The Correlation between Leg-arm Muscle Power and Volleyball

Players’ Open Smash Ability

Hakim Irwandi Marpaung

Bambang Priyonoadi

Graduate School Program, Yogyakarta State University, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Yogyakarta State University, Jl. Colombo No.1 Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Leg power, Arm power, Open Smash volleyball

Abstract: This study aims to determine the correlation between leg-arm muscle power and open smash ability. It

employs descriptive method and measurement techniques using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 2.0 with simple

correlation and multiple correlation test. The participants of this study were volleyball players (n=10, age 15

± 17 years) selected by total sampling technique. In order to asses the leg, arm muscle power, and open

smash ability, the researcher used vertical jump, medicine ball, and volleyball smash test. The results of R

calculation showed that the r

count

value= 0.822 > r

table

= 0.632 and F

count

= 7.301 > F

table

= 4.74. The

correlational analysis was conducted and it indicated a very high correlation between all variables. It can be

concluded that there was a positive and significant correlation between leg-arm muscle power withopen

smash ability on male volleyball players.

1 INTRODUCTION

Volleyball is a kind of sports which is played by two

groups of people, where each group consists of six

players. Volleyball is a widely known sportswhich

can upgrade the sense of recreation and performance

or competition. Ithas been proved in many volleyball

competitions in any level. There are five techniques

in volleyball, such as upper passing, lower passing,

service, smash, and blocking (Palao, Santos,Ureña,

2017). This study focuses on open smash ability,

where leg and arm power were the most affected

object matters . Regarding to the techniques, power

and speed are necessary for the playersto support

thgeir physical fitness. The power of leg muscle is

useful to create an optimal jump when the players

perform an open smash, while the power from arm

muscle is useful to improve power and speed when

they hit the ball.

Palao, Valadés, Manzanares, Ortega (2014)

suggested that in order to master the basic volleyball

technique, the players have to be in good physical

condition, since the condition will give an important

contribution for the players. It will lead them to

perform better in doing those techniques, which

might ease them to gain severalachievements. Irianto

(2004:4) stated that “the factors which determine the

achievement in sports are good physical aspects such

as power, speed, agility, coordination, power,

muscle durability, healthy heart and lungs, accuracy,

flexibility, reaction, and fitness”. Therefore, it can be

concluded that volleyball is a kind of sports where

good physical condition is the basic requirement

todevelop physical and mental condition. By having

good physical condition, the players should

implement intense, appropriate, programmed, and

consistent training, in order to gain the optimal

achievement.

Leg and arm muscle power are very important

for volleyball players, especially for smasher, since

leg muscle has the main role in doing an optimal

jump, and arm muscle actively contributes in hitting

the ball (McGown, Conlee, Sucec, Buono, Tamayo,

M., Phillips, Beal, 2013). When the players’ leg and

arm muscle is in good condition, they will have

optimal power, and their smash will be hard to

block. In order to give a deadly smash to the

opponents, the players have to make good position

and power while smashing the ball, take the highest

point to avoid opponents’ block.

According to the results of observation and

interview at 10th – 30th June, 2017 with trainer or

education sports teacher it can be assumed that ten

male volleyball players at Nurul Amaliyah

vocational school Tanjung Morawa had gained three

Marpaung, H. and Priyonoadi, B.

The Correlation between Leg-arm Muscle Power and Volleyball Players’ Open Smash Ability.

DOI: 10.5220/0009786803790385

In Proceedings of the 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science in conjunction with the 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports

(YISHPESS and CoIS 2019), pages 379-385

ISBN: 978-989-758-457-2

379

times training in a week, at Tuesday, Thursday, and

Saturday. Based on the observation, it had been

known that several problems occurred during the

training of basic techniques, such as too easy to take

the smash, too easy to block the smash, and several

failed and inaccurate smashes. The researcher

assumed that the problems were caused by the

weakness of leg power and arm power.

Based on the problems above, the researcher

formulates a research question: What is the

correlation between leg and arm muscle power with

open smash ability among Volleyball players at

Nurul Amaliyah Vocational School Tanjung

Morawa, Sumatera Utara.”

Indra Kasih (2016) stated that “Smash is an

action of hitting the ball in the pointed direction with

great power, along with optimal jump, entering the

opponents' field." Gerhard Durrwacher (1982) also

stated that "Smash is the main hit or the effort to

create an offensive play, in order to win the game."

