Analysis of the Influence of Internet of Vehicles on Driverless

Technology

Yunlong Bai

1, a

, Kaixin Yang

1, b

, Xiaowei Chen

1, c

, Jinwei Guo

1, d

and Haibo Dong

1, e

Automotive Data CenterChina Automotive Technology&Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300000, China

donghaibo@adcsoft.cn

Keywords: Internet of vehicles, automatic driving, V2X.

Abstract: The Internet of vehicles technology is derived from the Internet of things, which is based on the in-vehicle

network, the inter-vehicle network and the vehicle-mounted mobile Internet, wireless communication and

information exchange are conducted in the car and X (X: car, road, pedestrian and internet, etc.), according

to the agreed communication protocol and data interaction standards. Internet of vehicles technology can

realize intelligent traffic management, intelligent dynamic information service and intelligent vehicle control,

which is a typical application of Internet of things technology in the field of transportation system. With the

development and promotion of communication technology and Internet of vehicles, the future development

of driverless technology is very worth looking forward to. V2X technology, which is indispensable for

driverless driving and smart transportation, has gradually become the research key point of Internet of vehicles

technology, as a specific application of the Internet of things, V2X technology can play a great role in

driverless vehicles. With the continuous development of technology, V2X technology has also been

developed rapidly in China. This paper introduces the key technologies and technical standards of V2X,

summarizes and forecasts the application of V2X technology in driverless technology.

1 INTRODUCTION

Internet of vehicles is the network connection

between vehicles and vehicles, vehicles and roads,

vehicles and people, vehicles and service platforms

through information and communication technology,

which can improve the intelligent level and automatic

driving ability of vehicles. The Internet of vehicles is

typical application of Internet of things in automobile

field (Li Feng, Fang Jiayu, Zhao Li, 2016); its core is

V2X wireless communication technology, including

dedicated short range communication (DSRC), 5G-

V2X, LTE-V2X and so on. With the help of V2X

wireless communication technology, the technical

bottleneck of the automobile in intelligent

development and automatic driving function can be

broken through. At present, the international mature

V2X wireless communication technology has two

technical routes; one is DSRC technology based on

IEEE 802.11p, the other is V2X wireless

communication technology based on LTE (LTE-V2X)

(Liu Fuqiang, Xiang Xueqin, Qiu Dong, 2007; Chen

Qianbin, Chai Rong, Cen Ming, 2015; Cheng Gang,

Guo Da, 2011). There are some shortcomings in the

Internet of vehicles technology based on DSRC, the

Internet of vehicles technology based on 4G network

can provide faster transmission rate and has a good

promotion effect on the development of automatic

driving (Li Zhongdong, 2014).

2 COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY OF INTERNET

OF VEHICLES

2.1 Internet of Vehicles Technology

Based on DSRC

The DSRC consists of the physical layer standard

IEEE 802.11P and the network layer standard

IEEE1609. On this basis, Society of Automotive

Engineers (SAE) issued the SAE J2735 and SAE

J2945 standards and regulated the information

content and structure. The DSRC system includes

Onboard Unit (OBU) and Road Side Unit (RSU), the

two provide two-way transmission of information,

and the RSU transmits traffic information to the back-

128

Bai, Y., Yang, K., Chen, X., Guo, J. and Dong, H.

Analysis of the Inﬂuence of Internet of Vehicles on Driverless Technology.

DOI: 10.5220/0009397701280133

In Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Vehicle, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (ICVMEE 2019), pages 128-133

ISBN: 978-989-758-412-1

end platform (Wang Jianbiao, 2013). The advantages

of DSRC technology are high reliability and strong

real-time transmission, however, since the physical

layer technology of DSRC is the same as the WiFi

commonly used in people's lives, the communication

distance advantage is not obvious, the coverage

distance is short, and large-scale renovation and

investment in roadside facilities is required in

practical applications (Zhao Jing, 2018).

2.2 Internet of Vehicles Technology

Based on LTE

LTE-V2X is based on LTE technology, which is

divided into LTE-V-Cell and LTE-V-Direct. The

former uses existing spectrum and base station for

cellular communication, while the latter AS Ad hoc

network is used for V2X communication in small

scale. The LTE-V2X can reuse existing cellular

infrastructure and spectrum, and operators do not

need to deploy dedicated RSU and provide dedicated

spectrum (Xu Zijian, Yu Mei, 2016). LTE-V2X

mainly solves the problem of shared sensing among

traffic entities, it can expand the vehicle-mounted

detection system from tens of meters to hundreds of

meters or more, and improves effectiveness of AI,

and achieves assisted driving in relatively simple

traffic scenarios. In comparison, DSRC technology

has first-mover advantage, long verification time and

more mature technology, and keeps one step ahead in

network security. The advantage of LTE-V2X is that

it does not require new roadside facilities, its cost is

lower, and network covers longer distances, and can

smoothly evolve to 5G.

