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The Effect of Band Exercise on the Arm Muscle Endurance

and the Accuracy of Elementary School Students’ Archery

Yudik Prasetyo

, Fatkurahman Arjuna

, Atikah Rahayu

Sport Sciences Department, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Jl. Colombo No.1 Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Band exercise, Endurance of arm muscle, Accuracy of archery

Abstract: This study is initated from the problem of the physical condition of beginner athletes which has not reached

its maximum potential. Band exercise is physical training that is suitable for beginners because it does not

use weight other than athletes’ own body. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of band

exercise on the arm muscle endurance and the accuracy in 20-meter archery. This research is an

experimental study that uses one group pre-post-test design research. The number of subjects in this study

was 20 athletes. The data were analysed to test the hypothesis using t-paired t-test (before-after). The results

show that there is an increase of mean score of the posttest compared to that of the pretest. The results of t

count side learning test was 7.255> 2.093 with the significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). The results of the

t-test on accuracy in archery was t count 12.839 > 2.093 with the significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05) with

the significance level of 0.05% (determining the level of meaningfulness). Based on that, the null hypothesis

(Ho) is rejected. It can be concluded that band exercise has an effect on the endurance of arm muscle and

the accuracy of archery done by the elementary school students.

1 INTRODUCTION

Archery has now grown rapidly in Indonesia. There

are many enthusiasts on archery ranging from the

ages of children to adults. However, archery in

Indonesia is dominated by children. Various

competitions are held in each region. To improve

their athletes’ achievement, the Blaburan Archery

Club often encourages the athletes to take part in

regional to international Junior Championships.

However, in terms of achievements, the effort has

not been done optimally, especially by young

athletes who are in their growth period. Only few

numbers of athletes in the pre-starter and beginner

classes who gain victory at the national level,

whereas they are quite good at the district level. To

maximize these achievements, there is a need for

training programs that are appropriate for their age.

M. Sajoto (1998) states that there are factors need to

come under consideration if you want to achieve

optimal performance. They are: (1) physical

development, (2) development of techniques, (3)

tactics, and (4) mental development and mental

maturity. The component of physical condition is a

whole unit that cannot be separated just like

development and continuance.

The dominant component in archery is the

endurance of the arm muscles which includes arm

and shoulder muscles, and accuracy. One of the

ways to increase the endurance of the arm muscles is

by weight training. Weight training must be

performed carefully because physiologically, the

ability of children of their age is still very weak.

Therefore, physical exercise for children in the

growth period, especially at the age of elementary

school, is carried out using their own body weight or

using a lightweight tool that will not interfere with

its functional development. The intended ability of

power is more on strength endurance, meaning

paying more attention to the volume rather than the

intensity of the weight and the rhythm of the

movement that is not fast (Wilson, 2010). What

needs to be considered from the muscle endurance

training is the portion or the dose of exercise and its

appropriateness. One form of proper training is band

exercise. Unfortunately, many trainers do not know

what band exercise is as well as its benefits and its

forms of training. There are so many forms of band

exercise, and there is a simple form of band exercise

for children which does not reduce its benefits.

Band exercise needs to be developed, aligned

with its benefits for the purpose of strengthening the

480

Prasetyo, Y., Arjuna, F. and Rahayu, A.

The Effect of Band Exercise on the Arm Muscle Endurance and the Accuracy of Elementary School Students’ Archery.

DOI: 10.5220/0009789004800484

In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports

(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 480-484

ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2

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arm and shoulders muscles and improving stability.

It is expected that band exercise can help improve

the elementary school students’ performance in

archery.

2 THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1 The Definitions of Band Exercise

The word exercise is defined as (1) physical

movements and activities involving the use of large

muscle groups like dance, calisthenics, more formal

games and activities such as jogging, swimming, and

running, and (2) any movement arrangement

designed to train or improve skills (Kent, 1994).

Band exercise uses an elastic rope made of rubber.

Band exercise can be used to train the movement

ability, strength, and muscles endurance. Since there

are varieties of movement in the band exercise, this

exercise can be directed to train one of the muscle

groups desired by the coach. Generally, rubber ropes

are numbered from the smallest to the largest based

on their width. Strech bands will more closely

simulate archery, such as the feeling of pulling and

releasing a bowstring because of its elasticity

(Rabska Don, 2009).

