An Intervention to Improve Self-regulation in Preventing Premarital

Sexual Behavior among Students in Lhokseumawe

Rini Julistia, Zulrizka Iskandar and Eka Riyanti Purboningsih

Master Program of Psychology Profession of Padjajaran University

Keywords: Self-regulation, Premarital Sexual Behavior, Junior High School Students

Abstract: This study aims to provide a clearer picture of self-regulation in preventing premarital sexual behavior. After

getting a picture of self-regulation in preventing premarital sexual behavior, an intervention design was

drafted in order to improve junior high school students’ self-regulation in Lhokseumawe. A quantitative

method with descriptive analysis was used in this research. A total of 290 students were obtained as

participants using cluster random sampling method. The results showed that the majority of junior high school

students in Lhokseumawe had low self-regulation (58%), meaning that most of them still do not have the

ability to regulate themselves to achieve their goals, in this case, to prevent premarital sexual behavior. Among

the possible reasons for such circumstance are the students’ incapability to set goals and strategies, to motivate

and control themselves, as well as to conduct monitoring, assessments and evaluations in preventing

premarital sexual behavior. Based on the results of the study, intervention programs that can improve self-

regulation in preventing premarital sexual behavior are in the form of training by applying the experiential

learning principle, the role play and discussion method. The interventions were divided into three phases as

suggested by of Zimmerman (2000) in his theoretical concepts. The phases are forethought, performance, and

reflection.

1 INTRODUCTION

The way teenagers get along with one another may

cause concerns for the community as they tend to

violate the moral and religious values, leading to

juvenile delinquency. Among the juvenile

delinquency found are pornography, drugs, crime,

and premarital sexual behavior (Susanti & Setyowaty,

2013).

According to Sarwono (2010), sexual behavior is

all behavior that is driven by sexual desire both with

the same or the opposite sex. Premarital sexual

behavior can be solitary or socio-sexual that includes

two or more individuals. This research, however,

focused on socio-sexual research due to risks resulted

from sexual behavior with partners such as unwanted

pregnancy, HIV / AIDS and venereal disease. Socio-

sexual consists of touching, kissing, petting, and

sexual intercourse. Touching is an activity of physical

contact such as holding hands or hugging. Kissing

starts from kissing lips to lips (dry kissing) to wet

kissing. Petting is defined as physical contact aiming

to release sexual desire such as palpating breasts,

touching thighs and genitals, and attaching the

genitals without penetrating male genitalia into

female genitals. Meanwhile, sexual intercourse is a

physical contact made by men and women in the form

of penetrating male genitals into female genitals.

The data from regional health officer shows that

as many as 70 % of students in Lhokseumawe and 50

% students in Banda Aceh were found to engage in

premarital sexual behavior (Dinkesprov, 2012).

Premarital sexual behavior has several negative

effects such as unwanted pregnancy, sexually

transmitted diseases, social stigma, HIV / AIDS and

so on. In addition to obtaining statistical data, the

researchers also conducted interviews with several

respondents who said that they had no desire to

engage in premarital sexual behavior because of their

awareness towards the negative effects and the values

and norms in Acehnese society.

If someone violates the prevailing norms in Aceh,

she/he will be subject to sanctions such as flogging,

being bathed in a mosque or being paraded around.

Therefore, to prevent premarital sexual behavior, the

respondents should reduce time for meeting their

partners, avoid meeting them in a quiet place and

avoid discussions related to premarital sexual

Julistia, R., Iskandar, Z. and Purboningsih, E.

An Intervention to Improve Self-regulation in Preventing Premarital Sexual Behavior among Students in Lhokseumawe.

DOI: 10.5220/0009437800750081

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Psychology (ICPsy 2019), pages 75-81

ISBN: 978-989-758-448-0

behavior. However, the respondents have not been

able to do so because whenever the respondents meet

their partners, the pre-marital sexual behavior is

unavoidable. This occurs because the partner is afraid

of being left or cheated if she refuses to do so. Yet,

most respondents acknowledged feeling guilty for

their incapability to refuse the sexual behavior

invitation. This happens because respondents have

not been able to regulate themselves in preventing

premarital sexual behavior. Therefore, the problem

experienced by respondents in premarital sexual

behavior is an indication related to self-regulation.