Nuril Ahmadi (2007) stated that "Smash is an action

where the hands of players fully contacted the upper

part of the ball, hitting the pointed lines of the ball's

track within massive power and speed."

It can be explained that smash is an effort to gain

a score in the game, which is usually performed by

the front line of the attack field since only in the

area, players are easier to strike a smash through the

net. Smash also can be done in the backfield;

however, it must be done with the optimal jump

from 3 meters of the backline.

Nuril Ahmadi (2007) stated that Smash could be

done with several steps, such as steadiness,

approaching, striking, and landing. Further detail of

each step is explained as follow: 1) Steadiness

Players stand with normal posture about 3-4 meters

in the back distance of net. While players try to

make a step forward, they make steady little steps in

their place; 2) Approaching players step forward,

then take a foothold along with the lowered body.

Both arms already on each side of the body, then

they pull the arms into the backside followed by an

explosive jump, ready for striking the ball by

posturing a swing from the back to front side; 3)

Striking While in the air, players should be able to

reach the ball and then hit the ball with great power

from the dominant hand. The positioning must be

focused on how palm of the hand can make a whip

move. The hit can be optimized, if the whip

movement followed by strong foothold, lowered

body, and controlled standing. This position must be

performed in one harmonic and explosive

movement. 4) Landing After the ball has been

successfully hit, the smasher is ready to land.

Landing must be done with good positioning using

two legs and steadiness.

Analysis of smash movement involves process of

steadiness, steadiness depends on the track of the

passing ball, about 3 - 4 meters from the falling

point. When the players jump, they must take a full

awareness on how our legs have been positioned.

The leg which serves as the foothold must be

positioned in front of another leg. The movement is

called lower leg flexi movement. Smash analysis

also comprises process of jumping, which smasher

continue the process with stepping movement after

the process of steadiness. This process is an

extended process from lower leg flexi movement

using particular parts of the muscle (extremities

inferior muscle)i.e.m. Rectus femoris, m.vastus

medialis, m.vastus lateralis, m.biceps femoris, dan

m.gastronemius. When players take an explosive

jump, it must be performed continually. The starting

step has to be coordinated with the arms which have

been swung from behind the back of the body,

bending the knee, then both arms must be massively

jolted through the thigh, leading the legs to open.

Shoulder follows the explosive movement. Shortly

after jumping,the body floated in the air with

position swelled backward, which is the

hyperextension motion. The soles, ankles, pelvis,

and toes moved in harmony to obtain a perfect range

of motion to create explosive movements and

vertical jumps. The analysis continues to examine

process of striking which is the skill requiring hand-

eye coordination to adjust the right time from the

highest jumping range to the falling ball. The active

wrist jerks forward with the palm and fingers closing

the ball, which is a flexion of the wrist by involving

the flexor carpi radialis muscle, the extensor carpi

ulnaris muscle, and the extensor digitorum. After

exposing to the ball, the beating arm makes a further

movement with the midline of the body or the

extended range of arms, which involves the deltoid

muscle, the pectoralis major muscle, and the

Maximus Dorsi muscle, followed by bending

gestures involving the abdominis.

The correct strike will result in a hard and

fastball going to the ground with a fast spin with the

top (topspin). When striking, the muscles directly

involved shoulder groups such as deltoid, trapezius

and triceps brachii and lower arm muscles such as

flexor carpi radialis muscle, extensor carpi ulnaris

muscle, and extensor digitorum.

Lastly, process of Landing is also involved. The

next move after striking the ball above the net is

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

380

slightly bending and landing with both legs (lower

limb flexion motion). The way to land after

performing each smash is similar to moment when

the upper body bends forward, and feet are directed

forward to maintain the balance of the athlete

landing on both legs with a slight bend.

Open smash is a variation of attack techniques in

volleyball that is quite difficult to do because it has

complex moves. The movement consists of elements

of speed when running the starting steps, jumping,

coordinating with the ball when it hits the ball and

the power when it lands. A mistake that often occurs

is the absence of explosive power or power in

making open smash/spike moves. Explosive power

greatly affects the results of spikes where leg muscle

power and arm muscle power are very important in

volleyball games, especially for smasher. Thus, by

having good leg and arm muscle power, the smash

will be difficult to block. In order to produce a

deadly strike to the opponent's field, the player must

smash when the ball is at maximum height to avoid

block from the opponent.

