Resilience of Tsunami Widow after 10 Years Tsunami in Banda Aceh

Karjuniwati, Maula Husna

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia

Keywords: Resilience, Widow of Tsunami, 10 years after Tsunami Disaster, Banda Aceh

Abstract: The tsunami is an extraordinary event that has a negative impact on a family that causes the loss of family

members, one of which is a widow. The tsunami widow suddenly lost her husband and children and had to

live her future life as a single parent with challenges. Resilience is needed by tsunami widows to be able to

survive and be able to recover from a not good situation. Resilience is the ability of individuals to survive,

remain stable and psychologically healthy after going through a traumatic event. The purpose of this study

to determine how the resilience of widows who lost her husband caused by tsunami after ten years in Banda

Aceh. This study used a qualitative method with phenomenological approach. Respondents in this study

were three widows who are in middle adult age range (40-65 years) in Banda Aceh who have responsibility

to their family. In this study, the technique of taking respondents with purposive sampling. The data

collection used a interview and observation methods. The result showed that two resilient widows had

hardiness, self-enhancement, and able to overcome the problem through emotion-coping. Another result

showed that one of a widow has no resilience, because the respondent did not feel the better life after 10

years tsunami than before tsunami. In addition, due to the declining of health condition caused respondent

did not feel the lesson learned after tsunami.

1 INTRODUCTION

The tsunami was an extraordinary event that had an

impact on its victims. The tsunami disaster had a

psychological impact on survivors, which caused

psychological distress such as anxiety, somatization,

trauma, and depression due to loss of property and

family members (Novianty, 2011). Chandra, Pandav

and Bughra (2006) also emphasized that tsunami

victims from various affected countries faced

various psychological impacts, including shock, fear

and despair. The Tsunami can lead to various

disorders such as distress, disorder and health-risk

behavior. One of the negative effects of the tsunami

is the family who lost family members that is

husband, wife and children. One form of loss

suffered by a widow after the tsunami was the loss

of a life partner. The tsunami widow suddenly lost

her husband and children and had to live her future

life as a single parent with challenges. Husband's

death has the highest value of life change compared

to other events in the life of the individual as the

party left behind. The death of a spouse is the most

stressful problem in an adult's life (Santrock, 2012).

Widows who experience the loss of a husband will

feel sad, find it difficult to accept the feeling of loss

and accept the fact that his life partner is gone and

prefers not to remarry.

After 10 years of tsunami disaster, psychological

condition has not fully recovered, especially in some

groups of individuals who are vulnerable after the

tsunami, such as children, the elderly, and women,

especially women who are widowed after the

tsunami disaster still have difficulties in fighting for

their lives. Priyono (2012) explains that widows will

be in a more vulnerable position after the tsunami

due to social roles built in the community so that

they have less access to resources such as:

transportation, information, economy, individual

mobility, security of housing and employment, and

less in control of decision making.

Based on preliminary interviews conducted on

three tsunami widow respondents that there are two

problems faced after the tsunami disaster, namely

economic problems and psychological problems.

First, economic problems; tsunami widows stated

that before the tsunami they were housewives and

not working, so that after losing their husbands, they

had to work to pay for school fees for children, had

difficulty finding work and had inadequate

Karjuniwati, . and Husna, M.

Resilience of Tsunami Widow after 10 Years Tsunami in Banda Aceh.

DOI: 10.5220/0009438501190125

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Psychology (ICPsy 2019), pages 119-125

ISBN: 978-989-758-448-0

119

educational background and had no work

experience. In accordance with the opinion of

Aprilia (2013) that widows who do not have

adequate education and even lack of work

experience will experience difficulties in meeting

family needs. Second, psychological problems;

tsunami widows feel lonely because there are no

friends to tell stories and gather together and lose

deeply due to the death of her husband and child.

This is consistent with statement of Rianti (2014)

that widows will feel lonely and feel helpless

without their husbands, always dissolve in deep

sadness and feel that after a husband dies he can no

longer move on. Feelings of sadness and loneliness

make widows worse off in a sense of loss, so it takes

a long time to really recover from the sadness felt

(Aprilia, 2013).

