The Influence of Quality of Sleep and Physical Activity on

sical Fitness

Erwin Setyo Kriswanto

, Indah Prasetyowati

, Jaka Sunardi

, Fredericus Suharjana

Physical, Health, and Recreation Education Department, Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Quality of sleep, Physical activity, Physical fitness

Abstract: This research intends to investigate the effect of sleep quality and physical activity on cardiorespiratory

fitness of students of Faculty of Sports Science (FIK) UNY. The research method used was survey which

used questionnaire and measurement tests. The measurements involved several instruments: Pittsburgh Sleep

Quality Index (PSQI) was used to measure sleep quality; Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)

was used to measure physical activity; multi stage fitness test was used to measure cardiorespiratory fitness.

The research population was FIK students. Data analysis technique employed regression test. The research

result indicates that both sleep quality and physical activity have a significant effect on physical fitness.

1 INTRODUCTION

Recently, the development of technology and

economic globally are facing very rapid changes

marked by emergence of industrial revolution 4.0.

The industrial revolution 4.0 begins in this century.

These technological and economic development have

both huge positive and negative impacts on humans.

Positively, of course, humans can easily access

broader insights, get more modern knowledge from

scientific studies, and be helped in daily activities.

Technology and health have huge influence. The field

of technology develops rapidly and it seems that

humans can be ‘harmed’ by the ease of using

technology; convenience offered by it causes people

to be lazy to move so that they tend to be more

sedentary.

The above phenomena also affect children. The

rapid development of technology makes elementary

school students tend to be lazy to move. World Health

Organization (WHO) states that non-communicable

diseases become global problems in the world. Lack

of physical activity is one of the causes of non-

communicable diseases, including diabetes mellitus,

heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and cancer.

These diseases today are the highest factors causing

death and unfortunately, the occurrences are always

increasing.

Riskerdas’s research shows that non-

communicable diseases and their prevalence tend to

decrease (asthma), but for other non-communicable

diseases, they tend to increase. Cancer in Special

Region of Yogyakarta (DIY province) ranks first with

4.9%, stroke (14.7%). DIY is ranked second for

kidney failure (38.7%) after Jakarta, while for

diabetes mellitus, DIY is ranked second (Indonesia

Ministry of Health, 2018). Non-communicable

diseases are seen from proportion of overweight and

obesity in adolescents, with age ≥ 18 in 2007 up to

2018 experiencing an increase. The increase of

overweight in 2007 is 8.7%, 11.5% in 2013, and

13.6% in 2018. While for obesity, in 2007 amounted

to 10.5%, in 2013 amounted to 14.8%, in 2018 took

21.8% (Ministry of Health, 2018).

93.6% of Indonesian people consume less

vegetables and fruits. 48.3% of Indonesian people

over 10 years old lack physical activity (based on

Health Research and Development Agency, Ministry

of Health, 2013). The percentage of women who lack

physical activity is 54.4%, higher than men who have

the percentage of 41.4%. In addition, these results

also strengthen that urban areas have greater

percentage (57.6%) compared to rural areas (43.3%).

Data from Basic Health Research 2013 (Riskesdas,

2013) show that in Indonesia, the proportion of

population aged ≥ 10 years classified as having less

physical activity is 26.1%. Furthermore, there were

22 provinces which exceeded that number. The five

highest are DKI Jakarta (44.2%), Papua (38.9%),

West Papua (37.8%), Southeast Sulawesi, and Aceh

(37.2%). For Special Region of Yogyakarta, the

Kriswanto, E., Prasetyowati, I., Sunardi, J. and Suharjana, F.

The Inﬂuence of Quality of Sleep and Physical Activity on Physical Fitness.

DOI: 10.5220/0009788804650470

In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports

(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 465-470

ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2

465

proportion of population who have less physical

activity is 20.8%.

The research results are supported by the

condition of children who do more sitting activities

than other activities. The term ‘sitting is the new

smoking’ refers to sitting for a long time which can

cause someone to get metabolic syndrome like

smoking. Even when adults meet physical activity

guidelines, sitting for long period of time can disrupt

metabolic health. Sitting too long in car can increase

the risk of death (Owen, Healy, Matthews, and

Dunstan, 2010). Children have high prevalence rates

of overweight and obesity (Cardon, De Craemer, De

Bourdeaudhuij, and Verloigne, 2014). One of

possible causes is lack of physical activity. This is

also reinforced by WHO which states that physical

activity is fundamental in achieving energy balance

and weight control. Physical activity reduces the risk

of heart disease by 30%, diabetes by 27%, and breast

and colon cancers by 21% 25% (WHO, 2017).