As stated by Kasih (2016), the special

characteristics of a normal smash (open smash) are

the ball (bait) is high enough to reach three meters

above and the distance of the ball trajectory ranges

between 20-50 cm from the net. The point of the

falling point of the ball between the feeder and the

smasher measured from the projection line of the

smasher to the net. The first step starts after

removing the feeder by looking at the ball, reaching

and hitting the ball as high as the net.

From a number of opinions above, the writer

concludes that the skill of open smash / open spike is

one of the blows that have a fairly high ball

characteristic, namely 3 to 4 meter height which

means that a spiker must have a high enough jump

quality so that the spike/smash results are at its best.

According to Harsono (1988), “explosive power

(power) is the ability of muscles to exert maximum

power in a very fast time”. Then, Bompa (1994)

states, "explosive power is the result of an alloy of

the power and speed of muscle contraction".

Whereas Sajoto (1988) argues that muscular “power

is the ability of a person to carry out maximum

power with his effort being deployed in the shortest

amount of time”.

Based on these opinions, it can be concluded that

power is the result of power and speed, which is the

ability of the muscle to exert or exert maximum

power in a very short time. If every two individuals

can lift a weight of 70 kg, but one can lift it faster

than the others, then that person has better power

than the person who lifts it more slowly.

Power of the leg muscles greatly determines the

ability of a player to perform various movements in

playing volleyball, which is one of his jumping

moves when he wants to do a smash. In the

volleyball game, the maximum speed of smash is

determined by good explosive power. In other

words, the player who has the explosive power of

leg muscles is one component of a very important

physical condition, which must be possessed in

volleyball. The parts of the leg muscle (inferior

extremity muscle) consist of m.rectus femoris,

medial vascular, lateral mucus, m.biceps femoris,

m.gastronemius, m.soleus. Doing a leap when doing

a smash really needs good leg muscle power. By

having good leg muscle power, most likely they will

result in a high jump and overcome the net height so

that it will be easier to smash when floating in the

air.

The explosive power of the arm muscles is also a

very important thing an athlete must have in

carrying out volleyball smashes. It is where an

athlete must be able to hit the ball quickly and

strongly so that the opponent is difficult to return the

ball.

Suharjana (2018) states, "power is the ability of

muscles to contract strongly and quickly” while

Kasih (2016) suggests that power is the ability to do

business optimally in the shortest.

Thus, it can be stated that "power is one of the

most important traits for skills (performance) in

sports and maximum power or known as explosive

power is the maximum combination of speed and

power. Muscle explosive power is very important to

do a motion activity in every sport. The explosive

power of the arm muscles will determine how hard

an athlete strikes and how far they throw the ball.

The explosive power of the arm muscles is

influenced by the ability of the arm muscles, while

the part of the arm muscles (superior extremity

muscle) is m. Trapezius, m.deltoideus, m.pectoralis

major, m.biceps brachii, m.triceps brachii,

m.brachialis, m.brachioradialis, m.pronator teres,

m. flexor carpi radialis, m.flexor digitorum

superficialis tendines.

1.1 The Correlation between Leg and

Arms Muscle Power with Open

Smash Ability

Based on the results of the analysis,, it takes a high

jump and a strong and fast punch when doing a

smash. To support good jumps and punches, power

is also needed. Explosive power is the ability to

overcome load resistence at high speed (Harre,

The Correlation between Leg-arm Muscle Power and Volleyball Players’ Open Smash Ability

381

1982). High speed is defined as the ability of

muscles to contract strongly and quickly. Thus the

explosive power is influenced by strength and speed,

both the speed of stimulation and the speed of

muscle contraction (Fox et al, 1988).

Based on the opinion above, it can be concluded that

power is the result of strength and speed, which is

the ability of muscles to exert in a very short time.

When jumping, there needs to be leg muscle

power. Good leg muscle power will help the spiker

to produce a high jump to overcome the height of

the net so that it will make it easier for the spiker to

make a smash when floating in the air. Achmad

Irfan (2016) states that leg muscle power is really

needed by a spiker to do a smash in which making a

strong and fast jump in order to hit the ball when

the ball is above the air or the volleyball net.

