The Relationship of the Sense of Community and Work Motivation in
Volunteers of the Pos Keadilan Peduli Umat (PKPU) Aceh
Nucke Yulandari, Ichwan Azmi
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala
Keywords: Sense of community, Work Motivation, Volunteer of PKPU Aceh.
Abstract: One of the determinants of work motivation for a person is compensation in the form of salary. However,
this does not apply to volunteers. Volunteers, especially those working in non-government organizations
(NGOs) usually work because of the membership relationships among volunteers and the fulfillment of
needs. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between sense of community with work
motivation on volunteers of Pos Keadilan Peduli Umat (PKPU) Aceh. The sample in this study were 122
subjects who were selected using purposive sampling. The measuring instruments used were Sense of
community Indeks 2 and Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale. The results of the analysis with
Spearman's Rho correlation showed correlation coefficient (r) = 0,345 with a significance value (p) = 0.000
(P <0.05) and sense of community contribution value by 11,9%. This shows that on volunteers of PKPU
Aceh; the higher the sense of community will lead to higher work motivation. The result of this study also
shows that volunteer of PKPU Aceh falls under the high category for sense of community and work
motivation.
1 INTRODUCTION
Volunteers are individuals or groups that contribute
to the community's development process by using
time and energy for the benefit of the community
carried out voluntarily without financial benefits
(Department for Social Development, 2011).
Ludwick, et al. (2014) added that volunteers are
referred as workers because they receive adequate
compensation in the form of non-financial
compensation such as uniforms, certificate of
appreciations, self-development and skill trainings
as well opportunities for networking with various
other NGOs.
PKPU is one of the NGOs engaged in the
capacity building sector that is relevant for
increasing the effectiveness of the role of
community organizations in local and social
activities. Formed in 2000, PKPU Aceh was
motivated by the main purpose “initiatives for
children” targeting the orphaned of the conflict. It
has a mission to utilize emergency service, recovery,
empowerment in improving the quality of life,
independence, establishing partnerships with the
community, conducting research and development,
and encouraging the formation of various
humanitarian program and social forums. The
mission carried out by PKPU Aceh often assisted by
volunteers. There are 215 volunteers contributed to
activities organized by PKPU Aceh from 2014 to
2016.
According to Gagne, et al. (2014) work
motivation is a form of development of
perseverance, strength and movement of desire to
perform tasks in accordance with self-motivation
and external regulation. The form of work
motivation shown by volunteers can be considered
from the contribution of work provided such as
involvement in activities (Gagne, et al, 2014). The
contribution of PKPU Aceh’s volunteer influenced
by several factors such as the presence of personal
desires and the need to help others. That when
involved in activities to help communities, volunteer
feel happy and useful to others. There was a special
satisfaction that made them continue working for
PKPU, it is because they could help and work
directly in the field according to their expertise.
The presence of fellow volunteer relationships
can encourage them to develop a sense of mutual
care, cooperation in finding solutions to various
work problems and share stories with each other and
shared the same goals at work. The coordinator also
328
Yulandari, N. and Azmi, I.
The Relationship of the Sense of Community and Work Motivation in Volunteers of the Pos Keadilan Peduli Umat (PKPU) Aceh.
DOI: 10.5220/0009563403280334
In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Psychology (ICPsy 2019), pages 328-334
ISBN: 978-989-758-448-0
Copyright
c
2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
added that the relationship between fellow volunteer
members and the purpose of the work encouraged
them to contribute to work.
Those volunteers have work motivation and
show forms of sense of community. According to
McMillan and Chavis (1986) sense of community is
the feeling that community members have
attachments, means for each other, and have shared
beliefs among communities that have the same need
to be fulfilled through commitment. Omoto and
Packard (2016) added that volunteers in a
community who feel connected and involved in the
same concern for a problem usually have a high
sense of community. Snyder and Omoto (in Omoto
& Packard, 2016) also mentioned that the sense of
connectedness related to the motivation to work and
give care in the community.
Based on the background stated above,
researchers are interested in conducting this research
to see the relationship between the sense of
community and work motivation in PKPU Aceh
volunteers.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sense of Community, Working
Motivation, and Volunteer
McMillan and Chavis (1986) define the sense of
community as a feeling that community members
have attachments, mean for each other, and that
there is a shared belief between communities that
have shared needs fulfilled through commitment.
