Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Suspected Contact Dermatitis in
the Traditional Fishery Processing Area (PHPT) of Muara Angke
Nunuk Nugrohowati
1*
, Frida Ayu Nawangsih
2
, Erna Harfiani
3
1
Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, FK UPN Veteran Jakarta
2
Program Studi Profesi Dokter, FK UPN Veteran Jakarta
3
Departemen Farmakologi dan Farmasi Klinik, FK UPN Veteran Jakarta
Jl. RS Fatmawati, Pondok Labu, Jakarta Selatan 12450, Telp. [phone]
Keywords: Environmental Factors, Suspected Contact Dermatitis, Temperature, Muara Angke
Abstract: Contact dermatitis is considered trivial for some people. There are many environmental factors could be
the main
factors causing contact dermatitis on the salted-fish processor in Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan
Traditional (PHPT) or Traditional Fishery Processing Area of Muara Angke such as water, temperature,
fish, and humidity. These are due to the geographical location of the coastal establish
the risk factors of the
environment related in the contact dermatitis suspected of the salted-fish processor in the PHPT Muara Angke
area. With a cross-sectional design and 112 subjects, the results showed that 53,6% of the salted-fish
processor were contact dermatitis suspected. The suspected contact dermatitis increases with duration of
contact (p=0,000), frequency of contact (p=0,000), and house temperature (p=0,003) while decreases with
groundwater source and humidity. Duration of contact can make the lack of permeability of the skin
therefore the material
of irritant can infiltrate properly. The distribution of clean water must be
comprehensive in order to prevent contact dermatitis, while the building should protect the worker from
the heat temperature. Protective and personal hygiene should be organized to protect the worker from
disease and keep the quality
of the product.
1 INTRODUCTION
One of the factors that affect health is the
environment. Environmental health is all physical,
chemical, and biological factors outside the body
that affect behavior including assessment and
control that have the potential to affect health (WHO
South East Asia, 2018).
Many environmental exposures can affect the
skin, thereby reducing the mechanism of skin
regulation and skin repair that cause dermatological
diseases (Mahler, 2017). Skin is a part of the body
that often receives damages from work, one of
which is the work of processing fish. The work of
the majority of Muara Angke residents is fishermen
or fish traders due to the geographical location on
the coast. One disease that can attack fish processors
is a skin disorder such as dermatitis.
Dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction that
occurs on the skin in response to exogenous and
endogenous influences, while a substance or
substance that attaches to the skin called Contact
dermatitis (Djuanda, 2017).
Symptoms of contact dermatitis can be itchiness,
redness, flaking of the skin, to the appearance of
vesicles. In Jakarta, dermatitis is found in 100
people per 1000 population (Ministry of Health,
2007). The results of the 2007 RISKESDAS also
suggested that there were 80.3 cases of dermatitis
per 1000 residents in the North Jakarta area.
Although North Jakarta is not the region with the
most dermatitis in Jakarta, in publications carried
out by Floating Hospital Dr. Lie, from 631 patients
in Muara Angke on March 16, 2014, it was noted
that dermatitis was the second most common disease
after ARI. In the initial survey of researchers on
November 18, 2017, it was found that 3 out of 5
salted fish processors experienced symptoms of
contact dermatitis such as itchiness and redness.
Dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction that occurs
on the skin in response to exogenous and
endogenous influences. Symptoms of contact
dermatitis can be itchiness, redness, flaking of the
skin, to the appearance of vesicles. In Jakarta,
208
Nugrohowati, N., Nawangsih, F. and Harfiani, E.
Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Suspected Contact Dermatitis in the Traditional Fishery Processing Area (PHPT) of Muara Angke.
DOI: 10.5220/0009863502080216
In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (ICTROMI 2019), pages 208-216
ISBN: 978-989-758-469-5
Copyright
c
 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

dermatitis is found in 100 people per 1000
population (Ministry of Health, 2007). The results of
the 2007 RISKESDAS also suggested that there
were 80.3 cases of dermatitis per 1000 residents in
the North Jakarta area. Although North Jakarta is not
the region with the most dermatitis in Jakarta, in
publications carried out by Floating Hospital Dr.
