Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and Incidence of

Violence in Children in Malang City, East Java Indonesia

Aini Alifatin*, Thathit Manon, Dini Kurniawati, Tutik Sulistyowati, Erna Retna Rahadjeng, and

Dyah Worowirastri Ekowati

University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Jalan Bendungan Sutami 118 A Malang 65145 East Java, Indonesia

Keywords: Demographic characteristics, violence on children, anticipation.

Abstract: Cases of violence against children in Indonesia several years have increased by very sharp. Results of Survey

Year 2013 by KPP-PA, in cooperation with the Ministry of Social Affairs and CPM, find happening to

increase the number of children who experienced violence either sexually, physically, or emotionally.

National Commission of Children Protection data in 2013 are available there were 1620 cases of violence

against children: 490 (30%) physical violence, 313 (19%) emotional abuse, 817 (51%) sexual violence.

Several actually could be more significant again. The various background behind the violence was much to

do research. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between demographic characteristics

and the incidence of violence in children. The study design used a correlation description where the study

population was school-age children grades 3, 4, 5, and 6 in Muhammadiyah Elementary Schools in Malang.

Simple Random Sampling obtained 3 47 samples. The process of processing data through editing, coding,

scoring, and tabulating, then tested with Chi-Square. Based on data analysis, the results are obtained: based

on gender, several siblings, parents' marital status, parents' last education, and parents' work, influence the

occurrence of violence with a p-value of 0.0 2 0 - 0.0 48 (ρ <0.05). So it can be interpreted that there is a

relationship between demographic characteristics and the incidence of violence in children. The study

concludes that demographic characteristics are the originators of violent incidents.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is in condition department emergency

child. Cases of violence against children in Indonesia

several years have increased by very sharp. Results of

Survey of Violence Against Children In 2013

conducted by KPP-PA in cooperation with the

Ministry of Social Affairs and CPM find the group

aged 18-24 years, showed to 1 of 2 men and 1 out of

6 women at least experiencing any of the violence of

sexual, physical or emotional. Based on

National

Commission of Children Protection data in 2013, there

were 1620 cases of violence against children: 490

(30%) physical violence, 313 (19%) emotional abuse,

817 (51%) sexual violence. The data mentioned

above are the data regarding cases that revealed by

the police, the number of actual cases that are not or

have not been exposed to so much bigger again

Children are the next generation of the nation.

Children are a family investment; however, the

condition becomes a hope for the future. A child,

whatever the conditions, requires the same attention

as other children, lots of love, and affection. Young

children need to be carried, invited to play, kissed,

cuddled, fed, and lulled to sleep. As they grow,

children need to play, have friends, and go to school,

just like other children. The lack of access to get a

playroom like this will affect the optimization of the

growth and development of children in society

(Momon S, 2008). If the child does not get proper care

during his growth and development, then the child

cannot grow and develop optimally so that the

nation's successor is born physically, mentally,

intellectually, socially, and spiritually.

The impact of the abuse treatment on children

would cause trauma and leave the growth and

development abnormalities that will affect later

adulthood. Proved that when these perpetrators of

violence not only do the mature, proven by the data

of the Directorate General of Corrections,

Kemenkumham the month August, 2014 Son of the

Conflict with the Law include: The number of

Alifatin, A., Manon, T., Kurniawati, D., Sulistyowati, T., Retna Rahadjeng, E. and Worowirastri Ekowati, D.

Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and Incidence of Violence in Children in Malang City, East Java Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009143502450251

In Proceedings of the 2nd Health Science International Conference (HSIC 2019), pages 245-251

ISBN: 978-989-758-462-6

245

custody of children as many as 1,441 children,

consisting of children of men as many as 1,409

children and children of women as many as 32

children. Several inmates of children as many as

3,154 children, consisting of children of men as many

as 3,096 children and children of women as many as

58 children. Furthermore, regard this raises the

question correctly, whether the prison is a place that

is good and true for the process of education, growth,

and development of the child?

Many parentings consciously or unconsciously

put parents as an authoritarian figure, sole rule maker,

threatening, punishing when children make mistakes.