Lack of physical activity is a main cause of death.

The development of technology also causes children

and adolescents to spend more time on smartphones

until late night, causing poor rest patterns (reduced

sleep quality). Low sleep quality and physical activity

can influence someone’s physical fitness levels.

Physical fitness is one indicator to assess whether

someone is fit or not. A person who has good fitness

is someone who can perform daily activities well and

without suffering excessive fatigue. Thus, from the

above problems, the quality of sleep and physical

activity are shown to be important in everyday life

and they influence cardiorespiratory fitness. Based on

that, this research intends to determine the effect of

sleeping quality and physical activity on

cardiorespiratory fitness of Faculty of Sport Sciences

of Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta (FIK UNY)

students.

2 THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1 Quality of Life

Individuals are required to fulfill basic human needs

in order to maintain their life. One of the basic needs

that human need is sleeping. Sleep is basically needed

by everyone. Sleep is an unconscious state when

individual is awakened by giving stimuli (Guyton and

Hall, 2007). Sleep is a condition when the recovery

process for body and brain occurs and is very

important for achieving optimal health (Maas, 2011).

Everyone needs to have adequate sleep so the body

can function normally. Sleep is one of the important

factors for basic human physiological needs. Sleep

needs are included in physiological needs or primary

needs which are basic requirements for human

survival and this depends on the quality of sleep.

Sleep quality will affect someone’s psychological and

physical health; low sleep quality makes daily life

more stressful or causes someone to become less

productive.

Sleep needs of each individual varies, depending

on their age. Each individual must fulfill his/ her sleep

needs so that he/ she can do activities well. Sleep

quality is where a person can easily start sleeping and

maintain his or her sleep. A person's sleep quality can

be described by the length of sleep and complaints

that are felt during sleep or after waking up. Adequate

sleep needs are determined by sleep quality and sleep

hours factor. Furthermore, some of factors that affect

sleep quality are physiological, psychological,

environmental, and lifestyle factors. Physiological

factor has impacts, such as decrease in daily

activities, fatigue, weakness, decreased endurance

and instability of vital signs (Potter and Perry, 2010).

Whether someone is able to sleep or not is

influenced by several factors (Chen, et. Al., 2016) as

follows: (1)

Health Status

Someone who has healthy

body is able to sleep well, while those who is not

healthy, being able to sleep well will be challenging;

(2) Environment

The environment can have

influence on someone’ sleep. Clean environment,

cold temperatures, calm atmosphere, and adequate

lighting will facilitate a person to sleep well, and vice

versa, dirty environment, hot temperatures, crowded

atmosphere, and very bright lighting lead to worse

quality of sleep; (3) Psychological Stress

Anxiety

and depression will cause sleep frequency disorder.

This is because anxious conditions increase blood

norepinephrine through sympathetic nervous system.

This substance will reduce NREM and REM Stage

IV:

(1)

Diet

Foods that contain lots of L-tryptophan

such as cheese, milk, meat, and tuna can cause

someone to sleep easily. Conversely, drinks

containing caffeine or alcohol will cause sleep

disorder; (2) Lifestyle

Fatigue felt by someone can

also affect quality of his/ her sleep. Suffering from

middle level fatigue, people still can sleep well,

whereas excessive fatigue will cause shorter period of

REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep; (3) Medicine

Consuming medicine affects someone’s sleep. Drugs

may increase the arcing of noradrenergic neurons

which stimulates real sleep decrease in REM sleep

(neuron REM-off) and increases wakefulness.

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

466

2.2 Physical Activity

Physical

and health activities have very close

correlation and are the basis when a child or adult can

enjoy daily physical activity (Weiyun Chen, et al.,

2016). High level of physical activity will have

influence at the end of life when it is associated with

the risk of several chronic diseases and all causes of

death (Nelson, et al., 2007). A person who has passive

lifestyle or is not physically active is prone to diabetes

and other diseases that can cause death (Tao Chen, et

al, 2015). The results of Taras’s study (2005) reveal

that physical activity will improve learning

achievement. Physical activity is related to improving

overall health and can improve socialization and

mental health skills.