Lie, from 631 patients in Muara Angke on March
16, 2014, it was noted that dermatitis was the second
most common disease after ARI. In the initial survey
of researchers on November 18, 2017, it was found
that 3 out of 5 salted fish processors experienced
symptoms of contact dermatitis such as itchiness and
redness.
Djuanda (2017) suggests that contact dermatitis
can occur due to repeated contact with weak
irritants, one of which is water. Where water is one
of the basic elements and is needed for human life
(Saniti, 2012). The coastal area is an area that often
experiences difficulties with clean water. About 80%
of groundwater in the Jakarta Groundwater Basin
(CAT) area did not meet the Minister of Health's
standard No.492 of 2010 concerning Requirements
for Qualification of Drinking Water (Geological
Agency of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources, 2017). North Jakarta is the worst area, in
general the CAT contains high levels of Fe (iron),
Na (Sodium), Cl (Chloride), TDS (Total Dissolved
Solids) and DHL (Electrical Conductivity) due to the
influence from water intrusion. Those are potential
irritants/allergens as suggested by Linauskiene, et al.
(2017). In a study conducted by Jesika et al. (2016)
the type of groundwater affected the incidence of
dermatitis in Kedungrandu Village, Banyumas.
It is not impossible that this can happen in Muara
Angke where groundwater quality data is indeed
bad. Heavy metals can also be found in marine fish
as the main ingredient in processed salted fish. The
Kompas R & D (2017) states that the Jakarta Bay is
one of the world's bays that has marine pollution,
which resulted in some of the marine products being
polluted including the fish. In Wahyuningsih's
research (2015) it was found that there was
contamination of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in a
number of fishes in Jakarta Bay. In the study of Fitri,
et al (2015) and Riani (2010) it was proven that
several types of fishes contain elements of mercury
(Hg).
Although from these studies it is said that it is
still below the threshold according to Minister of
Health Regulation 492 of 2010 but if contacted
repeatedly it is not impossible to cause contact
dermatitis in salted fish processors.
Coastal areas are low-lying areas that result in
the air temperature being hotter than other plains.
The main factors that influence the onset of contact
dermatitis is temperature (Djuanda, 2017).
According to the Indonesian Meteorology and
Climatology Agency (BMKG), the temperature in
North Jakarta reaches 24-33˚C with an average
temperature of Muara Angke is 27.7˚C. In
Ferdinand's research, 2013 it was proven that the
temperature was related to the incidence of contact
dermatitis in tofu makers, otherwise humidity is also
one of the factors that influence the emergence of
contact dermatitis (Djuanda, 2017) The Tanjung
Priok Maritime Meteorological Station for the North
Jakarta region in 2013 recorded that the high
temperature of 35.4˚C and a maximum humidity of
97% can affect the symptoms of contact dermatitis.
Based on the the majority of fish processors are
salted fish processors, the researchers wanted to
examine environmental factors related to the
incidence of suspected contact dermatitis in the
processing of salted fish in the Muara Angke
Traditional Fisheries Processing Area (PHPT) North
Jakarta in 2018.
2 METHODS
2.1 Research Design
The research conducted was observational
analytic of salted fish processors in the PHPT area
which the dependent variable and independent data
are observed at the same time period. The researcher
will take data using a modified questionnaire from
validated sources.
2.2 Samples and Population
The population of this study was the salted fish
processor in the Muara Angke PHPT area with 112
samples from 56 where every processing house
represented by two respondents. The inclusion
criteria for this study were willing to be sampled, at
least become processors about 1 year, working
without using personal protective equipment rubber
gloves and shoes and with ages from 18 to 64 years.
2.3. Data Collection
The primary data used was taken through
research questionnaires as an instrument that have
been tested for validity and reliability.
Questionnaires to determine whether the respondent
is suspected of contact dermatitis (will be examined
Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Suspected Contact Dermatitis in the Traditional Fishery Processing Area (PHPT) of Muara Angke
209

by a doctor at the Pluit Health Center). We also
doing a direct assessment of temperature and
humidity with a thermal hygrometer.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Respondent Characteristics
Table 1: Respondent Characteristics
Characteristi Amoun
t
Percentage (%)
Gender
Men 79 70,5
Women 33 29,5
Age
< 20 years 3 2,7
21-30 years 45 40,2
31-40 years 47 42,0
41-50 years 16 14,3
>50 year 1 0,9
Based on the table above, male sex is 79 (70.5%),
more than female respondents. The highest age of
respondents which had the age range of 31-40 years
was at 47 (42.0%).