The principle of using bands in archery is like

bow training. Bow training is done by pulling strings

of the bow, holding them, and correcting the

position for a minimum of 15 seconds and a

maximum of 30 seconds, and then resting in twice

time of the used time. For example, if you do bow

training for 15 seconds, you need to rest for 30

seconds (Jake Kaminski, 2017).

Figure 1: Band exercise (Source: www.bow-trainer.com

/instructions).

Like the mode of power training, elastic

resistance has several advantages and disadvantages.

Athletes should carefully consider merging ERT

with a training regimen. The biggest advantages of

elastic resistance are portability, low cost, and

versatility. Unlike isotonic resistance (free weight,

weight training mechines, and pulley), elastic

resistance depends on the tension of the rubber

rather than the gravitational force (Agustinah, 2015).

In archery, the element of endurance of the arm

muscles is very much needed, considering the

amount of push and pull forces that must be carried

out continuously by the arm muscles. The durability

element will later have a big effect on the athlete's

shooting rhythm.

When making movements in archery, the archer

makes the motions of drawing and pushing. In the

bow drawing movement, several muscles actively

work, include the triceps, biceps, deltoids, and

trapezius muscles, whereas the muscles that play

roles in pushing the bow are palmar aponerosis,

biceps, triceps, deltoids, and subscapularis. The

researcher described the muscles above through the

picture below:

Figure 2: Arm muscles.

2.2 Accuracy in Archery

Accuracy is a primary thing in archery that should

be mastered by the athlete. If an archer does not

have good shot accuracy, the athlete will find it

difficult to win the competition. In archery, the

athlete is not required to have perfect techniques.

However, an archer is highly demanded to have

good shot accuracy supported by the archery

The Effect of Band Exercise on the Arm Muscle Endurance and the Accuracy of Elementary School Students’ Archery

481

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technique. In archery, the techniques are not

restricted by the rules. The athletes are free to use

any techniques as long as they do not disturb other

archers during the match. If the technique is good

and steady, it will produce a good shot.

From the above definition, it can be concluded

that the accuracy in archery is the level of proximity

of the arrows to the X point in the target which is

yellow in colour (Score 10).

Figure 3: Archery target face.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

This research adopts experimental design. It is in the

form of one group pretest-posttest design, which is

an experiment carried out in one experimental group

without a control group. This design is formulated as

follows:

X Pretest Treatment Posttest

3.1 Sampling

The purposive sampling was used in this study.

Purposive sampling is a technique of determining

samples with certain considerations (Sugiyono,

2011). The samples from this study are male and

female athletes aged 7-12 years. The sample size is

20 people.

3.2 Data Collection Method

The methods used in this study are test and

measurement. The samples are the students who are

still in the growth period, that is 7-12 years. Because

that ages are at the beginner level of athletes, the

forms of exercise are aimed at the formation of

general strength.

The instrument of side learning test is used to

measure the endurance of arm muscles (Widiastuti,

2011). Before the training program, the initial tests

(pretest) in the form of side learning test and 20-

meter archery test were carried out. After that, the

training treatment was performed in 21 meetings.

The frequency of exercise was 3 times per week

with the duration of 1.5 - 2 hours with the arranged

exercise program. After that, the final tests (posttest)

were carried out.

From the results of the pretest and posttest, it will

be decided whether the treatment has an effect or

not.

3.3 The Data Analysis Technique

Before the statistical analysis was carried out, the

normality test was performed as the assumption test

or the requirement test. The normality test is used to

determine the normal distribution of the obtained

data.

3.3.1 The Normality Test

The Kolmogorof-Sminorv test was used in the

normality test. In this test, the sample hypothesis

will be tested from the population with normal

distribution. The result will be compared with the

value of Asymp. Sig of 0.05 to determine wether the

hypothesis is rejected or not. The hypothesis is

accepted if the value of Asymp.Sig is greater than

0.05. If it does not meet the criteron, the hypothesis

will be rejected.

Table 1: Results of the normality test using the

Kolmogrov-Smirnov Test.