Individuals have different reactions when

meeting a failure. Reactions that arise include stress,

anxiety, fear, trauma but those who continue to try

despite repeated failures (Reivich & Shatte, 2002).

Solichatun (2008) adds that feelings of sadness and

loss due to a separation is a reasonable response to

the pressures of life, while the intensity of time and

the process of adjusting to loss varies in each

individual, some require a process in a long period

of time, but some are able adjust to loss in a short

period of time.

The ability to adapt individuals to traumatic

events, including the loss of a life partner and being

able to rise to continue life after losing a partner, is

known as the process of resilience. According to

Bonanno (2008) resilience has an important role for

the individual as a strength in the individual that

makes the individual able to rise up and continue his

life after the traumatic events he faces. Resilience is

the ability of individuals to stay afloat and remain

stable and psychologically healthy after going

through a traumatic event. Resilience is needed by

tsunami widows to be able to survive and be able to

live their lives better.

Sulistyorini (2014) explains that resilience is

formed through thoughts that enable individuals to

seek new experiences and view life as progress,

individuals who have resilience are able to

understand that a tough life challenge is not the end

of everything. Desmita (2005) adds that individuals

are considered resilient if they are able to quickly

return from trauma and appear to be immune from

negative life events. Research on resilience

conducted by Gaugler, Kane and Newcomer (2007)

states that social relations and widows' friendships

influence how resilience is formed in their lives.

This means that someone who is in a slump needs

social support from his environment to be able to

rise and be able to reduce maladaptive behavior.

Based on the explanation above, researchers are

interested in knowing more deeply how the

resilience of tsunami widows after 10 years of

tsunami disaster in Banda Aceh.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Resilience

Resilience is the ability of an adult to deal with

abnormal conditions when experiencing traumatic

and potentially life-threatening incidents such as

losing loved ones, experiencing violence or life-

threatening situations to build a normal life and

function physically and psychologically so as to gain

new experiences and positive emotions (Bonanno,

2008).

Bonanno (2008) explained that resilience has

four aspects which are tough personality (hardiness),

self-improvement (self-enhancement), repressive

coping, and positive emotions. Furthermore,

Bonanno, Galea, Bucciarelli, and Vlahov (2007)

described the factors which may form and hamper

the formation of resilience, i.e. gender, age, racial,

education, level of trauma, income, social support,

pressure stress of life in past to present, and health.

2.2 Widow

Widow is marital status given to woman after her

husband died (Keister & Destro, 2008). According

to Hurlock (2009) widow will experience common

problem such as economic problems where

declining income causes widow unable to fulfill

their daily needs adequately as their previous life.

A practical problem is the widow tries to run her

own household after getting used to being assisted

by her husband but after the husband is gone, the

widow must hire someone to help. In addition,

according to Akmalia (2013) widow also suffered

psychological problems which is to feel a negative

cognitive effects such as difficult to concentrate and

emotional negative effects such as anxiety, sadness,

anger, and frustration, and as well as physiologically

negative impacts such as health problems and

decreased body endurance.

2.3 Tsunami

Natural phenomena such as earthquakes and tsunami

that occurred in the west waters of Sumatra

ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology

120

(Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, North Sumatra and

West Sumatra) on December 26

2004 with

magnitude 9 on the Richter Scale were devastating

incidents throughout the territorial waters around the

epicenter. This is because there is a shift in the

Earth's plates that occurred underwaters of the west

coast of Sumatra, causing a very high magnitude

earthquake and tsunami until several kilometers

from the coastline (Surinati, 2009).

3 RESEARCH METHOD

The type of approach in this research is a qualitative

method of phenomenology, which produces

descriptive data in the form of written or oral words

from people and observable behavior (Bogdan &

Taylor in Moloeng, 2009). The selection of this

phenomenological qualitative approach is based on

the purpose of the research, which is to find out how

resilient to tsunami widows. Respondents in this

study consists of 3 tsunami widows with the

following characteristics: (a) The widow of middle

adult ages 40-65 years and experienced a tsunami on

December 26

2004 in Banda Aceh, (b) lost the

husband due to the tsunami disaster of December

2004, (c) The widow who works to support the

family, (d) still a widow until the research is

conducted, (e) willing to be a research respondent.