As a result, children become afraid, reluctant, or dare

not tell stories openly about what they want or

experience. Children who often get violence, both

from the closest people and strangers, often at the

same time receive threats and prohibitions not to

convey to others. The phenomenon of the iceberg in

cases of sexual violence also occurred because the

victims did not dare to report, or the only one

reported, but behind them, there were 6 victims even

more who did not report.

Various factors underlying the occurrence of

violence have been widely studied. Lack of social

control is the originator of the neglect of violence

against children. Children who get punishment from

parents is considered something familiar between

children and parents. Neighbors or anyone who will

not report the sentence as violent unless the child dies

or is seriously injured. The relationship between

children and adults behaves like a social hierarchy in

the community. Children should not argue what is

done by their parents. Father punishes children;

teachers punish students, make the child as being that

much lower and not enter who has the right and the

will.

Oppressive economic and political structures have

given birth to a violent subculture. Due to economic

pressures, parents experience prolonged stress. He

became compassionate. He gets angry easily.

Physical fatigue does not allow him to joke with

children. Emotional violence, verbal abuse, physical

violence occurs. Parents can force children to do

heavy work or sell their children to prostitution agents

because of economic pressures.

Doctor Tabatabaei, a media expert in Iran, once

wrote that childhood is one of the stages of the age of

a human being, who has his own needs and capacities.

Soft souls and physical children do not have the

readiness to be confronted with conflicts and

problems experienced by adults. Neil Postman, an

American writer, also wrote that if there were no

boundaries between the world of children and the

world of adults, there would be no more so-called

childhood. Children are not adults in mini size. They

need support, support, and protection from "adult"

actors: family, community, government, and country.

Protection of children must be all activities to

guarantee and protect children and their rights so that

they can live, grow, develop, and participate

optimally following human dignity and dignity, and

receive protection from violence and discrimination,

as stated in Law No. 35 Th.2014 on Amendment of

Law No.23 Th. 2002 on Child Protection. Necessary

efforts to explore a variety Characteristic that can be

behind the violence on children so that can be

obtained openness child when getting abuse, whether

physical, emotional, and sexual, so that all the

behavior of the potentially abusive child and various

incidents in children can be anticipated.

The research question is what the correlation

between demographic characteristics and the

incidence of violence in children is? The objective is

identifying data about the shape, and the background

behind the sociological, children get violent,

identifying the frequency of violence on children, to

analyze the relationship characteristic of the

incidence of child abuse

2 METHODS

The design of this study was a correlative descriptive

study, in which the research variables of respondents'

characteristics were correlated with the variable of

violence on children. The population in the study of

this were student SD Muhammadiyah derby Malang

grade 3, 4, 5, and 6, which were taken by random and

obtained 347 respondents of SD Muhammadiyah 1,

5, 6, and 9 the city of Malang, East Java, Indonesia.

The research was carried out in each SD

Muhammadiyah, namely 1, 5, 6, and 9 from the date

of 1 November until 15 December 2017. The process

of collection of data was done, by the way,

distributing questionnaires on each student in each

class at a different time. After the questionnaires were

distributed, the researcher read the questions and

explain the purpose of each question were listed on

the questionnaire. For students’ grades three and four,

the researchers provide explanations one by one on

each question that exists in the questionnaire as

attached because of the level of understanding of

children who still need assistance. The univariate test

in this study included age and sex. The bivariate test

in this study was to determine the relationship

between respondents' characteristics and the

HSIC 2019 - The Health Science International Conference

246

incidence of violence. The statistical test used in this

study is the Chi-Square (X 2) test.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Demographic Characteristics of the

Respondent

Table 1, shows that the majority of respondents who

often get violence are male sex (56%), and the results

of the chi-square test in table 1, shows that there is a

significant relationship between sex and the incidence

of violence, with P-value: 0.02 (α <0.05). Gelles

Richard J. declared Inheritance of violence between

generations (Intergenerational Transmission of

violence), that child will learn the behavior of the

violence of the parents, and when it grew into

adulthood, they commit acts of violence to her in any

case (RJ Gelles, 2006).