3.2 Univariate Analysis
Table.2: Distribution of Suspected Contact Dermatitis in
Traditional Fishery Processing Area PHPT Muara Angke
n %
Suspected Contact
Dermatitis
60
52
53,6
46,4
Total 112 100
The results of the primary data that have been
examined by doctors of the Pluit Health Center show
that as many as 60 salted fish processors were
suspected of contact dermatitis with a percentage of
53.6% while as many as 52 salted fish processors
were not suspected contact dermatitis with a
percentage of 46.4%.
Table 3: Distribution of Groundwater in Traditional
Fishery Processing Area PHPT Muara Angke
n %
Ground water
No ground water
46
10
82,1
17,9
Total 56 100
Table 4: Distribution duration of contact in Traditional
Fishery Processing Area PHPT Muara Angke
Duration of c ontact Total %
>5 hours
5-10 hours
> 10 hours
30
30
52
26,8
26,8
46,4
Total 112 100
There were 30 processors (26.8%) with a contract
duration of more than 5 hours, followed by 30
processors (26.8%) with a contact length of 5-10
hours and as many as 52 processors (46.4%) with a
contract duration of more than 10 hours in a day.
Table 5: Distribution of contact frequency in Traditional
Fishery Processing Area PHPT Muara Angke.
Contact frequenc
y
Total %
>5 times
5-10 times
> 10 times
16
41
55
14,3
36,6
49,1
Total 112 100
There were 16 processors (14.3%) with contact
frequency <5 times, 41 (36.6%) processors with
contact frequency 5-10 times, and 55 processors
(49.1%) with contact frequency more than 10 times a
day.
Table 6: Distribution temperatures in Traditional Fishery
Processing Area PHPT Muara Angke
N %
Mean
(˚C)
Min
(˚C)
Max
(˚C)
opt temp
No opt
temp
20
36
35,7
64,3 30.01 25.0 33.2
Total 56 100
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210

There are 20 salted fish processing houses with
optimal temperatures with a percentage of 35.7%
and 36 processing houses with not optimal
temperatures with a percentage of 64.3%. The
average temperature is 30,014˚C with a minimum
temperature of 25,0˚C and a maximum temperature
of 33,2˚C.
Table 7: Distribution of humidity in Traditional Fishery
Processing Area PHPT Muara Angke
n %
Mean
(%)
Min
(%)
Max
(%)
Opt humidity
42 75,0
74,25 60,0 97,0
No opt
humidity
14 25,0
Total 56 100
The results of the bivariate Chi-Square analysis
showed a p-value of 0.396 (p> 0.05) which indicated
that there was no association between the use of
groundwater as a water source with suspected
contact dermatitis in salted fish processors in the
PHPT area.
3.3 Bivariate Analysis
Table 8: Association between Groundwater source and
Suspected Contact Dermatitis in Traditional Fishery
Processing Area Muara Angke
Cases
Groundwate
r source
Suspected
Contact
Dermatitis
No
Suspected
Contact
Dermatitis
Kontak
P
Value
n % n %
Groundwater
source
51 45,5 41 36,6
0,396
No
Groundwater
source
9 8,0 11 9,8
Total 60 53,6 52 43,4
The results of the bivariate Chi-Square analysis
showed a p-value of 0.396 (p> 0.05) which indicated
that there was no association between the use of
groundwater as a water source with suspected
contact dermatitis in salted fish processors in the
PHPT area.
Table 9: Association between duration of contact and
Suspected Contact Dermatitis in Traditional Fishery
Processing Area PHPT Muara Angke
Cases
Duratio
n of
contact
Suspected
Contact
Dermatitis
No
Suspected
Contact
Dermatitis
P Value
n % n %
>5 hours
5-10
hours
8
10
42
7,1
8,9
37,5
22
20
10
19,6
17,9
8,9
0,000
Total 60 53
,
6 52 46
,
4
Bivariate Chi-Square analysis showed a p-value
of 0,000 (p <0.05) which mean there was an
association between the duration of contact with
suspected contact dermatitis in salted fish
processors.