Moreover, when doing a punch, there is a need

of arm muscle power. Good arm muscle power

enables to do strong and sharp strokes that will make

it difficult for your opponent. Kasih (2016) states

that arm muscle power is needed to produce punch

power so that the ball falls at the high speed and

dives sharply.

Leg and arm muscle power is very important in

playing volleyball, especially for spiker, because leg

muscle power plays a very significant role in

jumping and arm muscle power plays a significant

role in hitting the ball. Therefore, by having good

leg and arm muscle power, smashes will be difficult

to stop. In order to create a smash that kills the

opponent's game, the player must smash when the

ball is at maximum height in order to avoid damages

made by the opponent.

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

As stated earlier, this study aimed to determine the

correlation of leg and arm muscle power with the

results of the open smash ability on volleyball

players. This study employed descriptive methods

by conducting test and measurement techniques.

2.1 Instrument

The data in this study were variables which were

correlated on leg muscle power, arm muscle power,

and the results of open smash ability, collected by

tests and measurements. The instruments used in this

study were vertical jump, medicine ball, and

volleyball smash.

2.2 Data Analysis Technique

The data obtained in this study were calculated using

Microsoft Excel and SPSS 20 with simple

correlation and multiple correlations test,.Before

testing hypotheses, the requirements tests were

conducted, such as data normality test and linearity

test.

3 FINDING AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Description of Research Data

This is a description of the raw data of the research

results, which include data on number, average

value, maximum value, minimum value, and

standard deviation.

Table 1: The result data of leg muscle power test.

Statistic X

Maximum Value

Minimum Value

Average Value

Standa

Deviation

50,2

7,35

Tabel 2: The result data of arms muscle power test.

Statistic X

Maximum Value

Minimum Value

Average Value

Standa

Deviation

524

424

457,2

35,00

Table 3: The result data of open smash test.

Statistic Y

Maximum Value

Minimum Value

Average Value

Standa

Deviation

129,10

73,16

100

14,73

3.2 Analysis Requirements Test

Analysis for requirement test is required in the

analysis of statistical data in order to make the data

collection useful in this study. Requirements test for

the data analysis were normality test and linearity

test.

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

382

Table 4: Normality test.

Variable L

table



Note

Leg Powe

0.168 0.258 0,05 Normal

Arm Powe

0,247 0.258 0,05 Normal

Result of

Open Smash

,210 0.258 0,05 Normal

Table 5: Linearity test.

No Research

Variable

count

Sig Note

1 (X

) - (Y) 84,736 0,083 Linie

2 (X

) - (Y) 0,215 0,932 Linie

Normality test of the data using reliability test

from table 4 showed that the values for each variable

are higher than the L

table,

table

= 0.258 with n=10 and

level α= 0,05. because L

count

< L

table .

It can be

concluded that the sample comes from a population

was normally distributed.



Based on the data analysis, it can be seen that the

correlation between leg muscle power and the open

smash ability is linear, with an F value of 84.736 and

significant 0.083 (sig>0.05). The correlation

between arm muscle power and the open smash

ability is linear, with an F value of 0.215 and Sig

0.932 (sig> 0.05).

3.3 Hypothesis Test

3.3.1 The Correlation between Leg Muscle

Power (X

) with Open Smash

Ability(Y).

Table 6: Correlation of coefficient X

with the Y variable.

Corre

lation

Correlation n=10 α = 0,05 (R

)

count

table

count

table

x1y

0,822 0,632 4,086 1,86 67,57%

The results of testing the first hypothesis obtained a

correlation coefficient of rx1y = r

count

0.822> r

table

0.632 and t

count

= 4.086> t

table

= 1.86. Based on the

testing criteria of the hypothesis that H

is rejected

and H

accepted, then this study concluded that there

is a positive and significant correlation between leg

muscle power with the open smash ability of male

volleyball players. The determination coefficient of

67.57% explaining that leg muscle power

contributed 67.57% to the open smash ability.

3.3.2 The Correlation between Arm Muscle

Power (X

) with the Results Open

Smash Ability (Y).

Table 7: Correlation of coefficient X

with the Y variable.