McMillan and Chavis also explain the psychological
components of the sense of community, namely
membership; individual feelings that are
characterized by a sense of being part and having
personal relationships with members in the
community, influence; feelings of individuals who
feel themselves important and influential for the
community, integration and fulfillment of need;
individual belief that mutually agreed values can
regulate the distribution of resources in the
community and be able to satisfy each other's
material needs and emotions of members, shared
emotional connection; commitment, trust and
spiritual bonds formed between community
members through sharing events, events, time,
places and shared experiences. According to
McMillan and Chavis (1986) the sense of
community possessed by individuals influenced by
changes in values in the community, the influence of
the media, the availability of public transportation,
the professional specialization of community
members, economic factors, and employment status.
Gagne, et al. (2014) describe work motivation as
a form of development of perseverance, strength and
movement of desire to perform tasks in accordance
with self-motivation and external regulation. Self-
determination is the process of utilizing the desires
that an individual has by accepting all the
advantages and disadvantages used to determine
various ways to fulfill that will. Individuals who
have self-determination tend to be easy adapting to
the environment and not easily satisfied with
everything that is easily obtained. These individuals
tend to prefer challenges and will strive to get
something.
Based on the theory of self-determination on
work motivation by Gagne, et al (2014), there are
several categories of work motivation that
individuals have at work, namely amotivation,
intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic motivation is divided into three forms,
those are extrinsic regulation, identification
regulation, and introjection regulation.
According to Saydan (2000) the work motivation
of individuals influenced by several factors, namely
internal factors derived from psychological
processes in individuals in the form of personal
maturity, level of education, personal desires and
expectations, needs, fatigue and boredom and job
satisfaction. External factors originating from
outside the individual (environment factors) consist
of working conditions, adequate compensation,
career guarantees (appreciation for achievement),
status and responsibility, and flexible regulations.
Thoits and Hewitt (2001) define volunteers as
individuals who use time and talent voluntarily to
provide services without the expected financial
compensation. Volunteer Now (2011) also added
that volunteers are an integral part of an organization
to achieve the goals of the organization's
development.
2.2 Sense of Community and Working
Motivation
Work motivation encourages people to continue to
be passionate about work (Handayani, 2010).
Saydan (2000) states that in general individual work
motivation is influenced by financial compensation.
However, PKPU Aceh volunteers did not get
financial compensation but received various non-
financial compensation such as lunch during field
job, uniforms, certificate of appreciation, self-
development and skill trainings and networking
The Relationship of the Sense of Community and Work Motivation in Volunteers of the Pos Keadilan Peduli Umat (PKPU) Aceh
329
opportunities with various institutions and the sense
of community.
The sense of community possessed by PKPU
Aceh volunteers encourages them to work hard.
PKPU volunteer members care for each other, find
solutions to problems by working together, having
the same goals while working, and talk to each other
in any circumstances. This sense of community
encourages them to contribute in activities held by
institution. According to McMillan and Chavis
(1986) the sense of community is a feeling of
belonging, meaning to one another, and having trust
and needs to achieve through mutual commitment.
Chavis and Wandersman (1990) suggest that these
feelings originate from individual involvement and
ability to influence in groups (such as self-efficacy),
individuals supported by friends, and members of
work groups and organizations as a whole.
According to Clark (2002) when individuals
have a sense of community at work, they will claim
to be part of a group of people who support, hear,
and share a common interest in work. Burrough and
Eby (1998) added that individuals who have a sense
of community realize that organizations can fulfill
their needs and needs of their families, provide them
with improved quality of life, and expect them to be
responsible in work organizations and even in the
wider community. McMillan and Chavis (1986)
state that the higher the interaction that has been
carried out by administrators or individuals with
other members will establish intimacy between
members and administrators or individuals.
Based on the description of related research and
references, it was found that the sense of community
has a relationship with work motivation on
volunteers.
3 RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Participants and Procedure
The population in this study was 215 PKPU Aceh
volunteers. Based on population measurements of
Isaac and Michael's table with an error rate of 10%,
the number of samples used was 122 people.
Purposive sampling was done with the following
criteria: listed as volunteers at PKPU Aceh as
evidenced by a Sign Card of PKPU Volunteer
Members Aceh, Men and women with a minimum
work period of 1 year.