Table 10: Association between Frequency o f c ontact
and Suspected Contact Dermatitis in Traditional Fishery
Processing Area PHPT Muara Angke
Cases
Contact
frequency
Suspected
Contact
Dermatitis
No
SuspectedC
ontact
Dermatitis
P Value
n % N %
>5 times
5-10 times
> 10 times
4
15
41
3,6
13,4
36,6
12
26
14
10,7
23,2
12,5
0,000
Total 60 53,6 52 46,4
Table 9 shows the value of p-value of 0,000 (p
<0.05) which indicates that there is an association
between the frequency of contact with suspected
contact dermatitis in salted fish processors
.
Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Suspected Contact Dermatitis in the Traditional Fishery Processing Area (PHPT) of Muara Angke
211

Table 11: Association between house temperature and
Suspected Contact Dermatitis in Traditional Fishery
Processing Area PHPT Muara Angke
Cases
Processing
house temp
Suspected
Contact
Dermatitis
No
SuspectEd
Contact
Dermatitis
Kontak
P
Value
n % n %
Optimal temp
No Optimal
temperature
14
46
12,5
41,1
26
26
23,2
23,2
0,003
Total 60 53,6 52 46,4
Table 10 shows the p-value of 0.003 (p <0.05)
which indicates that there is an association between
the processing house temperature and suspected
contact dermatitis in salted fish processors in the
Muara Angke PHPT Area.’
Table 12: Association between humidity and Suspected
Contact Dermatitis in Traditional Fishery Processing Area
PHPT Muara Angke
Cases
humidity
processing
house
Suspected
Contact
Dermatitis
No Suspect
Contact
Dermatitis
P
Value
n % n %
Optimal
humidity
No
Optimal
humidity
47
13
42,0
11,6
39
13
34,8
11,6
0,677
Total 60 53,6 52 46,4
The results of the bivariate Chi-Square analysis
showed a p-value of 0.677 (p> 0.05) which indicated
that there was no association between the humidity
of the processing house with suspected contact
dermatitis in salted fish processing in the PHPT
Muara Angke Region.
3.4 Multivariate Analysis
Table 13: Duration of contact, Frequency o f c ontact,
temperature against Suspected Contact Dermatitis
Coefficient P Value OR
Duration
contact
Frequen
c contact
temperature
Constant
2,012
1,830
1,319
-2,756
0,001
0,001
0,012
0,000
7,482
6,236
3,739
0,064
In the multivariate analysis of logistic regression,
the results obtained with the smallest p-value is
0.001 (p <0.005) in the variables duration of contact
and frequency of contact. The Duration of contact
Odds Ratio values was the highest with 7,482 which
means that salted fish processors with a contact time
of> 10 hours 7,482 times were more at risk of being
suspected of contact dermatitis than salted fish
processing with a contract duration of 5-10 hours.
Based on the above, it can be concluded that the
duration of the contact is the variable that most
influences the occurrence of suspected contact
dermatitis in salted fish processors.
4 DISCUSSION
4.1 Characteristics Analysis of
Respondent
Based on research conducted on salted fish
processors in the Muara Angke Traditional Fisheries
Processing Area in 2018 there were 79 (70.5%) male
respondents and 33 (29.5%) female respondents.
Although Makrantonaki, et al. (2012) stated that
male skin is much thicker than a woman's skin
which causes women to be more susceptible to
contact dermatitis but this is due to more overall
male workers in the Muara Angke Traditional
Fisheries Processing Area.
In the analysis of the characteristics of the
respondent's age, the most were ages with a range of
31-40 years which amounted to 47 with a percentage
of 42%. Based on researchers' observations this can
be due to younger age workers who prefer other jobs
such as an online motorcycle or online taxi, etc.
Given that work, as a fish processor is included as
heavy labor, is also the cause of fish processors
being above the age of 40 years less.