2.3 Physical Fitness

Cardiovascular endurance is the ability

of a person to

do physical activities in relatively long time with sub-

maximal weight (Nurhasan, 2005). Cardiovascular

endurance is the ability of lungs, heart, and blood

vessels to convey oxygen and nutrients to cells to

meet the needs of physical activity that lasts for a long

time (Hairy, 2007). Cardiovascular fitness is very

important to support muscle work by taking oxygen

and channeling it to all active muscle tissues, so that

it can be used for metabolic processes. Therefore,

cardiovascular fitness is considered the most basic

component of physical fitness and the most important

component that must be improved so that physical

fitness is always in a good condition (Hairy, 2007).

Cardiorespiratory endurance is the ability of the heart

and lungs to take oxygen and deliver the amount of

oxygen adequately to working muscles used in

performing activities that involve large amount of

muscles (for example: running, swimming and

cycling) for a long time. Based on the opinions above,

it can be concluded that what is meant by

cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart

and lung muscles to supply oxygen optimally

throughout body in relatively long time. This means

that functional cardiovascular can improve quality of

life.

Department of National Education (Depdiknas,

2000) states that factors which affect heart and lungs

endurance are as follows: (1)

heredity (Genetic),

From research conducted, it is concluded that 93.4%

ability of VO

Max is determined by genetic factors

which can only be changed by training/ exercise.

Genetic factors that play role can distinguish capacity

of heart, lungs, red blood cells, and hemoglobin;

(2)

Age

from children up to about 20 years old age, the

endurance of heart (cardiovascular) increases. It then

reaches its maximum limit on the age of 20-30 years.

The endurance is then inversely proportional to the

age, meaning that people who are 70 years old have

resistance of 50% of those who are aged 17 years old.

This is caused by the decrease in the organ transport

and the use of O

as the results of increasing age.

However, this decline can be reduced if people do

aerobic exercise; (3) Sex

until the age of puberty,

there is no difference in pulmonary heart endurance

(cardiovascular) between men and women. After that

age, the women endurance is 15-25% lower than men.

This difference is caused by difference in maximal

muscular power related to body surface, body

composition, muscle strength, hemoglobin amount,

lungs capacity, and so on; and (4) Physical activity

rest in bed for 3 weeks will reduce heart's endurance

(cardiovascular). Doing aerobic exercise for 8 weeks

after rest shows an increase in endurance of the lungs

and heart. The type of physical activity will affect the

capacity of higher cardiovascular endurance

compared to those who do gymnastic and fencing. In

obese patients, directed physical activity also

increases physical fitness in addition to weight loss.

Various types of tests to measure endurance of

heart and lungs or cardiovascular endurance as

follows (Suharto, et al., 2000):

(1) 4,800-meter Brisk

Test,

the 4800-meter brisk test aims to measure ability

and willingness of someone's physical work. This

method measures travel time needed to complete

4,800-meter brisk walk (fast walking). On the 4,800-

meter brisk test, several officers are required, namely

the officer who gives the sign to start; some

timekeepers; several field supervisors; security

officers; health workers; liaison officer; general

assistant. For timekeepers, the number is adjusted to

the needs. Facilities and infrastructure needed include

4,800-meter flat line / track; stopwatch or other time

meter that can show time, either hours, minutes, or

seconds; start flag; chest number, form and

stationery; and other supporting infrastructures. In

this test, there are several requirements that must be

met by participants and its organizer. For the

participants, their ages must be over than 13 years old,

having healthy condition, prepared for the test, and

wearing sport clothes. The test should be done in the

morning, no more than 11.00 a.m. In term of the rules,

the participants should walk as fast as possible, but

they are not allowed to run; during the test,

participants are not allowed to stop or take a rest; (2)

