The Stunting Prevention Efforts for Babies in Culture and Behavior
of Exclusive Breastfeeding
Astriana Fransiska Butarbutar, Fithri Handayani Lubis, Evi Fitriani, Herawati Br Bukit, Friska Ernita
Sitorus
Public Health Faculty of Institut Kesehatan DELI HUSADA Deli Tua, Indonesia
Keywords: Culture, Behavior, Stunting, Exclusive Breastfeeding
Abstract: Exclusive breastfeeding is breastfeeding without supplementary food until the baby is six months old. Since
pregnancy, the fetus receives nutrition from mother through placenta. Cultural and behavioral factors are
factors underlying the behavior of exclusive breastfeeding. This study used cross sectional design with 83
respondents who were breastfeeding with bivariate test by chi square and multivariate using logistic regression
test. The results showed that there was relationship between the factors of cultural values, beliefs, knowledge
and attitudes with α <0.005, while tradition and education did not show any relationship with exclusive
breastfeeding and the most influential factor was knowledge. It is recommended to increase the promotion
and campaign of exclusive breastfeeding through cross-sectoral and conduct exclusive breastfeeding
counseling to posyandu.
1 INTRODUCTION
Exclusive breastfeeding is the most effective
intervention to prevent child mortality (Abbott and
Scott, 2017). Exclusive breastfeeding was first
launched in 1985, namely breastfeeding for babies
aged 0-4 months, then through Minister of Health
Decision No. 450 in 2004, exclusive breastfeeding is
increased until the baby is six months old. The
advantages and benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for
six months, ranging from perfect physical growth,
rapid intelligence development, to the emotional
maturity of child (Ahluwalia et al., 2000). Exclusive
breastfeeding is given only breast milk without
additional food ingredients until the baby is six
months old. Since pregnancy, the fetus receives
nutrition from the mother through placenta. During
infancy in the mother's body naturally provided food
needed for further development and growth in the
form of breast milk (American Academy of Family
Physicians, 2014).
Breast milk is the best food that mother can
give to newborn baby. According to experts,
breastmilk is the perfect food for babies’ growth and
development because it contains various nutrients that
are easily digested, besides that in the digestive tract
of breastmilk provides an immune factor / immunity
to fight against various cause of disease. Ellia
Christinne (2018) said that breastfeeding is very
beneficial in addition to nutritional needs which are
also useful for activating suprahyoid muscles such as
the middle tongue / sublingual caruncles as
coordination between swallowing, sucking and
breathing.
In the field reality, it shows that low milk
production in the first days after giving birth is an
obstacle in early breastfeeding. One obstacle that is
often experienced by mothers after giving birth when
they want to greastfeeding early and exclusively
namely breastmilk does not flow smoothly in the first
days of breastfeeding. It because the breastmilk
production on the first day is still limited and the flow
does not smooth which is associated with the lack of
stimulation for prolactin and money oxytocin involved
in the brestmilk production. The amount of milk
production produced in women who give birth
normally and caesarean section is different, especially
on the early days of breastfeeding (Sari, 2017).
In addition, the lack of maternal milk
production in the first days of post partum is caused
by the anxiety and fear suggested by the mother before
labor, anxiety and fear can reduce the oxytocin
hormone so that breastmilk cannot come out
278
Butarbutar, A., Lubis, F., Fitriani, E., Bukit, H. and Sitor us, F.
The Stunting Prevention Efforts for Babies in Culture and Behavior of Exclusive Breastfeeding.
DOI: 10.5220/0009488302780285
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology (ICHIMAT 2019), pages 278-285
ISBN: 978-989-758-460-2
Copyright
c
 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

immediately after giving birth. So finally the mother
decided to give formula milk to her baby.
Breast milk expenditure can be influenced by
two factors, namely production and expenditure
factors. Breastmilk production is influenced by the
hormone prolactin while expenditure is influenced by
the oxytocin hormone. Oxytocin massage is one of the
solutions to overcome the smooth production of breast
milk.
In overcoming this problem, a natural effort
that can be done to reduce anxiety and fear of the
mother is providing hypnoberastfeeding therapy,
which treatment can provide comfort and relax so that
the breastfeeding process of mothers run smoothly and
provide oxytocin massage which is done by
massaging along the bones back (vertebrae) to costae
bones 5 to 6 so that it can help stimulate the oxytocin
hormone expenditure and breast milk is also fast out.
