

ysis is a process of analyzing data and information

systematically about men and women to identify and

reveal the position, function, roles and responsibilities

of men and women and the inﬂuencing factors (Pus-

pitawati, 2009). Gender analysis is used in developing

Gender Mainstreaming (PUG) policies to achieve jus-

tice and gender equality by taking into account the ex-

periences, aspirations, needs and problems of women

and men in planning, implementing, monitoring and

evaluating all policies and programs in various ﬁelds

of life and development.

In the instructions of the President of Indonesia

Republic No. 9 of 2000 concerning Gender Main-

streaming in National Development, gender is a con-

cept that refers to the roles and responsibilities of

men and women that occur as a result of and can

be changed by the social and cultural conditions of

the community. Gender is different from the char-

acteristics of men and women in a biological sense

(of Women’s Empowerment and Protection, 2016).

Gender meaning refers to differences in men and

women in roles, behaviors, activities and attributes

that are socially constructed. This difference is not

a problem if accompanied by justice between the two.

Therefore gender equality is a right that should be ob-

tained so that men and women have equal opportuni-

ties to play a role and participate in the ﬁeld of life.

One of the Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) is aimed at achieving gender equality and em-

powering women. According to the United Nations

gender equality refers to equal rights, responsibilities

and opportunities between men and women. Men and

women have the same role in development so that they

have the same rights to contribute and enjoy the re-

sults of development both in the economic, political

and social ﬁelds. There are inequalities in tourism de-

velopment (Skanavis and Sakellari, 2008). The role

of women has not been optimal because there is a

Women Participation in an Ecotourism Village Management: A Case Study in the Ecotourism Village of Pampang, Paliyan District,

Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia

307

dilemma in the community towards the position of

women (PUTRI et al., 2017) Behavior and a gender-

conscious perspective is needed to reduce this gap

in planning to decision making. There was still dis-

crimination against the social status of women and

thus became an obstacle in women’s empowerment

(Skanavis and Sakellari, 2008). The lack of women’s

participation in contributing to development programs

caused the gap to continue.

2.2 Women’s Participation

Participation shows involvement in an activity. Partic-

ipation is interpreted as the involvement of mentality

and emotion of a person within a situational group

which increase the contribution to common goals and

share the duty (Davis and Mewstrom, 1990). Par-

ticipation creates a sense of responsibility and sense

of belonging towards an activity carried out together

to achieve a common goal. Women’s participation

in the ‘PKK’ (family welfare and empowerment fo-

rum) whose members are all women, tends to be more

active, the members freely express their aspirations

(Agnes et al., 2016). Different from the Musren-

bang forum in which women never voiced their as-

pirations directly but through the PKK chair. There is

still reluctance (lack of conﬁdence) when women are

in meetings / events with heterogeneous participants

with limited number of female participants (Agnes

et al., 2016). The measure of women’s participation

in development can be seen from the role of women

as actors, controllers, decision makers, advisors and

beneﬁciaries of development (Soﬁani, 2009). The

limited opportunities of women to be involved in pub-

lic forums in their environment, besides being techni-

cal, are recognized that the conﬁnement of domestic

roles experienced by them in the household plays a

major role in limiting their external roles, so that these

roles automatically handed over entirely to men as the

head of the household (Listyaningsih). Besides these

technical constraints, the commitment of the serious-

ness of the policy makers to involve women is indeed

not owned by leaders at the ‘RT’ level.

The involvement of women as members of the

BKM (Community Empowerment Organisation), has

no problems in it (Widayati and API, 2015). Even

women are chosen as managers of environmental ac-

tivities whose activities are physical development,

such as road hardening, building culverts and so

on. Solving problems, especially those concerning

women’s issues (e.g. toilet needs) can be quickly real-

ized because women are involved in decision making.