The researcher came to PKPU Aceh volunteers
to ask for the willingness to fill out the scale of
research after submitting a research permit to the
relevant institution. The study conducted for twenty-
one days from July 29 and August 1 to August 28,
2017. In the process, researcher was helped by 6
enumerators. After the entire scale is filled by the
subject, the next process is scoring the scale that has
been filled. The data obtained then tabulated and
analyzed.
3.2 Measurement
Self-reported questionnaires (SCI-2) developed by
Chavis, Lee, and Acosta (2008) with a reliability
value of 0.94 was used to measure sense of
community. SCI-2 has 24 forms of statements
covering all attributes contained in the theory of
sense of community. This scale was used to see the
high and low sense of community held by PKPU
Aceh volunteers. The model of scale used in this
study is Likert scaling consists of 4 choices, they are
not at all (0), fair (1), most (2), and fully (3).
Meanwhile, the scale of work motivation in this
study is a Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale
(MWMS) developed by Gagne, et al (2014) with a
reliability value of 0.94. It is used to see the high and
low work motivation of PKPU Aceh volunteers.
This scale also uses a Likert scale type with ratings
of 1 (not at all), 2 (very rare), 3 (rare), 4
(sometimes), 5 (often), 6 (very often), 7
(completely).
3.3 Data Analysis
Two steps were conducted to analyze the data
obtained from this study. The method used in this
study is to use statistical methods. The first step is to
test assumptions (Priyatno, 2011) by doing (a)
Normality Test, using the one sample Kolmogorov-
Smirnov test technique to see whether the data
population is normally distributed or not. Data
declared to be normally distributed if the
significance value is greater than 0.05 (Priyatno,
2011). Afterwards, (b) Linearity Test is done to find
out whether two variables significantly have a
relationship with each other. Two variables are said
to have a relationship that is a straight line (linear)
and if the significance value is less than 0.05
(Priyatno, 2011). The next step is to test the
hypothesis proposed in this study, how the sense of
community correlates with work motivation in
PKPU Aceh’s volunteers.
ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology
330
4 RESULT
The study was conducted at Pos Keadilan Peduli
Umat (PKPU) in Aceh with the total number of
subjects 122 volunteers. The demographic data of
the research subjects obtained can be seen in the
table below:
Table 1: Demographic Data of Research Subjects.
N
o
Sampel
Descript
ion
Categ
ory
Total
Percen
tage
(%)
Total
amount
in
Percent
age
(%)
1
Gender
Male
2
Age
Femal
e
Adole
scent
(17
tahun)
Early
2
1,63
100
Adult
(18-25
tahun)
114
93,44
Middl
e
Adult
(26-33
tahun)
6
4,91
3
Workin
g period
1-2
116
95,08
100
3-4
6
4,91
4
Educati
on
High
Schoo
l
3
2,45
100
Colleg
e
Diplo
ma
3
2,45
Bache
lor
Degre
e
112
91.80
Maste
r’s
Degre
e
4
3,27
The results of the normality test using
Kolmogorov-Smirnov show that the scale of the
sense of community data and work motivation scale
are not normally distributed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov
value (K-S Z) = 0,000 (p> 0.05), and on the work
motivation scale Kolmogorov-Smirnov value (K-S
Z) = 0,000 (p> 0.05). Furthermore, ANOVA test for
linearity on the Sense of community scale with
Work Motivation conducted on 122 research
subjects showing the value of test for linearity =
0,000 (p <0.05), so that it can be interpreted that
there is a linear relationship between the sense of
community and work motivation.
Hypothesis testing done using Spearman
correlation analysis since the data were abnormally
distributed. This method analyzed the relationship
between the sense of community and work
motivation in PKPU Aceh volunteers. The results
showed a significance value (p) = 0,000 (p <0.05).
This shows that H0 (a) is accepted. Thus, there is a
relationship between the sense of community and
work motivation in PKPU Aceh volunteers. It also
shows a correlation coefficient (r) = 0.345, so that
the value can be interpreted as a relationship
between the two variables. In addition, the results
showed an effective contribution of the two
variables seen from the analysis of measures of
association. It shows the value of R Square (R2) =
0.119, which means that there is an effect of sense of
community on work motivation of 11.9%, while the
remaining 88.1% is influenced by other factors.