In order to reduce morbidity and babies’
mortality, United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF)
and World Health Organization (WHO) recommend
that babies should only be breastfed for at least 6
months, and breastfeeding is recommended until
babies are two years old ( WHO, 2018). In order that
mother can maintain exclusive breastfeeding for 6
months, WHO recommends initiating early
breastfeeding in the first hour of life, the baby only
receives breast milk without additional food or drink,
including water, breastfeeding on demand or as often
as the baby wants, and does not use bottles or dot.
According to Wei Wei Pang's research (2017), women
who give exclusive and direct breastfeeding without a
bottle of milk will be less likely to experience
exclusive breastfeeding failure.
In Indonesia, babies who have been
exclusively breastfed until the age of six months are
29.5% (Indonesian Health Profile, 2017). This is not
in accordance with the Ministry of Health's Strategic
Plan target for 2015-2019, which is the percentage of
babies younger than 6 months who receive exclusive
breastfeeding by 50% (Chaza Akik, 2017).
Based on province, exclusive breastfeeding
coverage for babies up to the age of 6 months was the
lowest in North Sumatra at 12.4%, Gorontalo at 12.5%
and the highest in Yogyakarta at 55.4%. While the
condition of West Sumatra obtained exclusive
breastfeeding until the age of 6 months was 37.6%
(Data and Information on Indonesian Health Profile,
2017).
In reality, the field shows that small amount of
milk production in the first days after giving birth is
an obstacle in early breastfeeding. One of the obstacles
that are often experienced by post-partum mothers
when they want to give early and exclusive
breastfeeding namely milk does not flow smoothly on
the day first days of breastfeeding. This is because the
breastmilk production of breast milk is still limited
and it does not flow smoothly which is associated with
the lack of prolactin and oxytocin stimulation that
involved in the breast milk production. The amount of
breastmilk produced in women with normal delivery
and caesarean section is different, especially on the
early days of breastfeeding according to the study of
Lisa-Cristhine Girard (2017).
In addition, the lack of milk production in the
first days of post partum is caused by the anxiety and
fear felt by the mother before labor, anxiety and fear
can reduce the oxytocin hormone so that breastmilk
cannot come out immediately after giving birth. So
finally the mother decided to give formula milk to her
baby (Lorenzo Colombo's, 2018).
In this case, it appears that cultural values
about breastfeeding are still inherent and believed by
most of the local community. In other words, the
cultural value is considered to be able to give influence
to the mother gives breastmilk. Furthermore, the
experience and education of women since childhood
will also affect their attitudes and appearance in
relation to breastfeeding later in life. A woman who
has family or social environment regularly give
breastmilk or she often sees women who breastfeed
their babies regularly, she will have a positive view
about breastfeeding (Elfgen et al., 2017).
It is suspected that there is relationship
between culture and behavior of breastfeeding
mothers with breastfeeding, because culture has a very
large role in it. And it is strong driving factor for one's
behavior. These cultural factors that shape and provide
encouragement for mother who wants to provide
exclusive breastfeeding.
Factors that caused exclusive breastfeeding
were not optimal, namely mother itself, health
workers, formula milk producers and health service
providers. Exclusive breastfeeding is often
constrained because of the lack of mother’s
knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding. Mother
refused to give breastmilk to her baby, arguing that the
breastmilk production was not much, thin, and could
reduce beauty. Circumstances that do not support
about this case often encourage the mother does not
give full breastmilk moreover some mothers do not
give breastmilk at all to their babies (Ingan, 2012).
Februhartanty (2008) said that the exclusive
breastfeeding failure is due to predisposing factors,
namely the lack of mother’s knowledge and
experience, then an important enabling factor that
causes it because the mother does not facilitate
through early breastfeeding initiation. The results
The Stunting Prevention Efforts for Babies in Culture and Behavior of Exclusive Breastfeeding
279

showed that the mother's knowledge and experience is
very important in determining exclusive breastfeeding
for her baby (Kusumaningrum, 2016).
The causes of failure in the practice of vary
exclusive breastfeeding, such as pre-feeding, mothers
have to work, sick babies, tired / sick mothers,
mothers lack of confidence, and others. Various
factors have also been linked to poor maternal
knowledge. Another factor influencing the success of
exclusive breastfeeding is the ability to do immediate
breastfeeding. Today, it is better known as the Early
Breastfeeding Initiation (Fikawati, 2009).