This condition is different from what was explained

earlier, because the BKM put forward the participa-

tion of women since the beginning. The proportion

of women classiﬁed as ’responsible’ is twice higher

than men. This type is socially active and emotionally

stable. They tend to be capable of self-actualization,

less aggressive or dogmatic, and learning quickly and

easily. They can inﬂuence others through the use of

arguments, tolerate high levels of stress, are willing

to take on more difﬁcult tasks and tend to form their

own independent opinions. They prefer a participa-

tory management style, use more cognitive control

strategies and tend to ask for professional help. They

are more willing to take risks and suffer less from

stress, because they tend to see stressful events pos-

itively. In social situations, they look for other people

who have the same characteristics of personal respon-

sibility (Hall et al., 2005).

2.3 Ecotourism Village

Tourism can contribute to development and poverty

reduction by providing economic, social, cultural

and environmental beneﬁts (UNWTO). One of the

tourism sectors is the Ecotourism Village. Tourism

villages are a form of integration between attrac-

tions, accommodation and supporting facilities that

are presented in a structure of community life that is

integrated with prevailing procedures and traditions

(Nuryanti, 1993). Tourist villages are a rural area with

an overall atmosphere that reﬂects the authenticity of

’the village’, both from the structure of space, the ar-

chitecture of the building, and the pattern of socio-

cultural life of the community (Pitana, 2006). Eco-

tourism is interpreted as an environmentally respon-

sible tourism, which offer enlightenment and a visit

to unspoiled natural areas to enjoy and appreciate the

nature and its cultural features, which promotes con-

servation, contains low visitor impact, and provides

active socio-economic involvement from local resi-

dents (Scheyvens, 2000). Ecotourism villages incor-

porate elements of preservation of the environment,

local culture and can increase the income of the lo-

cal community. Community-based ecotourism (CBT)

places the community as the main actor in manag-

ing ecotourism businesses in the region and can create

jobs and business opportunities for the community. In

the concept of tourism villages, the community acts

as an actor through empowering the community in it.

2.4 The Role of Women in Ecotourism

Villages

Empowerment is deﬁned as a process in demanding

change, especially for women, in both public and pri-

vate environtments, in relations of authority to control

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economic, material, political resources (Lunardi et al.,

2015). Empowerment is inseparable from women’s

participation. The involvement of women in man-

aging tourism village can provide space to develop

their potential. Women are involved in planning, im-

plementing, monitoring and evaluating as well as in

decision making related to tourism development. In

addition, women also take responsibility in preserv-

ing the traditional values in their village as a form

of social responsibility. Tourism is proven to be able

to create a space for empowering women psychologi-

cally and socially to get innovative economic income

with their courage to actively contribute to the man-

agement. Women, if given the opportunity, can con-

tribute to sustainable development in the form of de-

cision making, running processes and environmental

management while earning income (Ateljevic, 2008).

In other words, women’s participation with all of their

potential have a great contribution to decision-making

and environmental management in the development

of tourism villages, which are in line with sustainable

development programs (SDGs).

3 RESEARCH METHODS

Qualitative methods were used in this study, which re-

sulted in descriptive data in the form of written or oral

words from people and observed behaviors and social

phenomena (Sutopo, 2002). The naturalistic qualita-

tive approach shows the implementation of research

naturally, so it requires the involvement of researchers

directly in the ﬁeld (Arikunto, 2006). In qualitative

(naturalistic) research, the researcher is the key instru-

ment (Sugiyono, ). The case study leads to a detailed

description and in-depth of the portrayal of what ac-

tually happened according to what is in the ﬁeld of

study.

In a gender perspective study with a descriptive

qualitative approach, interaction between researchers

and those studied is very helpful in explaining the

problems faced by women. Research questions about

’why’ and ’how’ are questions that are able to uncover

the background of a problem. Addition of data is still

possible both during analysis and when writing re-

ports (Sugiyono, ). To re-check the degree of trust

in information with triangulation (Moleong, ).

Data was collected through observation, in-depth

interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Ob-

servations were made to obtain empirical data in the

form of activities or activities related to the theme of

women’s participation. During the observation, inter-

views were also conducted informally. In-depth in-

terviews were carried out so that there was a deep

interaction between the researcher and the one be-

ing studied, in a non-rigid atmosphere. To simplify

the process, an interview guideline was used which

contained outlines relating to matters that would be

explored from the informants, whose are the civill

servants, the management of the tourism village, the

Pokdarwis administrators, the village administrators

(pamong desa), the PKK chairman, the head of the

Women Farmers Group, and the local women of

Tourism Village Pampang. The FGD was conducted

with the aim of obtaining in-depth and valid informa-

tion from various relevant parties as well as veriﬁca-

tion of various ﬁndings obtained through other instru-

ments. All FGD participants were women, consisting

of administrators and members of Pokdarwis, PKK,

women farmers groups, health cadres and residents.