2,400-meter run test

, the aim of 2,400-meter run test

is to measure ability and readiness of someone's

physical works. This method measures travel time

The Inﬂuence of Quality of Sleep and Physical Activity on Physical Fitness

467

required to complete 2,400-meter run. Almost the

same as brisk test, it requires several officers, namely

the officer who gives the sign to start; some

timekeepers; several field supervisors; security

officers; health workers; liaison officer; general

assistants. For timekeepers, the number is adjusted to

the needs. The facilities and infrastructure needed

include 2,400-meter flat track / lane; stopwatch or

other time meter that can show time, either hours,

minutes, or seconds; start flag; chest number, form

and stationery; other supporting infrastructures. In

this test, there are several requirements that must be

owned by participants and its organizers. For the

participants, their ages must be over than 13 years old,

having healthy condition, prepared the test, and

wearing sport clothes. The test should be done in the

morning, no more than 11.00 a.m. In term of the rules,

the participants should walk as fast as possible, but

they are not allowed to run; during the test,

participants are not allowed to stop or take a rest; (3)

Harvard Step-ups Test

, this test is the oldest

measurement (made by Brouha in 1943) which is

used to determine aerobic ability, or sometimes called

as heart-lungs ability, cardiovascular endurance,

aerobic power, cardiovascular endurance, cardio

respiration endurance, and aerobic fitness (they all

have the same meaning). The purpose of this test is to

measure the ability or readiness of one's physical

works. Equipment needed include: 19-inch Harvard

bench for male and 17 inches for female; stop watch

to record the time; metronome to adjust up and down

rhythm; stethoscope to count the pulse (or fingers if

there is no stethoscope); form/ table and stationery;

and (4) MFT (Multistage Fitness Test)

, Junusul Hairy

(2007) states that the most appropriate way to find out

components of endurance is through tests. One of the

field tests used to find out VO

Max level is by

multistage test. Multistage Fitness Test (MFT) is a

type of endurance test that aims to determine VO

Max. In Indonesia, people usually call it Tung Test

(Bleep Test). Unit of this test is cc/ Kgbb/ minute.

This research employed the MFT (Multistage

Fitness Test) as cardiovascular endurance test.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design

The research employed survey method in the form of

correlational research type that aimed to find out the

correlation between sleep quality, physical activity

and physical fitness.

3.2 Research Subject

The population of the research was the students of

Faculty of Sport Sciences. Sampling technique used

was random sampling. Number of samples was 194

students.

3.3 Instrument and Data Analysis

Technique

The sleep quality instrument employed in this study

is Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), physical

activity and Global Physical Activity Questionnaire

(GPAQ), while the instrument for cardiorespiratory

fitness employed multistage fitness test. The data

were analyzed by using multiple regression analysis.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Prerequisite Test

The prerequisite test results which employed

normality test shows that the data were normally

distributed with α = 0.584> 0.05. Another

prerequisite test employing heteroscedasticity test

shows that there is inequality of variance from the

residual for all observations in regression model. If

Sig <α, it means that there is heteroscedasticity, while

if Sig>α, this means that there is no

heteroscedasticity. The analysis shows that sleep

quality sig=0.620>0.05 which implies that

heteroscedasticity did not occur. The result of

physical activity test shows that sig = 0.495> 0.05,

meaning that there is no heteroscedasticity.

Furthermore, residual assumption was normally

distributed; multicollinearity did not occur;

heteroscedasticity did not occur; the regression

equation was feasible

4.2 Hypothesis Test

Regression tests shows that the correlation coefficient

between sleep quality and physical fitness = -0.083

and sig = 0.011 with Sig <α (0.011 < 0.05). It means

that sleep quality has a significant effect on physical

fitness. Negative correlation coefficient (-0.083)

means that the higher the sleep quality score is, the

lower the physical fitness score is (VO2 Max),

whereas the lower the sleep quality score is, the

higher the physical fitness score (VO2 Max) is.

Based on the study, correlation coefficient

between physical activity and physical fitness is =

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

468

0.290 and sig = 0.000 with Sig <α (0,000 <0,05). It

means that physical activity has a significant effect on

physical fitness. The positive correlation coefficient

(0.290) means that the higher the physical activity

score (MET) is, the higher the physical fitness score

(VO2 Max) is, and the lower the physical activity

score (MET) is, the lower the physical fitness score

(VO2 Max) is.

Linearity test for physical fitness and sleep quality

shows Sig> α (0.953>0.05), indicating that physical

fitness data and sleep quality data are in a linear

relationship. Moreover, linearity test for physical

fitness and physical activity shows Sig> α (0.053>

0.05), implying that physical fitness data and physical

activity data is also in a linear relationship.