Collecting data on the respondents using purposive

sampling technique based on the characteristics

possessed by the subject chosen for these

characteristics in accordance with the purpose of

research to be conducted (Herdiansyah, 2011).

3.1 Methods of Collecting Data

Data collection in this study used interview and

observation methods. The interview method is

conducted using semi-structured by referring to the

interview guidelines that have been compiled based

on Bonanno's theory (2008) on the resilience aspects

of strong personality (hardiness), self-improvement,

overcome problems repressive, and positive

emotions. In addition, the observation method is

used as a support to obtain additional information

and data from respondents during the research.

3.2 Data Analysis Method

This study uses interactive model data analysis

methods referring to the theories of Miles and

Huberman (in Idrus, 2009) which is the process of

data analysis that begins with studying all available

data from various sources including from interviews

and observation results that have been written in

verbatim and observation records. The collected data

is made in verbatim according to the results of the

record and then arranged in the verbatim table. After

that, the coding process is made on each statement

given by the respondent, then compiled themes

based on groups of coding that have a common

pattern. Furthermore, the giving of meaning

corresponds to the understanding and interpretation

made, as well as adapting to the theories that support

the results of the research.

4 RESULT

Based on the research, the demographic overview of

the respondents is shown in table 1 as follows:

Table 1: Respondents Demographics Overview

Name

(Initial)

Age Education Occupation

Add‐

ress

SS 47

years

old

Not

graduating

from

elementary

school

Housemaid Lampu

lo

NM 60

years

old

Graduated

from

elementary

school

Trader

Punge

Blang

Cut

JR 43

years

old

Graduated

from

elementary

school

Gardener Tibang

The results of interviews on all respondents can

be seen that each respondent has a different way of

achieving resilience. Comparison of capability to

achieving resiliency can be seen in table 2.

Resilience of Tsunami Widow after 10 Years Tsunami in Banda Aceh

121

Table 2: Comparison of the Resiliency Between Respondents

Aspects SS NM JR

Hardiness

- Facing the depressed state

withresignation, gratitude and

for

ettin

the tsunami.

- Facing the depressed state

by working

-Facing the depressed state with

received help from others so can

fulfill thedail

needs.

- Get back up with working and

support from friends so

enthusiasm arises.

- Get back up with working

however feel resigned to the

current conditions because o

the health deteriorates.

- Get back to the work and friends

and do not focus on the past

because it is the Allah’s will.

- The lessonslearned after 10

years of tsunamiare the heart

is calmer and have notrauma

- Less lesson learnedafter 10

years of tsunami because

the circumstance are no

longer profitable

- Lessons learned 10 years after

tsunami that the mean of living

increased and the conditions

improved than before.

- Have the confidence to get

back up through advice and

support from friends.

- Have confidence to get

back up although health

conditions decline.

- Have the confidence to rise up by

forgetting the tsunami and thought

the fate come from God, not

focusing on sadness, and applying

a healthy lifestyle to get the mean

of living.

- Aside from the routine

activities, attending in Wirid

activities, reciting Yasin and

praying

- Not involved in other

activities besides routine

activities because of

physical weakness.

- Aside from routine activities,

involved in teaching activities,

Wirid and visit relatives who are

going to do the pilgrimage

Self

enhancement

- Adapting to gather with

children and families, so the

irit is back.

- Adapting to the activity

like selling cakes, Gurih

rice, and beans

- Adapting to visit friend’s house

and nephew to keep in touch.

- Attending Wirid andreciting

Yasin activities in order to

good way of life and feel

calmer also revitalized

because of the belief

that

ers are to Allah.

- Attending Wirid so can do

a good deed

- Attending the recitation to learn to

read prays so that will know the

good and sinful deeds.

- The support of the firstchild

and ask to overcome the

problems to the expert

- Had the support from

children and overcome the

problem by shared them

about my problemandpray

to God.

- Had the support from families and

overcome the problem by telling

friends.

Repressive

coping

- On the 10th anniversary of the

tsunami, still felt sad but

relieved it by praying to my

husband who already dead

also did Khenduri and dhikr.