3 DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF

V2X TECHNOLOGY

In 1986, experts from scientific research institutions,

transportation bureaus, etc. discussed the future

traffic regulations and believed that the future

transportation system must simultaneously ensure

safety, solve congestion and protect the environment.

In 1990, in Texas, the discussion on this issue reached

a climax, participants proposed the concept of IVHS,

namely intelligent vehicle and highway system, later,

and it evolved into the intelligent transportation

system ITS. In 1991, the ITS concept became part of

the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act

(ISTEA). In addition, ISTEA has invested $6.6

billion in research and testing of ITS systems for the

next six years.

In 1992, the US Department of Transportation

(USDOT) launched the Automated Highway System

in the ITS research to liberate the driver's hands and

feet, the vehicle needs to travel on a road with

magnetic nails, this is the first time in history that the

interconnection of vehicles and highways has been

achieved. After the Automated Highway System test,

the USDOT launched the Intelligent Vehicle

Initiative in 1997 to accelerate the deployment of

anti-collision systems. Based on the smart vehicle

program, USDOT puts forward new demands on

improving traffic congestion and electronic

communication technology. At the 10th ITS World

Congress in Madrid in December 2003, USDOT

announced distribute 75MHz spectrum at 5.9GHz for

DSRC research, and proposed the VII project, the

goal of the project is to apply V2V and V2I

technologies in a small range. In December 2006,

USDOT and the five major automakers jointly tested

the role of V2V and V2I in anti-collision systems and

established new communication-based safety

facilities, including roadside networks and on-board

vehicle equipment. Only when there are enough

vehicles on the road to support V2V communication,

the role of V2V can be fully reflected. To this end, in

August 2014, NHTSA and USDOT proposed the

FMVSS No. 150 Act; this act mandated that new light

vehicles support V2V communication.

The generation of DSRC technology is based on

three standards: the first is IEEE 1609, which defines

the architecture and flow of the network, the second

is SAE J2735 and SAE J2945, which define the

information carried in the message packet, these data

include information from sensors on the car, such as

location, direction of travel, speed and brake

information, the third standard is IEEE 802.11p,

which defines the physical standards for DSRC. The

DSRC top-level protocol stack is developed based on

the IEEE 1609 standard, the V2V information

exchange uses the WAVE Short Message Protocol

instead of WIFI; and the TCP/IP protocol are used for

V2I and V2N information interaction. The DSRC

underlying layer, physical layer, and radio link

control are based on IEEE 802.11p. The IEEE 802.11

standards use the WIFI ecosystem, but WIFI was

originally designed for fixed communication

equipment, and later IEEE 802.11p supported mobile

communication devices.

With the development of cellular communication

technology, the role of cellular communication is

becoming more and more important; at present,

cellular communication technology has changed from

simply transmitting sound to transmitting audio and

data, changes from person-to-person to machine-to-

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129

machine, V2X technology is an application of

machine-to-machine transformation. C-V2X is a

V2X technology based on cellular communication,

which is defined by 3GPP (3rd Generation

Partnership Project), it includes LTE-based and future

5G V2X systems, and it is a powerful complement to

DSRC technology. It uses the existing LTE network

facilities to realize information interaction of V2V,

V2N, V2I, the most attractive features of this

technology are: it can keep up with the changes, adapt

to more complex security application scenarios, meet

low latency, high reliability and bandwidth

requirements.

4 CONCEPT OF V2X

TECHNOLOGY

V2X, just as its name implies, is vehicle-to-

everything, which hopes to achieve information

interaction between the vehicles and all entities that

may affect the vehicles, V2X mainly includes

vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure

(V2I), vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-

pedestrian (V2P), as shown in Figure.1. These four

types of cooperation are important links for automatic

driving and smart transportation. Vigorously

developing V2X vehicle networking technology

cannot only reduce the probability of traffic accidents,

improve the safety of road traffic, but also provide

low-cost, easy-to-deploy support and infrastructure

for realizing automatic driving and intelligent

transportation.

V2X was mainly based on DSRC in the early

days; the full name of DSRC is dedicated short range

communication. DSRC has been developed and

tested in the United States for many years, later, with

the development of cellular mobile communication

technology, C-V2X (Cellular V2X, V2X based on

cellular communication technology) technology

emerged. The diagram of C-V2X technology is

shown in Figure.2.

The main purpose of application V2X technology

in smart transportation system is to improve road

safety, solve traffic problems and optimize traffic

management, vehicles needs to communicate with

surrounding roadside units and vehicles, accurately

transmitting vehicle state information collected by

sensors or RFID installed on the vehicle, etc. After

the information is collected, data analysis and

processing are used to extract effective information,

which provides intelligent decision-making basis for

vehicle travel. The key technologies involved in this

process are wireless communication technologies; it

supports real-time reliable communication when the

vehicle is driving at high speed, sensing technology is

used for obtaining accurate position of the vehicle and

mass data processing technology.

Figure 1. V2X classification diagram.