According to Zimmerman (as cited in Boekaerts,

2000), self-regulation refers to thoughts, feelings,

actions planned and adapted continuously to achieve

personal goals. The structure of the process of self-

regulation is described in three cyclical phases. The

forethought phase relates to the processes and beliefs

that emerge before the effort to act and determine the

steps to achieve the goals. The performance/volitional

control phase covers the processes that occur during

the effort and impacts on the attention and actions

taken. The self-reflection phase entails the process

that occurs after an attempt is made and affects the

individual's response to the experience. This

reflection phase will then affect the forethought phase

(Zimmerman as cited in Boekaerts, 2000).

In this study, self-regulation is associated with

premarital sexual behavior, where individuals or

adolescents who engage in premarital sexual behavior

can direct themselves to prevent premarital sexual

behavior with their partners. Based on the data

obtained by the researcher, respondents said that they

had no desire to engage in premarital sexual behavior,

but they were unable to regulate it because when they

met with their partners. Besides, the feeling of worry

for the consequence of refusing the behavior leads the

goal of avoiding it could not be achieved.

An effective self-regulation will enable an

individual to achieve their goals for not being

engaged in premarital sexual behavior. Gailliot

(2007) argues that individuals who have ineffective

self-regulation are more likely to fail in controlling

themselves in preventing premarital sexual behavior

while those having effective self-regulation will be

able to regulate themselves in preventing premarital

sexual behavior.

Furthermore, research conducted by Dwi (2015)

also showed that an ineffective self-regulation leads

to premarital sexual behavior, in which individuals

who are unable to regulate themselves fail in

preventing premarital sexual behavior. On the other

hand, individuals who have effective self-regulation

will avoid premarital sexual behavior because they

are able to regulate themselves to avoid premarital

sexual behavior.

Based on the data, the number of cases of

premarital sexual behavior continues to increase. This

case often occurs in teenagers who are in high school

and college. For this reason, prevention of premarital

sexual behavior by increasing self-regulation is

necessary. Nowadays, many teenagers are dating

before the normative age (under the age of 15 years,

usually called as early starter) which highly prone to

premarital sexual behavior. This is supported by the

statement of Conolly & Mclsaac (2009 as cited in

Steinberg, 2014) mentioning that adolescents

experiencing a relationship in a very young age (also

known as early starter) will easily be affected by

negative impacts such as socially immature (when

establishing interpersonal relationships), lack of

imagination, low orientation towards achievement,

unhappy and often depressed, and conducting

premarital sexual behavior. Based on the explanation,

the focus of this study is to increase the effectiveness

of self-regulation in junior high school students in

Lhokseumawe as one of the factors that can prevent

premarital sexual behavior.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Self-regulation is defined as thoughts, feelings, and

planned actions as well as adapting continuously to

achieve personal goals (Zimmerman, 2000 as cited in

Boekaerts, 2000). The purpose of self-regulation is to

explain how individuals adjust to changes in the

environment as a result of personal feedback

(Zimmerman as cited in Boekaerts, 2007).

Each individual definitely attempts to regulate

themselves using their own ways in order to achieve

goals in life. Thus, it becomes inaccurate if there is a

statement saying that there are individuals who do not

employ self-regulation (Winne, 1997 in Zimmerman;

Boekaerts, 2000). The structure of self-regulation

process is described in three cyclic phases as follow:

ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology

Figure 1. The Structure of Self-Regulation Process

3 RESEARCH METHOD

This research was conducted by using a quantitative

research approach. Data analysis was performed by

grouping data based on variables and types of

respondents as well as tabulating data based on

variables from all respondents (Sugiyono, 2014). The

research method used was descriptive research

conducted on independent variables (Sugiyono,

2014). In this study, descriptive method was used to

find a picture of self-regulation in preventing

premarital sexual behavior in junior high school

students in Lhokseumawe.

The sampling technique used was cluster random

sampling with 290 respondents. Data collection

techniques using measurement tools in the form of a

questionnaire was utilized based on self-regulation

theory from Zimmerman (2000) which consists of

three phases of self-regulation (i.e., forethought,

performance and self-reflection), each of which

consists of categories and sub-categories

(Zimmerman as cited in Boekaerts, 2000).