In this research on gender perspective, gender

analysis is applied. Gender analysis is an analysis

used to analyze the position of men and women in so-

ciety to identify their respective potential and speciﬁc

needs, especially focusing on the imbalance of power,

welfare and workload between men and women in so-

ciety. Gender analysis provides theoretical tools to

understand that the subject matter is an unfair system

and structure (Fakih, 1995). Basically the analysis in-

cludes: proﬁle of activities, proﬁle of access and con-

trol, analysis of supporting factors and inhibiting fac-

tors for women’s participation in the development of

tourism villages.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In Gunung Kidul Regency there are 18 tourist vil-

lages, one of which is the Ecotourism Village of

Pampang. One of the values in the development of

tourist villages as village superior programs is partici-

patory development, which places citizens (including

women) as agents of change. By exploiting the po-

tential that exists in the tourism sector, it is expected

to reduce the level of gender inequality through in-

creasing women’s participation in the management of

tourist villages and in turn increasing the Human De-

velopment Index.

Pampang Village is located in Paliyan District,

Gunungkidul Regency, DIY with an area of 371,650

Ha. Most of the land is agricultural land, where the

yield of rice can only be harvested once a year, the

rest is planted with crops and animal feed. The pop-

ulation is 2,780 people, 52% are women and 48% are

men. The majority of the villagers’ livelihoods are as

farmers. It can be seen in the following Figure 2.

More than half of the population or as many as

1,437 people are farmers, only 102 people are civil

Women Participation in an Ecotourism Village Management: A Case Study in the Ecotourism Village of Pampang, Paliyan District,

Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia

309

Figure 2: Livelihoods of Papang Villagers, Source: Pam-

pang Village

servants, 569 are private and 672 others. Sometimes

when the dry season arrives, some residents go to the

city to ﬁnd work. It seems that the education level has

a correlation with livelihoods, most of the population

of Pampang Village has junior high school education,

as presented in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3: Education Level of Pampang Villagers, Source:

Pampang Village

The data in Figure 3 shows that only 3% of the

population has a bachelor’s degree (S1), 1% diploma,

10% high school / equivalent. Most of the residents

are junior high school / equal and even do not gradu-

ate from junior high school. Economic / income fac-

tors inﬂuence the low ability to continue to a higher

levels of education.

4.1 Potential Tourism of Pampang

Ecotourism Village

The Ecotourism Village of Pampang has the poten-

tial of a vast and verdant rice ﬁeld, the Kedungdowo

river which ﬂows calmly between the green ﬁelds and

bamboo clumps and the many trees that grow as habi-

tat for wild birds. Visitors who come to Pampang

Ecotourism Village can enjoy and get education about

natural, environmental and cultural sustainability. In-

teresting attractions offered to visitors / tourists are

in the form of bird conservation, river tubing, track-

ing, agro tourism, out bond, silver handicrafts and tra-

ditional Pampang culinary markets. The culture and

customs in Pampang Village are Rasulan Traditional

Ceremonies (village cleaning) and Gumbrekan Tradi-

tional Events (cow salvation).

4.2 Activity Proﬁle

The daily activities of Pampang Village women in

managing tourism villages can be said to be mini-

mal. They are only involved in providing culinary

when there are tourists and events such as the culi-

nary market, which the implementation does not run

routinely. However, according to several informants,

there was a desire of the women to play a further role

in the development of the Ecotourism Village in Pam-

pang, not only limited to culinary matters. Daily ac-

tivities besides doing their role as housewives are also

doing a lot of activities in the ﬁelds or moorings in-

cluding looking for and feeding livestock. Women’s

territories are concentrated in and around households,

spending almost all of their time in their own environ-

ment, except for time spent working in ﬁelds or gar-

dens in the valleys around the village (Tucker, 2005).