Corre

lation

Correlation, n=10 α = 0,05 (R

)

count

table

count

table

x2y

0,749 0,632 3,193 1,86 56,10%

By testing the second hypothesis, it was obtained a

correlation coefficient of rx2y = r

count

0.749> r

table

0.632 and t

count

= 3.193> t

table

= 1.86. Based on the

testing criteria of the hypothesis that H

is rejected

while H

is accepted, it can be concluded that there

is a positive and significant correlation between arm

muscle power and the open smash ability among

male volleyball players. The determination

coefficient of 56.10% explained that arm muscle

power contributed 56.10% to the results of open

smash ability.

3.3.3 The Correlation between Leg (X

) and

Arms Muscle Power (X

) with the

Results Open Smash Ability(Y).

Table 8: Correlation of coefficient X

and X

with Y

variable.

Corre

lation

Correlation n=10 α = 0,05 (R

)

count

table

count

table

x1x2y

0,822 0,632 7,301 4,74 67,57%

By testing the third hypothesis, it was obtained a

correlation coefficient of rx1x2y = r

count

0.822> r

table

0.632 and F

count

= 7.301> F

table

= 4.74. Based on the

testing criteria of the hypothesis that H

is rejected

while H

is accepted, then it can be concluded that

there is a positive and significant correlation

between leg and arm muscle power with open smash

ability of male volleyball players. The determination

coefficient of 67.57% explained that leg muscle

power and arm muscle power contributed 67.57% to

the results of volleyball smash open ability while

32.43% was influenced by other variables.

4 DISCUSSION

Based on the results of this study, the leg muscle

power and arm muscle power contribute positively

to the ability of open smash results. There was a

positive and significant correlation between leg

muscle power and the open smash ability among

The Correlation between Leg-arm Muscle Power and Volleyball Players’ Open Smash Ability

383

male volleyball players at Nurul Amaliyah

vocational school Tanjung Morawa, North Sumatra.

The limb muscle power plays a role when jumping,

which will do open smash by having good leg

muscle power. It is useful to help the smasher jump

highand jump over the net. It will ease the spiker to

smash when floating in the air. The movement

during the jump to reach the high net is an anaerobic

move that uses the ATP-PC energy system due to its

explosive moves. In this case, Harsono (1988: 175)

states that to produce a strike in the smash is very

determined by the efficiency and the effectiveness of

muscle movement which also involve the leg

muscles, such asinferior extremity muscles, m. rectus

femoris, m medial vascular, lateral mucus, m. biceps

femoris, and m. gastronemius. As a support for

repelling, it is clear that leg muscle power

contributes positively to open smash.

In addition, there was a positive and significant

correlation between arm muscle power and open

smash ability among male volleyball players at

Nurul Amaliyah vocational school Tanjung Morawa,

North Sumatra. Explosive muscle power is very

important to do a motion activity in every sport. The

explosive power of the arm muscles will determine

how hard an athlete strike the ball, how far they

throw the ball. The explosive power movement

when hitting the ball is an anaerobic move that uses

the ATP-PC energy system because of its explosive

moves. The explosive power of the arm muscles is

influenced by the ability of the arm muscles, and the

part of the arm muscles (superior extremity muscle)

involve m.trapezius, m. deltoideus, m.pectoralis

major, m.biceps brachii, m.triceps brachii,

m.brachialis, m.brachioradialis, m.pronator teres,

m.flexor carpi radialis, m.flexor digitorum

superficialis tendines. Power from the arm muscles

is needed to produce punch power in which the ball

falls at high speed and dives sharply. It is clear that

arm muscle power contributes positively to open

smash.

Another finding from this study is that there was

a positive and significant correlation between both

leg and arm muscle power with the open smash

ability among male volleyball players at Nurul

Amaliyah vocational school Tanjung Morawa North

Sumatra. Explosive muscle power is very important

to do a motion activity in every sport. Power from

the leg muscles is useful to help the smasher produce

a high jump over the net so that it will ease the

player to smash when floating in the air. Meanwhile,

the arm muscle power is needed to produce punch

power, so the ball falls at high speed and dives

sharply. Since it is clearly proven that smashing

requires several components, namely leg and arm

muscle power, this shows that these two factors are

inseparable and make a positive contribution.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Regarding the objectives of the study, it can be

concluded that: 1) There is a positive and significant

correlation between leg muscle power with open

smash ability among male volleyball players; 2)

There is a positive and significant correlation

between arm muscle power with open smash ability

among male volleyball players; 3) There is a

positive and significant correlation between leg and

arm muscle power with open smash ability among

male volleyball players.