Table 1: Respondent Characteristics by Gender

Gender F %

Male 153 44%

Female 194 44%

Total 347 100%

Table 2: Respondent Characteristics by Age

Ages F Percentage

Year 8 47 14%

Year 9 81 23%

Year 10 109 31%

Year 11 72 21%

Year 12 28 8%

Year 13 10 3%

Total 347 100%

Figure 2 shows that the majority of respondents

aged 10 years (31%) followed by the age of 9 years

(23%) and the age of 11 years (21%) and the age of

the other — Chi-Square test results in Table 1. The

show is no relationship between character age on the

incidence of violence. It is pointed to the right number

of violence at the level of the school base is very high.

It has probably happened because the parents do not

understand the development and needs of the child as

well as his ability with age so that parents treat

children is wrong (Radja et al., 2016)

Table 3: Respondent Characteristics by School Level

School Level F %

Level 3 71 20%

Level 4 103 30%

Level 5 93 27%

Level 6 80 23%

347 100%

In Table 3, it is explained that the majority of

respondents were Grade 4 respondents (30%)

followed by Grade 5 (27%), Grade 6 (23%), and

Grade 3 Primary Schools (20%). Chi-square test

results showed no relation, which exhibited

significantly between levels of classes with the

incidence of violence with p-value 0.0625 (α> 0.05).

It is pointed to the right number of violence at the

level of the school base is very high. It has probably

happened because the parents do not understand the

development and needs of the child as well as the

ability to appropriate age so that the parents treat the

child is wrong. (Radja et al., 2016)

3.2 Information Sociology Data

Data sociology that is presented in the form;

frequency tabulation based on the number of siblings,

the order of children to what, the marital status of

parents, the level of education of fathers and mothers,

and the work of fathers and mothers.

Figure 1: Respondent Characyeristic by Siblings

Based on Figure 1, the frequency of respondents

is based on the number of siblings, ranging from

single children to three siblings, which is 23-30%.

The chi-square test results in table 1 show that there

is a significant relationship between the number of

siblings and the incidence of violence, with a p-value

of 0.0431 (α <0.05). Total brother helped determine

the burden of economic family, so that the potential

of the occurrence of violence, but the number of

families also can be a source of power which is

23%

30%

26%

Respondent Characteristics by

Siblings

Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and Incidence of Violence in Children in Malang City, East Java Indonesia

247

excellent for improving the economy of the family.

Acts of violence also occur in the middle class and

wealthy families. However, many of the family was

inadequate for several reasons. (R. Gelles & Perlman,

2012).

Figure 2: Respondent Characteristic by Number of

Siblings

Based on Figure 2, the majority of respondents

ranked 1-3 children. Chi-Square test results, showing

not there is a relationship that significant between the

orders of the child in the family with the incidence of

violence, with a P-value: 0.110 (α> 0.05). Stress

caused by various social conditions increases the risk

of violence against children in the family. The

conditions of these include unemployment, illness,

poor housing condition, a larger than average family

size, the presence of a new baby, a disabled person at

home (RJ Gelles, 1989).

In Figure 3, the majority of respondents came

from the wedding; those parents were intact (64%).

Chi-Square test results showed there is a relationship

that significant between the status of marriage the

parents with the incidence of violence, with a P-value:

0.03 (α <0.05). One older single more allows

committing acts of violence against children

compared with the parent intact. Apart from that,

families where nice husband or wife to dominate in

the making decision important, such as where housed

live, work what that would be taken, if family have

children, and some of the decisions the other, has the

level of violence against children are much higher

compared with families that conjugal same the same

shall be liable on decisions such (RJ Gelles, 1989).

Figure 3: Respondent Characteristic by Marital Status

Table 4: Respondent Characteristics by Parents Educational

Level

Educational Level Fathers'

Educational

Level

Mothers'

Educational

Level

Unschooled 2% 4%

Elementary School 9% 7%

Secondary School 9% 8%

High School 37% 33%

Tertiary 43% 48%

100% 100%

Table 4 shows the tabulated frequency of

respondents based on parents' educational level, with

the highest percentage of last education being High

School and Tertiary. Chi-Square test results showed

that there was a significant relationship between

parental education and violent incidents, with P

values of 0.03 and 0.04 (α <0.05). Low education and

attention to the elderly, as well as the lack of

knowledge of how to educate children the right, will

have an impact on the behavior of the parents to

provide care to children. Education and income of the

parents are low is one of the factors that can trigger

happens level of violence that is experienced by the

child. Hope the parents were too high without

knowing the limitations of the child and view the

parents that the child is the right to belong to the

parents or the assets of the economy led to the parents

do not know the needs and abilities of children, so the

parents are always imposing its will against children

(Mary, 2017).