4.1 Percentage of Sense of Community
Components in PKPU Aceh
Volunteers
Additional analysis is carried out to see the
description of the condition of the research subject
in percent of each component of the sense of
community. The following analysis can be seen in
the table below:
Table 2: Percentage of the Sense of community
component.
Variable Component of Sense of
community
Membership
Influence
Integration and Fulfillment of Needs
Sharing Emotional Relations
PKPU Aceh volunteers appear to have two
components at the highest percentage, those are
integration and fulfillment of needs and
membership.
The Relationship of the Sense of Community and Work Motivation in Volunteers of the Pos Keadilan Peduli Umat (PKPU) Aceh
331
4.2 Sense of Community Component
Correlation Test with Work
Motivation
Correlation test for each dimension of sense of
community was done to see which component has
the most correlation with work motivation. This
correlation test also uses Spearman's Product
Moment Correlation correlation analysis. The results
can be seen in the following table:
Table 3: Sense of Community Component Correlation
Test Results with Work Motivation.
Variable Component
of Sense of community
Correlation
with Work
Motivation
Significancy
Membership
0.330
0.000
Influence
0.241
0.008
Integration and
fulfillment of needs
0.409
0.000
Sharing emotional
relations
0.105
0.251
The results of the correlation test in table showed
membership and integration and fulfillment of needs
as the component of sense of community have the
highest relationship with work motivation. Both
components have a significance value of p = 0,000,
P <0.01. If viewed from the correlation coefficient
value, the integration and fulfillment of the needs of
PKPU Aceh has the highest correlation coefficient,
which is equal to r = 0.409, while membership is r =
0.330. This shows that most PKPU Aceh volunteers
are at the level of integration and meeting high needs
to have work motivation.
5 DISCUSSION
Correlation analysis shows a positive relationship
between the sense of community and work
motivation with a significance value of (p) = 0,000
(p <0.05) and proves that the hypothesis is accepted.
This indicates that the higher the PKPU Aceh
volunteers' sense of community, the higher the work
motivation of the volunteers.
PKPU Aceh volunteers have an influence
component of 23.56% indicating that volunteers
contribute to every activity carried out by PKPU
Aceh. Betz, Fitzgerald and Hill (1989) proposed that
individuals with a sense of community will have
good quality in their work and able to improve the
response to their work. This indicated by the value
of the integration component and the fulfillment of
needs of PKPU Aceh volunteers by 27.37%
allowing them to improve their response to work
because mutually agreed values can regulate the
distribution of existing resources in the community
into several predetermine work divisions, so that
they have strengthened to be loyal and bound to
PKPU Aceh.
Data from additional analysis revealed that the
membership of PKPU Aceh volunteers was 25.39%.
There was attachment among fellow volunteer
members in the form of mutual openness and
expressing feelings to build intimacy among
volunteers. Arninda and Safitri (2012) suggested that
the attachments possessed by members of the
organization could increase their work motivation.
This is in accordance with the findings of this study,
where membership with work motivation indicated
by a correlation value of 0.330 and a significance
value of 0.000. Through interview on a preliminary
study, the subject explained that PKPU Aceh
volunteers clearly understood that the workplace
divided into several work divisions and the existence
of a specific agenda scheduled between volunteers.
Individuals who pay attention to their work
indicated the level of categorization of the sense of
community. There were 113 PKPU Aceh volunteers
in the high category (92.96%). Furthermore, the
components of the sense of community made
volunteers to have a high sense of community. It
was evident that of membership and integration and
fulfillment of needs became the components that had
the highest correlation values with work motivation.
This illustrates that most PKPU Aceh volunteers’
work motivation was influenced by the sense of
community component, such as membership,
meaning PKPU Aceh volunteers showed work
motivation because of their sense of belonging and
personal relationships with fellow volunteers in the
organization. They showed their senses of
membership in the form of mutual care, forming
openness among others through sharing stories on a
scheduled agenda, working together to find solutions
to work problems faced by both personal and group.
Integration and fulfillment of needs also formed
a high sense of community for PKPU Aceh
volunteers which means there is a belief that
mutually agreed values can regulate the resources
contained in the organization and able to satisfy each
other's needs material and emotion of volunteers.