4 RESULT

4.1 Overview of Effective

Self-regulation

The results of the study are divided into two

categories: effective and ineffective based on the

theoretical concepts used in this study. According to

Zimmerman (2000 as cited in Boekaerts, 2000),

effective self-regulation must have three phases of

self-regulation (i.e., effective forethought,

performance, and self-reflection). Ineffective self-

regulation is when one of the three phases mentioned

is not effective.

To describe an effective self-regulation,

researchers compile profiling by looking at each total

score of each phase of self-regulation in each

respondent as follows:

Table 1: Overview of Self-Regulation Profile in Preventing

Premarital Sexual Behavior

Self-Regulation Phase Number

Respond

ent

Forethou

ght

Performa

nce

Self-

Reflecti

Profil

Effective Effective Effecti

123

persons

(42%)

Based on the above profiling results, there were

123 respondents (42%) who had all the three phases

effective. It can be inferred that the respondents had

an effective level of self-regulation in preventing

premarital sexual behavior. In other words,

respondents can set goals, control and monitor

themselves in preventing premarital sexual behavior,

and can make an assessment and evaluation of their

own behavior. The evaluation conducted provides

respondents with new knowledge and information

about strategies and actions that can be taken in

preventing premarital sexual behavior. Therefore, the

results of the evaluation help individuals to plan

alternatives and new strategies adaptively in

developing their self-regulation in preventing

premarital sexual behavior.

4.2 Overview of Ineffective

Self-regulation

In describing ineffective self-regulation, researchers

did the profiling by looking at each total score of each

phase of self-regulation on each respondent which

can be seen in the following table:

An Intervention to Improve Self-regulation in Preventing Premarital Sexual Behavior among Students in Lhokseumawe

Table 2: Overview of Ineffective Self-Regulation Profile in

Preventing Premarital Sexual Behavior

Self-Regulation Phase

Number

Respond

ents

Foretho

ught

Perform

ance

Self-

Reflect

ion

Profile

Effective Effective

Ineffect

ive

Profile

Effective Ineffective

Ineffect

ive

Profile

Ineffecti

Ineffective

Effecti

Profile

Ineffecti

Ineffective

Ineffect

ive

Ineffective Self-Regulation

167

persons

(58%)

Based on the above description, researchers

obtained four profiles that illustrate ineffective self-

regulation in preventing premarital sexual behavior.

When viewed from the three phases, self-regulation

will eventually become a unity that describes one’s

self-regulation level. The descriptions of the four

profiles are as follows:

Profile R1: Respondents who have an effective

forethought and performance phase but ineffective in

the self-reflection phase are 49 respondents (17%).

This illustrates that respondents can set specific goals,

in this case, to prevent premarital sexual behavior,

can control and monitor the actions taken, but have

not been able to make an evaluation of the effort and

the results obtained from the actions they did.

Profile R2: Respondents who have an effective

forethought phase but ineffective performance and

self-reflection phase are 56 respondents (19%). This

suggests that respondents can set specific goals (i.e.,

preventing premarital sexual behavior) but unable to

control and monitor the actions taken as well as to do

a self-judgment and evaluation of the effort that was

done.

R3 Profile: Respondents who have ineffective

forethought phase, ineffective performance phase,

but effective self-reflection are 25 respondents (9%).

This indicates that respondents have not been able to

set goals, control and monitor themselves, but are

able to evaluate and assess the actions taken.

R4 Profile: Respondents who have an ineffective

forethought but ineffective performance and self-

reflection phase are 37 respondents (13%). This

illustrates that respondents have not been able to set

goals, control and monitoring as well as was unable

to make an assessment and evaluation of efforts

preventing premarital sexual behavior.

5 DISCUSSION

Adolescence is a period of biological, psychological,

and social transition of a person. In this phase,

individuals begin to be attracted to sex and are

biologically productive. Furthermore, they also begin

to be wise, more experienced, and are be able to make

decisions better during this period (Steinberg, 2014).

Physical and psychological changes make

adolescents begin to learn more on abstract concepts

such as heterosexual relation, which is known as

dating. When adolescents are sexually matured, both

men and women start to develop new attitudes and

interests toward the opposite sex in various activities

that involve both genders. When the sexual maturity

has been reached, romantic feelings accompanied by

a strong desire to get support from the opposite sex

begin to appear (Hurlock, 1980).