Culture is the values and norms that are
believed by individuals or groups so that they take
action. Culture is also seen as life plan even though it
is not perfect. Culture as a hereditary thing in a
society has an influence on exclusive breastfeeding
behavior. The case that usually inhibits the success of
exclusive breastfeeding is the practice of feeding that
should not be done on infants under six months
(Hidayat, 2016). Social, cultural and cultural systems
are part of the cultural framework. Culture is a whole
of the strength and results of human behavior, which
is organized by the code of conduct, which must be
obtained by learning and all of which are composed
in people's life (Koentjaraningrat, 2002).
Culture plays a role in the health behavior of
individuals and community groups. Culture can
sustain health behavior and it can worsen health.
Likewise with the exclusive breastfeeding behaviour
which is inseparable from the cultural views that have
been passed down for generations in the culture
concerned (Firanika, 2010).
Behavior is a response form or reaction to
stimuli from the organism outside (people), but it is
very dependent on the characteristics or other factors
of the person concerned in providing response
(Notoatmodjo, 2012).
Yulfira Media et al state that cultural factors
are the factors underlying the exclusive breastfeeding
behavior. The results of in-depth interviews with a
number of informants showed that breastfeeding for
newborn is a natural way and it become as mother’s
natural. Breastfeeding behavior is an act that is
considered high in value and has important value for
a mother. Cultural values in the community of
research area are related to the task and role as a
mother. A mother who gives birth to her child, it is
only natural to be responsible and obliged to give love
to her child, namely by giving breastfeeding and
caring for her child as well as possible. Thus, a mother
will strive to keep her child growing healthy.
In this case, it appears that cultural values
about breastfeeding are still inherent and are believed
by most of the local community. In other words, the
cultural value is considered to be able to give
influence to the mother gives breastmilk.
Furthermore, the women experience and education
since childhood will also affect their attitudes and
appearance in relation to breastfeeding later in life. A
woman who has family or social environment which
has a habit of breastfeeding or she often sees women
who breastfeed their babies regularly, she will have a
positive view of breastfeeding (Yulfira, 2005).
Exclusive breastfeeding is heavily influenced
by cultural conditions, maternal health, babies health,
maternal employment status, the influence of western
culture, urbanization, and technological progress
cause a shift in the cultural value of society.
Breastfeeding for babies is considered as not modern
and make mothers in lower position if we compared
to mothers in the upper class. The rapid development
of the formula milk industry with various promotions
in mass media can lead to misunderstanding of
formula milk is considered better than breast milk
(Mayasari, 2016).
The next cause of low exclusive breastfeeding
is cultural aspect. Culture has very big role in
exclusive breastfeeding. Someone’s culture
hereditary tends to be difficult to improve. Many
cultures in Indonesia inhibit exclusive breastfeeding
because of cultural perceptions. In developing
countries, around 10 million babies die and 60% of
these deaths should be suppressed by breastfeeding.
Breast milk has been proven to improve the babies
health status so that 1.3 million babies can be saved
(Hidayat, 2016).
The low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding
in babies aged 0-5 months and 6 months can be
caused by low understanding about exclusive
breastfeeding in the community. It is not only occur
in the community but also health workers which also
do not understand the benefits and various important
benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. Beside these,
cultural factors are strong driving factor towards
one’s behaviour. These cultural factors shape and
provide encouragement for a mother willing to give
exclusive breastfeeding (Hervilia, 2016).
2 METHOD
This research used an observational analytic
study by using cross sectional design; it was a study
in which studies about the cultural relationship and
behavior of breastfeeding mothers with exclusive
breastfeeding at Denai working area of Medan Denai
Health Center in 2019.
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280

The research population were all breastfeeding
mothers who have babies aged 0-6 months who were
at the Denai Village working area of Medan Denai
Health Center Medan City in 2018, amounting to 305
people with sample of 82 people. The inclusion
criteria of research sample were residents of Medan
Denai Health Center working area who had babies
aged 6-12 months and breastfeeding mothers who
were willing to be respondents and interviewed. The
exclusion criteria of research sample were
respondents who were not willing to be interviewed
and unable to read or write.