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Figure 2. Diagram of C-V2X technology.

Figure 3. Introduction to DSRC and C-V2X technology.

4.1 Wireless Communication

Technology

The V2X network system realizes information

interaction through wireless communication

technologies. The key to the implementation of this

technology lies in the timeliness of wireless

communication technology, namely it is necessary to

ensure that the network access time is the shortest, the

transmission delay is low, and the reliability and

security of information transmission are required as

well. In order to realize inter-vehicle communication

within a certain range, not only the spectrum reuse

should be realized to meet the communication

bandwidth requirements, but also the core network

needs to be established, and the special components

of the system are used to complete the information

transfer and transmission.

4.2 Vehicle Sensing Technology

Real-time and accurate vehicle state sensing

technology is an important foundation for Internet of

vehicles, and it is very important. Sensing

technologies of vehicle state generally include

sensing technology for vehicle motion conditions and

sensing technology for driving environment. Through

these technologies, the motion state of the vehicles

and the surrounding vehicles are sensed, thereby

analysing whether there is a safety hazard or not.

When sensing the motion state of the vehicle, CAN

(Controller Area Network) is used to collect real-time

state data generated by each ECU (electronic control

unit) and sensor equipment in the vehicle, the motion

state of the vehicle is obtained by comprehensive

analysis of the information. Among them, it is

especially important to obtain accurate vehicle

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position information by position sense, position sense

is usually divided into absolute position sense and

relative position sense, different position sense

technologies and precision are required to be applied

to different roads.

Vehicle environmental information sensing

technology is mainly used to obtain information on

the surrounding environment of the vehicles, such as

road line shape, surrounding non-motorized vehicles

and road surface conditions. The route information

can be obtained through the traffic geographic

information system, or on-board equipment uses

pattern recognition technology to complete linear

online recognition. Infrared sensors and on-board

radars can be used to sense information on roadside

pedestrians and non-motorized vehicles. Information

on road conditions, snow and ice, etc. can be detected

and collected by laser, video and infrared

technologies.

4.3 Data Processing Technology

The intelligent assisted driving system based on V2X

can comprehensively analyses and evaluates the mass

data generated by the vehicle through information

fusion and data mining, and then makes intelligent

decisions based on the processing results. Information

fusion is data fusion, it can be summarized as using

computer technology to correlate and analyse the

information collected by sensors from various

information sources, and optimize the information

processing according to the algorithm optimization

criteria, and finally obtain the effective information

needed for intelligent decision-making. In the Internet

of vehicles system, information fusion technology

mainly processes and integrates information from

various parts of the Internet of vehicles, thus

obtaining effective information required by vehicle

travel. Data mining is the basis for processing mass

data that continues to grow; it generally consists of

three steps: find preliminary data, explore data rules

and represent rule.

5. INTERNET OF VEHICLES AND

AUTOMATIC DRIVING

5.1 Traditional Automatic Driving

In the field of existing automatic driving research,

Google, Tesla and other enterprises are generally

based on information input of sensors, radars, and

cameras, the decision of vehicle is made through

artificial intelligence technology, and the vehicle

itself can be driven to a certain extent. However, the

single vehicle has great limitations, in the bad weather

such as night, rain, snow and fog, at the intersections,

corners, etc.; the radar and camera cannot observe

them. Developing more powerful sensors for these

scenarios will need substantial funds that ordinary

consumers can't afford.

5.2 Automatic Driving under the

Internet of Vehicles

In the field of Internet of vehicles and driverless

driving, 1ms may determine the moment of life and

death. 3GPP defines several low-latency scenarios

from 1ms to several ms, which are mainly on

automatic driving. The reaction time such as braking

in automatic driving is a system response time,

including the time for network cloud computing

processing, workshop negotiation processing, and the

vehicle's own system calculation and braking

processing time. If the braking speed of 100km/h is

not more than 0.3m, the overall response time of the

system should not exceed 10ms, and the response

time of the best F1 driver is about 100ms. From the

perspective of security, the system response time is as

low as possible, and the requirements for

communication delay will be higher. In the future,

network can provide good stability while achieving

less than 1ms communication delays. Therefore, the

low-latency scenarios of automatic vehicles require

the cooperation of other parts of the system. In the

realization of vehicle automatic driving scenarios,

V2X is a necessary technology; even if the vehicle

itself can achieve partial automatic driving, the

performance can be further improved Internet of

vehicles technology, it also reduces the cost of

deploying sensors for vehicles and reduces the

reliance on high-precision sensors.

6 CONCLUSIONS

At present, although there are many breakthroughs in

technologies of automatic driving and Internet of

vehicles, the research progress is still little, the

fundamental reason is that the basic technology still

has bottlenecks. The ultimate goal of the Internet of

vehicles is to automatic driving and fully network,

liberates the drivers' hands and feet; and V2X

technology will lay a solid foundation for the

integration of automatic driving and Internet of

vehicles.

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