Gathering information about sex is also done by

starting a relationship with the opposite gender. When

teenagers are in a relationship with the opposite sex,

they begin to engage in sexual behaviors with their

partner. The behavior may start from holding hands,

hugging, kissing, and touching the genitals. In

preventing these behaviors, self-regulation is needed

through three phases of self-regulation (i.e.,

forethought phase, performance phase, and self-

reflection phase) as one of the factors that can prevent

premarital sexual behavior among junior high school

students in Lhokseumawe.

In preventing premarital sexual behavior among

junior high school students in Lhokseumawe, the self-

regulation in this study is divided into two categories;

effective self-regulation and ineffective self-

regulation. The effectiveness or ineffectiveness of

self-regulation owned by someone depends on the

process or phase of self-regulation itself.

Based on the results of this study, there were 123

people (42%) had an effective level of regulation in

preventing premarital sexual behavior. Individuals

who have an effective level of regulation in

preventing premarital sexual behavior showed an

effective forethought phase, an effective performance

phase and an effective self-reflection phase. This

illustrates that individuals can regulate themselves in

achieving their goals. The goal set is to prevent

premarital sexual behavior, or long-term goals (goal

distal).

In achieving long-term goals, individuals

determine short-term goals (proximal goals) such as

setting the limits in a relationship as an effort to

prevent premarital sexual behavior. In achieving

these goals, the individual develops strategies in

achieving the stated goals (strategic planning),

ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology

namely preventing premarital sexual behavior.

Strategies designed to prevent premarital sexual

behavior such as avoiding meeting in a quiet place

will determine what are the permitted and forbidden

behaviors in a relationship.

After setting goals and developing strategies in

achieving the goals, then individuals who have

effective self-regulation can also motivate themselves

in implementing strategies that have been prepared in

achieving their goals (self-motivation belief) (i.e.,

preventing premarital sexual behavior). Individuals

can motivate themselves when individuals believe in

their abilities, also called self-efficacy, where they

can implement strategies to prevent premarital sexual

behavior. Therefore, individuals who believe in their

abilities may differentiate the things that can and

cannot be done in a relationship. Besides, they will be

able to refuse their partner's invitation to meet in a

quiet place.

When individuals believe in their abilities to

implement strategies to prevent premarital sexual

behavior, they will be confident in obtaining the

expected results, in this case, preventing premarital

sexual behavior when meeting a partner. As a result,

individuals will then feel more valuable. It is

considered as beneficial to them as it makes them

motivated in implementing strategies that have been

prepared in achieving the goals which can prevent

premarital sexual behavior.

After individuals formulate strategies in achieving

their goals, the next thing is to implement the strategy

(performance phase). When they implement

strategies to regulate themselves to prevent premarital

sexual behavior, individuals control themselves by

focusing on the strategy in achieving the goal of

preventing premarital sexual behavior. As in the

forethought phase, the individual has devised a

strategy for not meeting in a quiet place. Thus, in this

case, when invited to meet in a quiet place, the

individuals still able to refuse the invitation from their

partner even though the partner is angry. This is

because the individual controls themselves by

focusing on strategies that have been developed in

achieving his goals, namely preventing premarital

sexual behavior.

After individuals conducted their actions in

preventing premarital sexual behavior, individuals

who have an effective self-regulation in preventing

premarital sexual behavior will monitor (self-

observation) the process of strategy implementation.

For example, an individual realizes that when

meeting with a partner in a crowded place, she or he

will avoid the invitation of his partner to engage in

premarital sexual behavior.

Based on the monitoring or observations,

individuals who have effective self-regulation will

conduct an evaluation of the achievements (self-

evaluation), strategies and actions that they do in

preventing premarital sexual behavior. For example,

individuals evaluate that not meeting their partner in

a quiet place is the right way to avoid premarital

sexual behavior.

This evaluation involves information obtained

from conducting monitoring that is associated with

certain standards. In addition to that, individuals also

evaluate the results obtained in preventing premarital

sexual behavior such as failure or success because of

their ability or because the effort they did was not

optimal (causal attribution). Based on the results of

the evaluation, individuals obtain new information

related to the process carried out in preventing

premarital sexual behavior. This then directs

individuals to recompile various alternative strategies

in an adaptive manner in developing self-regulation

to prevent premarital sexual behavior.

In addition, some individuals were found to have

effective self-regulation in preventing premarital

sexual behavior while others were not. As seen in table

4.2 which explains the picture of self-regulation is not

effective in preventing premarital sexual behavior.