- On the 10th anniversary of

the tsunami, felt sad but

relieved it by gave alm to th

orphan

- On the 10th anniversary of the

tsunami, felt sad but relieved by

prayed for tsunami’s victims

Positive

Emotional

- Eager to work and live. - Less enthusiastic due to the

family was no longer intact.

- Eager to undergo the activities after

the tsunami.

- Being happy in this life. - Feel less happy and more

resigned in life today

- Being happy in this life.

ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology

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5 DISCUSSIONS

This study aims to determine the dynamics of

resilience of tsunami widows after 10 years in Banda

Aceh. Tsunami widows are widows who have lost

their husbands as a result of the earthquake and

tsunami, which has caused trauma due to the sudden

loss of a partner. Based on interviews that have been

conducted on respondents showed that all three

responses have resilience in the face of the tsunami

event after 10 years. Each respondent starts to rise

from adversity and rebuild his life normally. In this

study, the resilience of the respondents based on the

underlying aspects, that are having a strong

personality, being able to improve themselves, being

able to overcome problems repressively and having

positive emotions in everyday life. In line with what

was explained by Bonano (2008) that resilience is

the ability of adult individuals to deal with abnormal

conditions when experiencing traumatic and

potentially life-threatening events such as the loss of

a loved one, experiencing violence or life-

threatening situations to build a normal life again

and function in a normal way physical as well as

psychological so as to get new experiences and

positive emotions.

The aspect of resilience in each respondent

shows similarities and differences. Overall, the

tough personality aspect shows that the three

respondents were able to accept the difficult

conditions they faced after 10 years of tsunami with

resignation, the existence of gratitude to Allah SWT

and starting to forget the tsunami event. Gratitude

that appears as a form that he can still be saved and

get wisdom from the incident. The wisdom he

gained was to get a better life than before. The three

respondents also started to get back up by doing new

activities such as working, building social

interactions with other people so that they can

generate enthusiasm in themselves. This is in

accordance with research conducted by Ghafur, et al

(2012) that acceptance of women in seeing disasters

as a trial from God so as to form self-acceptance that

always accepts any bad condition, without

complaining and being tough in dealing with it

effectively and being able to adapt to the new

environment. In addition, Maddi (2013) also

mentioned that individuals who have strong

personalities have confidence in themselves and do

not see how hard the trials are, but are able to re-

engage with various activities no matter what

happens.

In the aspect of self-improvement, respondents

showed being able to readjust after a disaster with

their social environment. Respondents were able to

gather with friends and family, visit family and

friends to stay in touch and share stories with each

other, and start their activities again. According to

Bonanno, Rennicke, and Dekel (2005) individuals

who have self-improvement are able to adjust to

being healthy and positive, have active social

networks, get good judgment from their immediate

family, and are able to overcome problems in a

healthy and good way. Activities undertaken for

self-improvement by involving themselves in

religious activities such as recitation and religious

guidance. This religious activity becomes an

important thing because it has a positive impact, so

that respondents can feel calm, feel excited again

because of the belief in the power of prayer to Allah

SWT, no longer feel trauma, and can know the good

deeds that must be done and the bad deeds that must

be left out. In addition, Aceh's religious culture has a

strong influence on respondents to be able to

resilience. Baumister (1991) adds that religion plays

an important role in helping to restore internal

conditions such as human behavior and emotions.

Furthermore the resilience of a tsunami widow

can also be seen in the aspect of the ability to

overcome problems repressively through emotional

coping by expressing a bit of sadness in difficult

conditions but rather showing behavior that does not

appear in the form of physiological reactions. This

means that the three respondents shortly after the

tsunami experienced stress, were beaten and sad at

the thought of their family. Some physiological

reactions that arise are palpitations, shortness of

breath, difficulty sleeping and high blood pressure,

but over time after the 10-year tsunami, respondents

can readjust themselves by gathering with family

and friends and engaging in religious activities,

sadness and physiological reactions begin to

decrease and lost. In line with Bonano, Noll, et al (in

Bonano, 2008) explain that resilient individuals are

also able to overcome problems repressively through

coping that focuses on emotions, the individual has

several emotional reactions under stressful

conditions, even experiencing physical symptoms

due to stress. but over time the symptoms do not

appear anymore. Bogar (2006) also said that resilient

individuals are able to control their emotions by

applying spirituality and religiosity.