REFERENCES

Achmad, Irfan Zinat, 2016. Hubungan Antara Power

Tungkai, Koordinasi Mata Tangan, dan Rasa Percaya

Diri dengan Hasil Keterampilan Open Spike Bola

Voli. Jurnal Pendidikan Unsika, Vol.4. No.1:78-

90.ISSN 2338-2996.

Ahmadi, Nuril., 2007. Panduan Olahraga Bola Voli. Era

Pustaka Utama. Surakarta.

Arikunto, Suharsimi., 1998. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu

Pendekatan, Praktek, IKIP. Yogyakarta.

Bompa, T.O., 1994. Theory and Mrthodology of Training:

The Key to Athlettics Performance. Kendal/ Hunt

Publishing Company. Dubuque.

Buscà, B., Alique, D., Salas, C., Hileno, R., Peña, J.,

Buscà, B., … Peña, J., 2017. Relationship between

agility and jump ability in amateur beach volleyball

male players Relationship between agility and jump

ability in amateur beach volleyball male players.

8668(May).

https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868854

Durrwachter, Gerhard. 1982. Bola Volley Belajar dan

Berlatih Sambil Bermain, Alihbahasa: Agus Setiadi.

Jakarta : PT Gramedia.

Fox, EL, Bowers RW, Foss, ML. 1988. The Physiologycal

Basis of Physical Education and Athletics, W. B.

Saunders Company. USA.

Gray, R. K., Start, K. B., & Walsh, A. (n.d.). Research

Quarterly . American Association for Health , Physical

Education and Recreation Relationship between Leg

Speed and Leg Power. (January 2015), 37–41.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1962.10616469

Harre, D., 1982. Principles of Sport Training:Introduction

to the Theory and Methods of Training. Sport Verlog.

Berlin.

YISHPESS and CoIS 2019 - The 3rd Yogyakarta International Seminar on Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science (YISHPESS

2019) in conjunction with The 2nd Conference on Interdisciplinary Approach in Sports (CoIS 2019)

384

Harsono, 1988. Coaching dan Aspek Aspek Psikologis

dalam Coaching, Akademik Pesindo. Jakarta.

Harsuki, 2003. Perkembangan Olahraga Terkini, PT Raja

Grafindo Persada. Jakarta.

Irianto, D. P., 2004. Pedoman praktis berolahraga untuk

kebugaran dan kesehatan, Andi Offset. Yogyakarta.

Kasih, Indra, 2016. Model Pembelajaran Teknik Dasar

Smash Bola Voli, Unimed Press. Medan.

Manzanares, P., & Ortega, E., 2014. Physical actions and

work-rest time in men ’ s beach volleyball. 257–261.

https://doi:dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-

65742014000300003

Mcgown, C. M., Conlee, R. K., Sucec, A. A., Buono, M.

J., Phillips, W., Anne, M., … Beal, D. P., 2013.

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport Gold

Medal Volleyball : The Training Program and

Physiological Profile of the 1984 Olympic Champions

Gold Medal Volleyball : The Training Program.

(February 2015), 37–41.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1990.10608675

Nurhasan, 2001. Tes dan Pengukuran dalam Pendidikan

Jasmani, Depdiknas. Jakarta.

Palao, J. M., Santos, J. A., & Ureña, A., 2017. Effect of

team level on skill performance in volleyball.

8668(June).

https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868304

Sajoto, M., 1988. Pembinaan Kondisi Fisik dalam

Olahrag, Depdikbud. Jakarta.

Sudjana, 2005. Metoda Statistika. PT.Tarsito Bandung.

Bandung.

Suharjana, 2018. Latihan Beban untuk Kebugaran,

Kesehatan dan Peforma Atlet, Percetakan Pohon

Cahaya. Yogyakarta.

Widiastuti, 2011. Tes dan Pengukuran Olahraga, PT

Bumi Jaya. Jakarta

The Correlation between Leg-arm Muscle Power and Volleyball Players’ Open Smash Ability

385