It can be seen from the table that even if one of the

phases of self-regulation is ineffective, these

individuals fall into the ineffective self-regulation

category. This can be seen, first, the forethought and

performance phase are effective but self-reflection

phase is not effective. This illustrates that individuals

can determine a long-term goal specifically to prevent

premarital sexual behavior.

Individuals will not only able to determine long-

term goals but also the short-term ones such as

determining the limitations in a relationship. These

short-term goals are set up (proximal goals) to obtain

long-term goals that have been set by individuals.

Besides, these short-term goals are set because they

are more easily to be achieved by individuals. When

individuals can achieve short-term goals, they will be

excited to obtain the goals set (Zimmerman, 2000).

Furthermore, after setting the goals, to achieve

these goals, individuals may develop strategies that

they can be used in order to achieve these goals

(strategic planning). For instance, strategies designed

to prevent premarital sexual behavior is to choose a

crowded place to meet their partner. This suggests

that individuals can analyze the tasks that they can do

in preventing premarital sexual behavior. When

individuals can set goals and develop strategies in

achieving them, they will be more motivated in

An Intervention to Improve Self-regulation in Preventing Premarital Sexual Behavior among Students in Lhokseumawe

achieving goals that have been set (self-motivation

belief).

Individuals can motivate themselves because

individuals believe in their abilities to achieve the

planned goals. For example, when an individual

believes in his/her ability to reject the partner's

invitation to engage in premarital sexual behavior,

based on this belief, individuals may have confident

to do avoid the occurrence of premarital sexual

behavior (self-efficacy).

After setting goals and formulating strategies,

individuals’ self-belief will motivate themselves to

prevent premarital sexual behavior. Hence, in

performance phase, individuals may implement

strategies that have been prepared in the forethought

phase. In carrying out these strategies, individuals can

control themselves (self-control) by staying focused

in implementing strategies that have been prepared in

preventing premarital sexual behavior. For example,

individuals still refuse partners to engage in

premarital sexual behavior even though their partners

threaten to break their relationship.

After implementing a strategy in an effort to

prevent premarital sexual behavior, individuals can

monitor their actions in an effort to prevent premarital

sexual behavior. An example of this monitoring

process is that individuals realize when they meet

with their partner in a crowded place; they can avoid

the invitation of their partner to engage in a premarital

sexual behavior.

Although individuals can set goals, develop

strategies, motivate and control themselves and can

monitor efforts to prevent premarital sexual behavior,

individuals may fail in self-reflection to do an

assessment and evaluation of the results, strategies,

and actions in an effort to prevent premarital sexual

behavior. This happens because individuals do not

relate the information obtained from the monitoring

to certain standards.

Additionally, individuals who have ineffective

self-reflection are also not able to assess their actions

and the results they have obtained, such as assessing

the results obtained in preventing premarital sexual

behavior due to the effort owned by the individuals or

due to the ability they have. Hence, individuals who

do not possess effective self-regulation will judge

(causal attribution) on their success or failure in

achieving goals that they cannot control such as their

abilities. Individuals’ inability to do an evaluation on

the efforts made in preventing premarital sexual

behavior is due to defensive individuals. Based on the

evaluation results, the individual will re-set the goals

to be achieved in the next process.

Ineffective self-regulation does not only stem

from one ineffective phase but also occurs when an

individual has two ineffective self-regulation phases

as seen in the table 4.2, explaining the ineffective

picture of self-regulation in preventing premarital

sexual behavior. First, the description of ineffective

self-regulation with effective forethought phase yet

ineffective performance and self-reflection will be

described. Such circumstance illustrates that

individuals can set goals, both long-term goals that

prevent premarital sexual behavior, and short-term

goals such as determining the limit in a relationship.

After the individuals set their goals, the next process

is to develop strategies that they can achieve

(strategic planning). The strategies developed as an

effort to prevent premarital sexual behavior are to

avoid partner’s video calls at night with and not to

meet their partner in a quiet place.

When individuals can set goals and develop

strategies in an effort to achieve their goals to prevent

premarital sexual behavior, they will be motivated in

implementing the strategies that have been developed

in achieving their goals to prevent premarital sexual

behavior (self-motivation belief). This is because

individuals believe in their ability to achieve the goals

and implement strategies that have been prepared in

an effort to prevent premarital sexual behavior.