Women’s daily activities in Pampang Village begin

with prayers (around 4 a.m.), spend the afternoon by

working in the ﬁeld or doing household and end af-

ter accompanying children to study around 8-9 p.m.

Even though the amount of time given in the ﬁelds

/ moor takes around 5 hours per day and carried out

routinely, they consider that these activities are only

to help their husbands. Although women’s participa-

tion as help is meaningful, it does not mean that she

will be the one responsible for the activity, she has no

control of the administration of resources which has

been taken care of by men and this concept are com-

mon in the establishment of rural tourism (Lunardi

et al., 2015).

From the activities carried out on a daily basis

most of the Pampang village women play a greater

role in the domestic sphere. This can be understood

because the level of education they obtain, on average,

is still low, and because they have limited access to be

active in the public sphere. Activities in the public

sphere carried out by them were in the form of ac-

tivities in women’s group meetings, namely the PKK,

women’s farmer groups, and health cadres. However,

these activities were not attended by all women in

Pampang Village. Even though the time is only short,

according to responders, these activities are consid-

ered to be quite beneﬁcial to them as a means of in-

teracting and socializing. Based on the authors’ ob-

servation, in a women’s farmer group meeting, PKK,

and health cadres, they were quite active because all

the participants were women, so there was no feeling

of hesitation in expressing their opinions.

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4.3 Women’s Access and Control in

Ecotourism Village Management

In developing an ecotourism village requires the in-

volvement of the community (community based) as

the administrator. This is because the community has

knowledge about the potential of nature, culture and

customs as well as the habits of the villagers who

have selling values and are useful for increasing the

income and welfare of the community. Community-

based ecotourism besides empowers the community

also increases knowledge (education) of tourists in

terms of conservation of nature, environment, culture

and customs and other interesting things for tourists

to learn. The involvement of the community as agents

of rural tourism development in tourism village man-

agement is absolutely necessary. With the empower-

ment in ecotourism, it will give a sense of pride and

awareness of the importance of their natural resources

and control over self-development of the local com-

munities (Scheyvens, 2000). For those reasons, un-

derstanding, support and involvement from the com-

munity is needed to create a conducive atmosphere.

Unfortunately in the Ecotourism Village Pam-

pang, the involvement of women in the management

of tourist villages is still very low, although more than

half (52%) of the population of Pampang Village are

women. Among the 19 Pokdarwis (Tourism Aware-

ness Group) administrators, the women were only 4

people or around 21%, as members of the waste bank

section / unit, which was included as one of the sec-

tions in Pokdarwis. The low number of women in the

management indicates a lack of space given to women

to take part in managing the tourism village of Pam-

pang. This will also limit the aspirations of women

in developing tourism in their villages. According to

some informants (from civil servants, village admin-

istrators, tourism conscious group, residents) the role

of most women is still limited to the culinary ﬁeld.

The culinary ﬁeld activities carried out include the

digital market by providing Pampang regional culi-

nary products, providing food in the form of snacks

and lunch of guests in need, as well as in events held

in the Ecotourism village of Pampang. The tourists’

food and the culinary market are provided in groups,

by making use the existing groups namely women

farmer groups. Even though they look busy as the

main helpers but in fact they are still limited to carry-

ing out technical activities / implementer rather than

decision-making activities in the planning and super-

vision / control of tourism development programs in

their villages, the same way as the man who has no

right to participate in the household activities (Lu-

nardi, Souza and Perurena, 2015). Likewise in waste

bank activities, women still play a role as executors

rather than as planners, decision makers or control

activities. They sort the waste, record it, then re-

ported the results at the monthly meeting. They ac-

tively came to the monthly meeting but, according to

the informant, they were not active in expressing their

opinions. The waste sorting activity usually starts at

09 am until 12 noon. Before carrying out activities

in the waste bank, they completed all their household

chores. Pampang village women can be active outside

their house without having to leave their household

affairs. All of these activities is done happily with-

out feeling any burden. They feel proud because they

can play a role in their village. The steps to realize

women’s rights are to eliminate differences, dispari-

ties / gaps or conditions that harm women (Syukrie,

2003).