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4.2 Univariate Analysis
Contact dermatitis is dermatitis caused by a
substance that attaches to the skin. Two types of
contact dermatitis are known, namely irritant contact
dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Both can
be acute or chronic (Djuanda, 2017). Suspect contact
dermatitis itself is a person suspected of having
contact dermatitis. The results of this univariate
analysis showed that 60 respondents (53.6%) were
suspected of contact dermatitis and 52 (46.4%) were
not suspected of contact dermatitis. This is in
accordance with the publication of the 2007
RISKESDAS which stated that there were 80.3
cases of dermatitis per 1000 residents in the North
Jakarta area. Although North Jakarta is not the
region with the most dermatitis in Jakarta, in
publications conducted by the Floating Hospital Dr.
Lie from 631 patients in Muara Angke on March 16,
2014, it was noted that dermatitis was the second
most common disease after ARI. Also added to the
number of potential environmental factors of contact
dermatitis that researchers observed in the
processing of salted fish in the Muara Angke
Traditional Fisheries Processing Area can be one of
the causes of the many processes that are suspected
of contact dermatitis.
In the study, it was found that the source of water
used for processing salted fish is mostly derived
from groundwater. From the results of the analysis,
46 (82.1%) processing houses used groundwater
sources while only 10 (17.9) processing houses used
other water sources. This is in accordance with the
second survey that researchers conducted on April
20, 2018, that most fish processors still use a lot of
groundwater as their source of water due to lack of
costs and the ability to use PAM Jaya water flow.
And PAM Jaya has not been able to meet the needs
of clean and evenly distributed water (Saniti, 2012).
The highest number of respondents was at the
contact length of more than 10 hours as many as 52
(46.4%). In variable frequency analysis contact 55
processors (49.1%) with contact frequency more
than 10 times a day. A large number of respondents
with long contact duration and frequent contact
frequency due to a long and frequent treatment
process in a day. This makes the two variables
potentially a factor associated with suspected contact
dermatitis.
The temperature and humidity of the
processing room have an inversely proportional
state. At room temperature analysis 36 (64.3%) the
processing house with temperature is not optimal.
The average temperature is 30,014˚C with a
minimum temperature of 25,0˚C and a maximum
temperature of 33,2˚C. While only 14 (25.0%)
processing houses with humidity are not optimal
with an average humidity of 74.25% as well as a
minimum humidity of 60.0% and maximum
humidity of 97.0%. This is due to the condition of
processing houses that cannot withstand the
temperature of hot air from outside caused by
building materials that still use plywood boards as
the main material for processing houses. Meanwhile,
the dominant temperature of the room's hot air
causes the humidity of the room is quite optimal
even though there are some processing houses that
have moisture below the value due to the heat of the
home processing temperature. These two variables
can also be the main factors causing contact
dermatitis in salted fish processors.
4.3 Bivariate Analysis
Bivariate Chi-square analysis showed that there was
no significant association between groundwater
sources and the incidence of suspected contact
dermatitis with p-value = 0.396 (p> 0.05). This is
not in line with the research of Jesika et al. (2016)
where the type of dug well water source
(groundwater) affects the incidence of dermatitis in
Kedungrandu Village, Banyumas. It can be due to
the different frequency of contact of each fish
processor to groundwater sources so that there are
several salted fish processors which, although using
groundwater as a source of water, do not show
symptoms of contact dermatitis. As stated by
Djuanda (2017) that contact dermatitis can occur due
to repeated contact with weak irritants, one of which
is water.
Duration of contact is the duration of contact
with an irritant/allergen in hours/days (Djuanda,
2017). The Chi-square analysis performed showed a
significant relationship between contact duration
an\d the incidence of suspected contact dermatitis
with a p-value = 0,000 (p <0.05). This result is in
accordance with the theory of Djuanda (2017) where
contact time is one of the factors causing contact
dermatitis. This result is also in line with Yuliandra's
(2013) study of fresh fish traders, which found a
significant relationship between the duration of
contact with the incidence of contact dermatitis. This
might mean that there is a long contact with the
substance in the form of heavy metals that exist in
marine fish which, although below the threshold, but
with prolonged contact will make it takes longer -
even if in a small amount for a long period of time it
will enter into the skin and cause inflammation so
Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Suspected Contact Dermatitis in the Traditional Fishery Processing Area (PHPT) of Muara Angke
213

that the length of contact with the suspected
incidence of contact dermatitis has a significant
relationship.