Although individuals can set goals, develop strategies

and motivate themselves in achieving these goals, they

may fail in the performance phase as they are not able

to control themselves and monitor the performance as

an effort to prevent premarital sexual behavior.

One possible reason for an ineffective self-control

in implementing the strategy is the absence of self-

instruction when carrying out a strategy. For example,

individuals may tell themselves to refuse a partner's

invitation to meet in a quiet place, then avoid to make

a phone call if the partner suggest a video call at night.

The ineffectiveness of self-control is also due to

individuals inability to use imagery techniques to

prevent premarital sexual behavior

Moreover, individuals also are not able to focus

on what they are doing as an effort to prevent

premarital sexual behavior because individuals are

unable to ignore the external processes or events

which can affect self-control. For example,

individuals may be able to refuse their partners to

engage in premarital sexual behavior even though the

couple threatens to break up or fight in public places.

Next, individuals are also unable to monitor the

results and consequences from the performance that

they did as an effort to prevent premarital sexual

behavior. When individuals are unable to carry out

monitoring, then they are not able to provide

ICPsy 2019 - International Conference on Psychology

information that will be used to carry out an

evaluation of the performance displayed; it will affect

the results.

Thus, in self-reflection phase, individuals cannot

perform self-judgment and self-reaction to the results,

strategies, and implementation processes in

preventing premarital sexual behavior by evaluating

their own observations. For instance, individuals

conduct an assessment of their own actions by

avoiding meeting their partner in a quiet place to

prevent premarital sexual behavior. Another way that

can be done is to refuse the partners’ invitation to

meet at night as it is viewed as a bad thing.

When individuals are not able to conduct an

evaluation, it will affect the causal attribution or the

process related to the results; whether the

performance is related to their limitations or non-

optimal efforts. Individuals who have ineffective self-

regulation will attribute the success or failure in

achieving their goals to things they cannot control

such as their capacity. For example, individuals may

conclude that their failure to prevent premarital

sexual behavior is influenced by their ability. Hence,

individuals feel dissatisfied with the results achieved

as an effort to prevent premarital sexual behavior that

affects the results. When the individuals feel

dissatisfied with the results, they will reorganize their

objectives adaptively or can be defensive.

6 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of this study, it can be

concluded that the majority of secondary school

students in Lhokseumawe have an ineffective level of

self-regulation in the prevention of premarital sexual

behavior. Therefore, there is a need for interventions

designed to improve the effectiveness of self-

regulation as a way to prevent premarital sexual

behavior. The intervention program used in the study

was a training using role play technique which is

aimed at increasing the effectiveness of self-

regulation as an effort to prevent premarital sexual

behavior in junior high school students in

Lhokseumawe.

It is also can be conclude from the result of the

study that an intervention to increase self-regulation

to prevent premarital sexual behavior indeed is

needed. While improving self-regulation would not

be enough by improving only one phase, it is

important to give equal attention to each phase

(Zimmerman as cited in Boekaerts, 2000). This is

because each phase or process that forms self-

regulation is interconnected and influences each

other. Therefore, to improve self-regulation in

preventing premarital sexual behavior is conducted

by providing an intervention in forethought,

performance, and self-reflection phase.

The intervention can be done in form of training

in which self-regulation is thought to prevent

premarital sexual behavior. However, the training

should also include other methods such as lectures,

discussions and simulations. In general, the approach

used in the intervention is experimental learning with

role play techniques that aims to provide participants

insights based on prior knowledge. This intervention

was designed based on the learning taxonomy

proposed by Bloom (as cited in Krathwohl, 2002) in

order to facilitate the provision of material. Bloom (as

cited in Krathwohl, 2002) identified three domains of

learning which are cognitive domain, effective

domain and psychomotor domain.

The intervention designed in this study is aimed

for junior high school students in Lhokseumawe. The

purpose of this program is to improve the self-

regulation of junior high school students in

Lhokseumawe to prevent premarital sexual behavior.

The training is carried out in 3 phases that are Phase

I, to increase the forethought phase; Phase 2, to

improve performance, and Phase 3, to increase the

self-reflection.

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An Intervention to Improve Self-regulation in Preventing Premarital Sexual Behavior among Students in Lhokseumawe