4.4 Supporting and Inhibiting Factors

According to the informants, the factors that support

women’s involvement to be active in managing Pam-

pang tourism villages include self-awareness, the de-

sire to advance the village, the permit from husband,

having free time, having a culinary market, and hav-

ing a green village. Self-awareness that arises are

due to a sense of calling to develop tourism in their

village that is reﬂected in the seriousness of some

women who still provide culinary wares for visitors

even though there are other jobs that must be com-

pleted at the same time, and due to the awareness of

self-development needs to increase skills and knowl-

edge in the culinary ﬁeld. Husband’s permission and

support are the driving factors that cause them to be

able to actualize totally in every activity, besides their

spare time which they deliberately set aside from their

daily activities in completing household chores. They

must be smart to divide the time so that when the

house is left there is no one neglected. The existence

of a culinary market and the existence of green vil-

lages, which according to informants as supporting

factors, indicate that in fact the women involved in it

need a means to actualize that is still related to activi-

ties in the domestic sphere.

The inhibiting factors that were felt by the women

include: not being involved in activities that support

tourism, there has been no guidance, husbands do

not support, busy taking care of households and rice

ﬁelds, lack of awareness, and lack of insight. The

involvement of women in promoting tourism in their

village requires opportunities given to women to join

in it. From the author’s observation, the limited op-

portunities provided were caused by the assumption

that women were busy taking care of their house-

Women Participation in an Ecotourism Village Management: A Case Study in the Ecotourism Village of Pampang, Paliyan District,

Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia

311

holds. The other phenomenon that also happened was

some women who were active in the tourism activities

were migrants.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Women’s participation in managing the Pampang

Ecotourism Village is still very low, in the manage-

ment of Pokdarwis (tourism conscious group) only

21% are women, and even then are not included in

the core management, but as members of the sec-

tion. This indicates a lack of space given to women

to take part in managing the tourism village of Pam-

pang (public domain). Activities in tourism are still

limited to providing culinary for tourists and the culi-

nary market. The daily activities of most of them are

housewives, completing household chores and help-

ing husbands to work and carry out / feed the animals.

Factors that support the involvement of women to

be active in managing Pampang Tourism Village in-

clude: self-awareness, the desire to advance the vil-

lage, the permission of the husband, having free time,

the culinary market, and the existence of a green vil-

lage. While the inhibiting factors are: there was no in-

volvement in activities that support tourism, there has

been no guidance, husbands do not support, busy tak-

ing care of households and rice ﬁelds, lack of aware-

ness, and lack of insight.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Although the government has formulated policies to

increase women’s participation, their participation in

the management of the Pampang Ecotourism village

is still low. Threfore, it is urgently needed some ef-

fective and active regulation to increase their partici-

pation, such as:

1. For governments (policy makers) by continuing to

formulate policies and initiate programs that in-

volve many women and to oversee programs / ac-

tivities that involve many women.

2. For village governments by including women in

the core management of tourism villages and Pok-

darwis, providing opportunities for women to in-

crease their capacity through sending female par-

ticipants in trainings held by many tourism agen-

cies and other institutions related to tourism de-

velopment, and holding activities that involve

many women’s participation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to acknowledge the Gunung Kidul Dis-

trict Tourism Ofﬁce, as well as the village admin-

istrators, POKDARWIS, and the residents of Pam-

pang Tourism Village who were willing to become

informants and valuable resources of this research.

Without their passionate participation and input, the

survey could not have been successfully conducted.

The deepest thank you also delivered to LLDIKTI V

for the funding through DIPA funds which can make

this research be accomplished. Finally, it is a great

pleasure to acknowledge all academics, especially the

elements of lecturers, staff and supporting and ad-

ministrative elements of STIE ’Pariwisata API’ Yo-

gyakarta, reviewers, and all those who helped com-

plete this research to be worthy of being presented to

the public. We hope this research can be a valuable

reference for other researchers who have the same in-

terests. We realize that there are a lot of shortcomings

of this research’s report, so any criticism, constuctive

ideas, and suggestions are highly appreciated.

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