Figure 1: Research Flow
Univariate data analysis uses to explain /
describe the characteristics of each variable studied.
This analysis illustrates the frequency distribution of
each independent and dependent variable in order to
obtain a picture of exclusive breastfeeding at Denai
Village Medan Denai Public Health Centre Medan
City. Bivariate analysis is an analysis to see the
relationship between independent with dependent
variable by using chi-square test at 95% degree of
confidence that is α = 0.05 with the provision that if
the p value ≤ 0.05 then there is a significant
relationship between two variables. To testing the
relationship between two research variables, namely
independent with dependent variable by using
multiple regression analysis test with 95% confidence
level where the significant level of 0.05, so if it is
found the statistical analysis results (P <0.05), then
the variables stated are significantly related.
Figure 2: Exclusive Breastfeeding Culture Form
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Respondent Characteristics
Respondent characteristics of this study
include age, gender, education, occupation, and
income. For more details can be seen as follows
Table 1: Breastfeeding Characteristics
Characteristics Total (n) Percentage (%)
1. Age
<30 Years Old
48 57.8
>30 Years Old
35 42.2
Total 83 100,0
1. Income
High 38 45.8
Low 45 54.2
Total 83 100,0
3. Occupation
Permanent 47 56.6
Step 1
Choose Problem
Step 2
Preliminary Study
Step 3
Formulate a Problem
Step 4
Determine Variable
Step 5
Arrange
Instrumen
t
Step 6
Data Collection
Step 7
Data Analysis and Report
Writin
g
The Stunting Prevention Efforts for Babies in Culture and Behavior of Exclusive Breastfeeding
281

N
ot Permanent 36 43.4
Total 83 100,0
4.Babies number
>3 Babies 54 65.1
< 3 Babies 29 34.9
Total 83 100,0
Respondents distribution based on the age of
respondents in this study, most of them were <30
people aged 48 people from 83 people. The
respondents distribution based on maternal income in
this study was high as many as 38 out of 83 people.
The respondent’s distribution based on the
occupation in this study was mostly they have
permanent work of 47 people from 83 people. The
respondent’s distribution based on the children
number in this study was mostly the children number
> 3 children as many as 54 people out of 83 people.
Respondents distribution based on mother’s
knowledge in this study from 83 people mostly good
as many as 42 people and not good as many as 41
people. Respondents distribution based on maternal
attitudes in this study were mostly good attitudes as
many as 45 people from 83 breastfeeding mothers.
Respondents’ distribution based on maternal
education factors in this study mostly higher
education 48 people from 83 breastfeeding mothers.
Respondents’ distribution based on cultural value
factors in this study most good cultural values as
many as 39 people from 83 respondents. Respondents
distribution based on traditional factors in this study
were mostly good as many as 42 people from 83
breastfeeding mothers. Respondents based on
confidence factors in this study were mostly good as
many as 41 people from 83 breastfeeding mothers.
Respondents distribution based on exclusive
breastfeeding in this study mostly gave exclusive
breastfeeding as many as 47 people out of 83
breastfeeding mothers.
Table 2 : Univariate Analysis
Variable Total (n)
Percentage
(%)
1. Mother’s
Knowledge
Good 42 50.6
Poorly 41 49.4
Total 83 100,0
2. Attitude
Good 45 54.2
Poorly 38 45.8
Total 83 100,0
3. Education
High 48 57.8
Low 35 42.2
Total 93 100,0
4. Culture
Value
Good 39 47.0
Deficient 44 53.0
Total 83 100,0
5. Tradition
Good 42 50.6
Deficient 41 49.4
Total 83 100,0
6. Confidenc
e
Good 41 49.4
Deficient 42 50.6
Total 83 100,0
7. Exclusive
Breastfeee
ding
Yes 47 56.6
No 36 43.4
Total 83 100,0
The bivariate test results of RP value =
2,667 (95% CI 1,085 - 6,553) where mothers with
low education have the opportunity did not give
exclusive breastfeeding 2,667 times and p value of
0.053 then H0 is rejected P value> 0.05 where there
was no relationship between mother’s education
with exclusive breastfeeding. With RP value = 2,580
(CI95% 1,160 - 7,005) where the unfavorable
cultural values provide an opportunity did not give
exclusive breastfeeding 2,580 times and p value of
0.037 then H0 was rejected P value <0.05 where
there was relationship between mother’s cultural
values with exclusive breastfeeding. RP value =
0.857 (95% CI 0.360 - 2.045) where the tradition
was not good provides an opportunity did not give
exclusive breastfeeding as much as 0.857 times and
p value of 0.900 then H0 was rejected P value> 0.05
where there was no relationship between maternal
cultural traditions. With RP value = 3,222 (95% CI
1,298 - 7,996) where deficient confidence provide
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282

an opportunity did not give exclusive breastfeeding
for 3,222 times and p value of 0.019 then H0 was
rejected P value <0.05 where there was relationship
between confidence with exclusive breastfeeding.