McMillan and Chavis (1986) stated that this
component becomes one of the great strengths for
individuals to be loyal and bound to their
organization to work hard.
ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology
332
The contribution of the sense of community to
work motivation in PKPU Aceh volunteers was
11.9%, while there were 88.1% other potentially
influencing factors. Saydan (2000) states that there
are several external factors that can influence
individuals, such as the condition of the work
environment including workplaces, facilities and
tools for work, cleanliness, lighting, tranquility,
including work relations of people at workplace.
PKPU Aceh volunteer received an adequate work
environment facility in the form of the internet
networks and meeting rooms that could be used by
volunteers.
Another factor is adequate compensation
(Saydan, 2000). PKPU Aceh volunteers received
non-financial compensation in the form of per diem
to eat during field work, uniforms, certificates, and
self-development opportunities through skills
training and networking opportunities with various
institutions outside PKPU Aceh.
In addition, regulations based on the relationship
individuals have in the organization such as justice
from disciplinary actions, the methods used to
terminate employment relations and employment
opportunities and policies that are not too rigidly
implemented tend to make individuals to have high
work motivation (Saydan, 2000). PKPU Aceh
volunteers received a regulation in the form of
flexible working hours where volunteers were not
forced to standby in the office every day, but follows
the scheduled work and certain agendas.
Herzberg (1996) also states that individual work
motivation is influenced by two factors of need,
namely; maintenance factors as factors related to the
nature of humans who want to gain physical
tranquility. This need continues because it will
return to zero after being fulfilled, involving things
that cannot be satisfied such as salary, physical
working condition, job security, pleasant
supervision, official vehicles, official home and
various other benefits. This need is fulfilled by
PKPU Aceh Volunteers through the facilities
provided by PKPU Aceh in the form of available
work space and job certainty. Volunteers also get
evaluations directly from coordinators, as well as
non-financial benefits. The second factor concerns
the psychological needs of individuals, such as
feeling perfect in doing work. This factor related to
personal respect such as the right placement on the
job. It involves things that can be satisfied, namely
achievement, recognition, the work itself, and
responsibility. Volunteers get an award from the
coordinator in the form of certificate and praise as
well as recognition that the work carried out is in
accordance with the direction. Then, the
responsibilities given to PKPU Aceh volunteers
were evenly distributed with the division of work
into activities carried out by PKPU Aceh.
This study shows the level of sense of
community and work motivation carried out by
categorizing the scores obtained by the research
subjects. The categorization of the sense of
community shows 92.62% (113 volunteers) research
subjects have a high sense of community, while the
rest have a sense of community at a moderate and
low level. The results indicate a high and low sense
of community explained by the operational
definition, that is feeling of attachment, meaning for
each other, the existence of beliefs and needs
through shared commitment by PKPU Aceh
volunteers dominated by high categories.
The categorization of PKPU Aceh volunteer
work motivation levels showed 82.78% (101 people)
volunteers in the high category and the rest had
moderate and low work motivation. It is explained
through the operational definition of work
motivation, namely the development of PKPU Aceh
volunteers in perseverance, strength and movement
of desire to perform tasks in accordance with self-
motivation and external regulation dominated by
high work motivation categories.
This study has several limitations, including:
Author was unable to find the latest theory of sense
of community that discusses the concept and its
constituent components, so he used the theory
published in 1986. Furthermore, author had
difficulty meeting the subject because volunteers are
not always at the office so it took a long time to
gather data with the research subject. In addition,
author have difficulty getting secondary data related
to volunteer management in writing (documents) so
that discussions regarding the responsibilities, rules,
and awards held by PKPU Aceh volunteers cannot
be explained in depth to support the quantitative
analysis results obtained.
6 CONCLUSION
This study conducted to determine the relationship
between the sense of community and work
motivation on volunteers of Pos Keadilan Peduli
Umat (PKPU) Aceh. The results indicate that there
is a relationship between the sense of community
and work motivation. Sense of community allows
individuals to develop perseverance, strength and
movement of desire to perform tasks according to
self-motivation and external regulation. Based on the
The Relationship of the Sense of Community and Work Motivation in Volunteers of the Pos Keadilan Peduli Umat (PKPU) Aceh
333
data analysis, it was found that the higher the sense
of community possessed by PKPU Aceh volunteers,
the higher the motivation of work possessed.
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