In the aspect of positive emotions, two from

three respondents were able to show positive

emotions in the form of a sense of enthusiasm and

happiness after the 10-year tsunami. Bonanno, Noll,

Putnam, O'Neill, and Trickett; Keltner and Bonanno

(in Bonanno, 2008) stated that one way to show

Resilience of Tsunami Widow after 10 Years Tsunami in Banda Aceh

123

resilience is when individuals are able to overcome

difficulties well through the use of positive emotions

such as enthusiasm and feeling of joy. A sense of

enthusiasm arises in carrying out the respondent's

daily activities that is enthusiasm in working to earn

a living for the family and having enthusiasm in

living his current life. The strength to get back up

and the spirit to continue to live because of the

presence of children and grandchildren who are still

his responsibility. Sari and Wardhana (2015) explain

that widows who lose their husbands due to Sudden

Death feel that children's education and the security

of daily needs are the main objectives to be

achieved, considering that after losing a spouse still

has children who are responsible for future

education. In addition, Aprilia (2013) mentions one

reason that widows can continue to survive because

of the existence of their children. Generally the child

will be the strongest reason for a widow to endure a

stressful situation.

Happiness is interpreted by two respondents as

feeling happy in their current life by showing a sense

of gratitude to Allah SWT. They expressed gratitude

to Allah swt verbally for the help of the home and

the work he got after the tsunami in order to be able

to continue to live again, besides that they also

expressed gratitude for the grace and longevity help

that God still gave and had the spirit of returning

from the belief in prayer. Emmons and McCullough

(2003) explain that individuals who often feel and

express gratitude enjoy life more, are optimistic and

energetic and help other individuals more than

individuals who do not have gratitude. In addition,

gratitude for life can lead to peace of mind,

happiness, physical health and make personal

relationships more satisfying.

However, one of the respondents from two

respondents did not yet fully have resilience because

they still felt the loss of their husband and five of

their six children, their health condition was getting

worse, causing physical weakness. This is consistent

with the statements of Bonanno, Galea, Bucciarelli,

and Vlahov (2007) who explain that one of the

factors that can form and hinder resilience is formed,

namely, health. Health factors are closely related to

the formation of resilience, individuals who have

health problems have less resilience than individuals

who do not have health problems.

In addition to the aspects of resilience,

respondents obtained information that social support

is important to bring about resilience. Respondents

have social support from the people closest to them

such as support from friends in the form of

encouragement to be enthusiastic in undergoing new

activities, and support from doctors who check their

health in the form of suggestions for evaluating

eating and taking medicine regularly and social

support in the form of material assistance such as

clothing, food, shelter and funds to help them get on

with their lives. According to Utz (2005), social

support is one factor that can protect a widow from

negative effects after losing a partner. Friends,

family members, and neighbors can provide various

forms of emotional and instrumental support to help

a widow ease the difficult transition times she faces.

Connor and Davidson who mentioned that resilience

is related to personal competence, high standards

and tenacity; believe in yourself, have tolerance for

negative aspects and be strong or tough in dealing

with stress; accept changes positively and can make

a safe relationship (able to adapt) with others control

or self control in achieving goals and how to ask for

or get help from others; spiritual influence on God

(Sulistyorini, 2014).

6 CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study indicate that there is

resilience in two tsunami widows after the 10-year

tsunami disaster in Banda Aceh, namely they have

resilient personalities, self-improvement, coping

with problems responsibly through emotional coping

and positive emotions. While one respondent has not

fully experienced resilience, because respondents

did not feel life after the tsunami was better than

before the tsunami occurred. In addition, his health

condition continued to decline causing the

respondent to not feel the wisdom behind the

tsunami. In addition to the aspect of resilience, an

important factor influencing resilience is a sense of

gratitude to Allah SWT and social support from the

environment so as to accelerate the process of

resilience of respondents.

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