No Variable Asymp.Sig Category

1 Arm muscle

endurance

retest

)

0.646 Normal

2 Arm muscle

endurance (posttest)

0.773 Normal

3 Score on 20-meter

archery (pretest)

0.673 Normal

4 Score on 20-meter

archer

osttest

)

0.523 Normal

Based on the table above, it can be seen that the

value of Asymp.Sig of the two data variables was >

0.05, meaning that the two variable data are

normally distributed. It means that the data are

normal.

3.3.2 The Homogeneity Test

Homogeneity tests are useful to test the similarity of

samples and the sample variants taken from the

population. The criterion of homogeneity is if

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

482

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Fcount < Ftable. If Fcount > Ftable, the samples are

considered as not homogeneous. The results of this

homogeneity test can be seen in the following table:

Table 2: Results of homogenity test.

Test Df Ftable Fcount P Criteria

Arm

muscle

endurance

1:38 4.10 0.016 0.901 Homogen

Score on

20-meter

archer

1:38 4.10 0.434 0.514 Homogen

The results of the homogeneity test on the arm

muscle endurance data and accuracy scores show

that Fcount < Ftable (4.10), meaning that the

variance is homogeneous.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Result

There is a significant difference between the pretest

and the posttest of the arm muscle endurance and

20-meter archery of the beginner archery athletes in

Magelang regency after given the treatment of band

exercise. The results of the t-test in determining

differences of the two variables between the pretest

and the posttest can be seen in the following table:

Table 3: Result of the t-test.

Pretest –

osttest

Df T table T count P

Sig.

5 %

Arm muscle

endurance

19 2.093 7.255 0.000 0.05

Score on 20-

meter archer

19 2.093 12.839 0.000 0.05

From these results, it can be seen that tcount of

arm muscle endurance is 7.255, greater than t (0.05)

(19) = 2.093 and tcount of the 20-meter archery is

12.839, greater than t (0.05) (19) = 2,093 at the

significance level of 0.05%. It means that the null

hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. Thus, the alternative

hypothesis (Ha) states that band exercise has an

effect on the arm muscle endurance and the

elementary school students’ accuracy in archery.

4.2 Discussion

Based on the results of this study, band exercise can

be used as an exercise model for beginner archery

athletes. It is because band exercise has several

advantages, such as elasticity or having thickness

with different weight pull functions so they can be

adjusted. Furthermore, band exercise can be done

both in indoor or outdoor. Endurance training using

elastic bands is often applied in strength training,

sports rehabilitation, and muscle training. Using

elastic tape for 8 weeks can increase muscle strength

by 14% -26%. In further research, it is found that

besides enhancing strength, balance, proprioception,

and function, band exercise has a preventive effect

on pain and chronic damage (Kang Dong Hyun, et

al., 2016). The movement of band exercise

conducted in this study was like archery so that the

muscles affected were the same as when doing

archery. According to Sezer Süreyya Yonca (2017)

the purpose of physical training in archery is to

provide competition-like conditions in terms of body

and mind for the archers. Archers who have good

physical condition are those who could control the

strength of the heartbeat and their entire body when

playing archery.

Archery requires consistency and stability of

movements. To shoot arrows accurately at the target,

archers need to control the distribution of the right

strength, balanced pose, changes in breathing, and so

on. The incompatibility of these factors can directly

affect performance (Jeong-Min Park, 2016). When

archers do band exercise regularly, it will increase

their muscle endurance so that the stability of their

technique in drawing and releasing the bowstring

will be well preserved. The mastery of the right

archery techniques would allow consistency of

movements both in the practice and competition in

order to make an achievement (Prasetyo, 2013).

The factors need to come under consideration in

order to achieve optimal achievement are (1)

physical development, (2) development of

techniques, (3) tactics, and (4) mental development

and maturity (Sajoto, 1998). The component of

physical condition is a whole unit that cannot be

separated just like development and continuance. In

archery, physical condition that needs to be

considered is the endurance of arm muscles. The

importance of arm muscle endurance and accuracy

in archery is based on the long duration of archery,

meaning that having good arm muscle endurance

will help stabilize movements affecting on the high

accuracy and scores. Therefore, to get good

accuracy, an archer must have good arm muscle

endurance. Based on the reason, band exercise that

is routinely done is needed to increase the ability in

well-trained and stable archery.

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2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

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