The correlation coefficient of sleep quality and

physical activity simultaneously with physical fitness

= 0.327 and F count = 11,457 with sig = 0,000. Sig

<α (0,000 <0,05), indicating that the quality of sleep

and physical activity have a significant effect on

physical fitness. The brief explanation of it can be

seen in the figure below.

Figure 1: The effect of sleep quality and physical activity

on physical fitness

4.3 Discussion

In essence, there is a correlation between physical

activity and sleep quality. Regular physical activity

results in faster and better sleep (Nelson, 2007).

Physical activity and light exercise are healthy

activity which cause someone to fall asleep. Exercise

and fatigue can affect quality and quantity of sleep

because fatigue suffered from high activity can

require someone to have more sleep so as to maintain

energy balance that has been released. People who

have done activities and suffer fatigue will be able to

fall asleep faster because the slow-wave sleep phase

(NREM) is shortened (Hidayat, 2007).

Sleep relieves works of vital organs during daily

activities. Cells damaged during works are repaired

and when someone awakens, his or her body regains

energy to do next activities. Someone who has good

sleep quality will also have good performance on his/

her physical activities. Once the energy has been

fulfilled, people can do exercise and their fitness stays

well. On the other hand, if someone has poor sleep

quality, he or she will experience barriers in

performing physical activities. Loss of sleep can

cause difficulty in concentrating, changes in bodily,

mental and emotional functions (Hardinge and

Shryock, 2001). This can lead to obstruction of

physical activity which should be done properly.

Even if a person can do exercises with poor sleep

quality, his/ her appearance will be different from

those who have good sleep quality. Lack of sleep

results in decrease in someone’s physical and mental

health, such as excessive fatigue, pain, anxiety,

depression, and decreased quality of life (Anderson,

2003). Someone who is in the long run experiences of

sleep disorder can possibly damage his/ her body or

increase the risk of heart attack (Barnard, 2002).

Sleep quality and physical activity can affect

someone's physical fitness. Physical fitness is one

indicator to assess whether someone is fit or not.

Someone is considered to have good fitness if he or

she can do daily activities well and does not suffer

excessive fatigue. Cardiovascular fitness is very

important to support muscle’s work by taking oxygen

and channeling it to all active muscle tissues, so that

it can be used for metabolic processes. Therefore,

cardiovascular fitness is considered the most

fundamental component of physical fitness and the

most important component that must be improved so

that physical fitness is always in a good condition

(Hairy, 2007).

The purpose of performing physical activities is to

improve health status, maintain fitness, and prevent

disease. One’s bustle causes lack of physical activity

which can trigger diseases such as heart disease, high

blood pressure, and stroke (Griwijoyo, 2013). On the

other hand, busy activities cause someone to suffer

fatigue which affects his or her sleep quality. The

higher the level of fatigue suffered by someone, the

better the quality of sleep he or she has (Safriyanda,

2015). Results of a study conducted by Safaringga

(2018) regarding the correlation between physical

fitness and sleep quality of the last semester students

of physical education program show that physical

fitness can adequately affect one's sleep quality and

vice versa, if the physical fitness level is not good,

one's sleep quality will decrease. Furthermore, based

on the results of the study, the level of physical fitness

Sleep Quality

Physical Fitness

Physical Activity

r = -0,183

r = 0,290

R = 0,327

The Inﬂuence of Quality of Sleep and Physical Activity on Physical Fitness

469

of the majority of the students (24 students) is in unfit

category (63.2% of the population), while 12 students

(31.6%) are below the average level and the

remaining (2 students or 5.2% of the population) are

not very fit. The factors which influence the result are

the lack of exercise and quality of sleep. From the

research results, the number of students who had

average quality of sleep and severe problems is 28

(73.7%). They had poor sleep quality which means

that they experienced severe problems. While the

remaining 10 students (26.3%) faced medium

problems. Students’ poor sleep quality is influenced

by physical activity factors; students who are in their

last semester rarely do physical activities or sports.

Sleep quality and physical activity have influence

on someone's physical fitness. Maintaining the

quality of sleep means maintaining physical fitness.

Furthermore, by supportinfg the quality of sleep with

sports or physical activities, someone’s physical

fitness will get better.

5 CONCLUSION

Sleep quality and physical activity have a significant

effect on physical fitness.

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YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

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