The results of bivariate Chi-Square analysis
showed a p-value of 0,000 (p <0.05) which indicated
that there was a relationship between the frequency
of contact with suspected contact dermatitis in salted
fish processors. These results are in accordance with
Djuanda's theory (2017) where frequencies will
often induce sensitization to the skin so that if the
worker is sensitized even if only a small amount of
substance is exposed, it can cause contact dermatitis.
Other studies also show that the frequency of contact
is related to contact dermatitis as in Ferdinand's
study (2012) conducted on tofu makers in the
Ciputat region. Just like contact time, the frequent
frequency of marine fish suspected of being
contaminated with heavy metals can cause contact
dermatitis in salted fish processors even though the
amount of the ingredients is small. High-frequency
contact can emerge the sensitization phase to the
substance on the skin, causing allergic contact
dermatitis.
In this temperature variable, the results of the
bivariate Chi-Square analysis show a p-value of
0.003 (p <0.05) which indicates that there is a
relationship between the processing house
temperature and suspected contact dermatitis in
salted fish processors. Only 20 salted fish processing
houses have optimal temperatures with a percentage
of 35.7%. The average temperature is 30,014˚C
where according to Permenkes (2002) about healthy
industrial site requirements the optimum temperature
ranges from 18-30 ˚C. This result is in accordance
with the theory of Djuanda (2017) where the
temperature is also affecting contact dermatitis.
Frosch (2006) also states that temperatures that are
not optimal can facilitate the entry of substances
from the environment into the skin. In Ferdian's
(2012) study the temperature also became one of the
variables that had a relationship with the incidence
of contact dermatitis in the custodians of Kaasan
Ciputat. The less optimal room temperature is
probably caused by processing house buildings that
are only made of plywood and wood so that it is less
able to maintain the temperature of the room from
coastal attacks of hot air.
The results of bivariate Chi-Square analysis
showed a p-value of 0.677 (p> 0.05) which indicated
that there was no relationship between processing
house moisture and suspected contact dermatitis in
salted fish processors. This is due to the fact that
most of the processing house moisture is in the
optimal humidity range, which is 65% - 90%
(Peremenkes, 2002). Only 14 processing houses
with humidity were not optimal with a percentage of
25.0%. With an average humidity of 74.25% which
is still within the optimal humidity range. This
optimal humidity is likely to be affected by hot
weather which causes moisture to be maintained.
4.4 Multivariate Analysis
From the multivariate analysis of logistic
regression, the results obtained with the smallest p-
value is 0.001 (p <0.005) in the variable length of
contact and contact frequency. The contact length
Odds Ratio values were the highest with 7,482
which means that salted fish processors with a
contact time> 10 hours 7,482 times were more at
risk of being suspected of contact dermatitis than
salted fish processors with a contract duration of 5-
10 hours. Based on the above, it can be concluded
that contact length is the variable that most
influences the occurrence of suspected contact
dermatitis. This result is in accordance with the
theory of Djuanda (2017) where contact time is one
of the factors causing contact dermatitis. The
presence of seawater pollution makes some types of
marine fish contaminated with heavy metals. As in
Wahyuningsih's research (2015), it was found that
there was contamination of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium
(Cd) metals in a number of fish in Jakarta Bay. In
the study of Fitri, et al (2015) and Riani (2010) it
was proven that several types of fish contain
elements of Mercury (Hg). Even though these
studies are said to be still below the threshold
according to Minister of Health Regulation 492 of
2010. The substance in the form of heavy metals that
exist in marine fish even though it is below the
threshold, but with prolonged contact, it can create a
substance which, although in small amounts, will
enter the skin and cause inflammation so that the
contact duration of suspected contact dermatitis has
a significant relationship. The sensitizing phase can
occur along with the length of contact with the
heavy metal, causing allergic contact dermatitis
(Frosch et al., 2006). The nature of marine fish that
has sharp scales can also make physical trauma to
fish processors so that heavy metal substances
present in fish can enter and make inflammation of
the skin for a long time so contact dermatitis occurs.
5 CONCLUSION
Suspected Contact Dermatitis at traditional salted
fish processors in Muara Angke increases with
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214

duration of contact, frequency of contact and house
temperature, but decreases with groundwater source
and humidity.
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