With RP value = 5.547 (95% CI 2.139 - 14.38)
where low knowledge provides an opportunity did
not give exclusive breastfeeding as much as 5,547
times and p value of 0.001 then H0 was rejected P
value <0.05 where there was relationship between
mothers' knowledge with exclusive breastfeeding .
With RP value = 3,774 (CI95% 1,511 -9,431) where
deficient attitude provides an opportunity did not
give exclusive breastfeeding as much as 3,774 times
and p value of 0.007 then H0 was rejected P value
<0.05 where there was relationship between mothers
attitude with exclusive breastfeeding at Denai
Village in the working area of Medan Denai Public
Health Center in 2018.
Table 3. Logistic Regression Results
Variable B p-value RP
Knowledge 1.713 0.000 5.547
Constant 2.876 0.000 0.056
The above table shows that variable
knowledge was a significant variable (p <0.05)
towards exclusive breastfeeding. Thus the picture
above was the most suitable modeling in this study.
When seen the RP velue with 95% CI, low knowledge
(RP = 5,547) provides as many as 5,547 opportunities
to encourage mothers did not give exclusive
breastfeeding.
Value influences individuals to behave or
make decisions according to these values. Value is the
life concept in the most citizens’ mind, it is about
what is considered valuable and important in life and
it serves as a guide to the life of its citizens. The
person or community behavior is strongly influenced
by the values they have. If behavior is considered
good by an individual / society according to the
values which is believed then the individual / society
will carry out the behavior. In Aceh province the
values prevailing in the community are strongly
influenced by religious values. The community's
belief breastfeeding is something that is considered
important, valuable and also influenced by the values
that exist in religious teachings. Values in religious
encourage that breastfeeding should be given until the
baby is 2 years old. The values in religious affect the
individual / community directly or indirectly. So that
breastfeeding mothers aware that breast milk is
something that is very important for the baby.
Green and Lewis (1986) explain that health
behavior is influenced by three factors, namely: 1)
driving factors include knowledge, attitudes, beliefs,
values, traditions and norms; 2) enabling factors
namely access to services and government /
community commitment and 3) reinforcing factors
namely the family attitudes and behavior, friends,
leaders and health workers. This opinion reinforces
that exclusive breastfeeding is also influenced by
driving factors; one of them is related to values /
norms.
The data above shows not too far the
difference in exclusive breastfeeding between the
mothers’ traditional effects in breastfeeding their
children. Although mothers with good cultural
traditions are more likely to give exclusive
breastfeeding, but the percentage is not much
different from mothers who do not provide exclusive
breastfeeding.
It shows that breastfeeding mothers' beliefs
are closely related to exclusive breastfeeding. The
statistical test results also showed that there was a
significant relationship between breastfeeding
women's beliefs and exclusive breastfeeding. As
expressed by Kurniawan (2013) that the strong beliefs
or confidents of mothers is an important determinant
of the exclusive breastfeeding success. Robbins
(1996) also explains that the individuals /
communities beliefs / confidents influence certain
attitudes and behaviors including exclusive
breastfeeding behavior. In the research it was also
seen that the majority of 49.4% of mothers answered
that exclusive breastfeeding sincerely will get reward
from God. It shows that mothers believe that
breastfeeding will get a reward, and this belief has a
positive value so that mothers are motivated to
provide exclusive breastfeeding.
This shows that breastfeeding mothers'
beliefs are closely related to exclusive breastfeeding.
The results of statistical tests also show that there is a
significant relationship between breastfeeding
women's beliefs and exclusive breastfeeding. As
expressed by Kurniawan (2013) that the beliefs or
beliefs of strong mothers is an important determinant
factor for the success of exclusive breastfeeding.
Robbins (1996) also explains that the beliefs / beliefs
of individuals / communities influence certain
attitudes and behaviors including exclusive
breastfeeding behavior. In the study it was also seen
that the majority of 49.4% of mothers answered that
exclusively exclusive breastfeeding would earn merit
from God. This shows that the mother believes that
breastfeeding will get a reward, and this is a belief
that has a positive value so that the mother is
motivated to provide exclusive breastfeeding.
Confidence in the existence of "Dena" shows that
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283

breastfeeding by a mother is also influenced by trust
in the community. This is in accordance with the
explanation of Abdurrahman (2002) that there are
socio-cultural factors that do not support
breastfeeding such as the belief in giving sweet liquid
when a baby is born as one of the ways in religion.
Susilawati's research (2005) also revealed that there
is a close relationship between social culture and
exclusive breastfeeding.
In order to reduce the false beliefs about exclusive
breastfeeding, the family needs to be given a correct
understanding, because family understanding also
plays a very important role. Less understanding of the
family about breastfeeding and its benefits results in
the family being unable to provide good social
support for exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, it is
expected that there will be a great attention from local
health workers to improve counseling, counseling,
and exclusive breastfeeding assistance to mothers and
families, especially to husbands who are the closest
people to mothers.
The husband should be the first to support
an exclusive breastfeeding program for his baby. In
addition, there is no harm if the family also learns the
ins and outs of breast milk such as the benefits of
breast milk, excess breast milk compared to formula
milk or other foods. This is very important
considering that in society there are still many beliefs
/ beliefs, the wrong assumption about exclusive
breastfeeding. With the support of husband and
family, a mother feels that she has support in
providing exclusive breastfeeding. As research by Ida
(2012) also explains that family support is the most
dominant in exclusive breastfeeding. As for Rayuni
(2010) also revealed that the culture that supports the
exclusive breastfeeding is family attachment.
Belief is strongly influenced by socio-
cultural factors of local community. Many socio-
cultural factors lie behind the behavior of exclusive
breastfeeding. As in Bener Meriah Regency, there
was a belief that breast milk contains "Dena" which
was as community's belief that breastmilk contains
germs that are marked by itching in the nipples and
the baby did not want to be breastfed. The community
believes that "Dena" will disappear if treated by a
shaman. This belief certainly has an influence on
exclusive breastfeeding, although it has been lost
gradually from the community because of the
continuous promotion of exclusive breastfeeding.
In this study the behavioral factors of
breastfeeding mothers, namely mothers’ knowledge
and attitudes, have P value <0.05 where there was
relationship between mothers’ knowledge and
attitudes with exclusive breastfeeding in Denai
village at Medan Denai Public Health Center in 2018.
Knowledge has Exp B = 4.335 which means that
mothers with good knowledge have the opportunity
to provide exclusive breastfeeding for their babies of
4,335 compared to mothers with less knowledge.
In determining attitudes, knowledge,
thinking, beliefs and emotions play an important role.
Variables of knowledge, beliefs, thinking, and
attitudes of breastfeeding mothers can be changed
through communicative messages such as through
breastfeeding campaigns. Myrnawati's (1995) states
that knowledge and attitude is a mutable variable that
can be changed by providing information and
technical guidance. A person's behavior is strongly
influenced by attitudes namely the level of affection
(feeling) both positive (beneficial) and negative
(detrimental). Attitude is a person's potential behavior
towards a desire that is done (Notoatmojo, 2007).
4 CONCLUSIONS
From the four cultural factors, values and
beliefs have a significant relationship while
educational factors and traditions do not have a
significant relationship with exclusive breastfeeding.
Behavioral factors of knowledge and attitudes have a
significant relationship with exclusive breastfeeding.
The most influential factor significantly is knowledge
where with prevalence ratio of 4,335 times that
mothers with poor knowledge have a chance as much
as 4,335 times for mothers did not provide exclusive
breastfeeding.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My deep thanks to DELI HUSADA Deli Tua
Health Institute for providing the opportunity for all
lecturers on this beloved campus to gain Knowledge
in Writing the Scientific Journal and provide new
Experiences in holding the International Conferences.
Hopefully with the implementation of this activity in
the future I can contribute to the progress of DELI
HUSADA Deli Tua Health Institute.
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