3.3 Cross Tabulation between Violence

and Respondent Demographic Data

In the tabulation cross this, the data on violence are

classified into there and not the violence, which tests

the hypothesis performed with the Chi-Square test on

40%

36%

14%

1% 0%

Respondent Characteristics by

Number of Siblings

84%

6% 0%

Respondent Characteristics by

Marital Status

Married

Divorce

Remarried

Deceased

Polygamy

HSIC 2019 - The Health Science International Conference

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each variable. In the test chi-square, in each cell is not

found their cell frequency is 0 (zero) or the frequency

expectation of less than 5 (five), so the analysis

followed by the Chi-Square test.

Table 5: Crosstab relationship between demographic characteristics and violent incidents.

Characteristics Demography Violence

Yes No Total P-value

Gender Man 161 33 194 00.02

Woman 107 46 153

Total Score 268 79 347

Class School Level 3 63 8 71 0,4527778

4 86 17 103

5 72 21 93

6 47 33 80

Total Score 268 79 347

Ages 8 41 6 47 0,1395833

9 74 7 81

10 83 26 109

11 45 27 72

12 20 8 28

13 5 5 10

Total Score 268 79 347

Child order 1 122 15 137 0,0763889

2 103 22 125

3 24 24 48

> 3 19 18 37

Total Score 268 79 347

Number of siblings 1 58 21 79 0,2993056

2 68 32 100

3 74 14 88

> 3 68 12 80

Total Score 268 79 347

Wedding status Married 242 46 288 00.03

Divorce 22 33 55

Total Score 268 79 347

Parents educational level Unschooled 45 12 57 0.048

Elementary school 16 6 22

Middle school 16 8 24

High school 88 22 110

Tertiary 113 31 144

Total Score 268 79 347

Mother education status Unschooled 44 8 52 0.033

Elementary school 20 6 26

Middle school 17 9 26

High school 79 33 112

Tertiary 108 23 131

Total Score 268 79 347

Father’s Employment status Work 195 54 249 0.044

Unemploy 73 25 98

Total Score 268 79 347

Mothers’ Employment

status

Work 183 49 232 0.023

Unemploy 85 30 115

Total Score 268 79 347

Based on Table 5, indicate that the demographic

Characteristic who have a relationship that is

significant to the incidence of violence is

Characteristic demographic types of sex, number of

Relationship between Demographic Characteristics and Incidence of Violence in Children in Malang City, East Java Indonesia

249

siblings, the status of marriage the parents, the level

of education the parents, and the work of the parents.

Score p-value at the seventh Characteristic of

respondents is between 0.02- 0048, which means that

the numbers are much smaller than the level of error

(α <0.05), while the class, the age of the child, the

position of the child to not there is a relationship that

is significant to the occurrence of violence. A score

of P-value of 0.0652 to 0.201, which means that the

numbers are more substantial than the level of error

(Α> 0.05).

Demographics characteristics that influence the

occurrence of violence on children is a kind of sex,

several siblings, the status of marriage the parents, the

status of education, and the status of the work the

parents. Children who get punishment from parents is

considered something familiar between children and

parents. The relationship between children and adults

behaves like a social hierarchy in the community.

Children should not argue what is done by their

parents.

Father punishes children; teachers punish

students, make the child as being that much lower and

not enter who has the right and the will. Oppressive

economic and political structures have given birth to

a violent subculture. Due to economic pressures,

parents experience prolonged stress. He became

compassionate. He gets angry easily. Physical fatigue

does not allow him to joke with children. Emotional

violence, verbal abuse, physical violence, and sexual

violence occur (Midwifery & Midwifery, 2015).

4 CONCLUSIONS

Demographics characteristics of the child influence

the occurrence of violence. A character who has a

relationship that is significant to the incidence of

violence on children is a kind of sex, some siblings,

the status of marriage the parents, the status of

education, and the status of the work the parents.

Boys get more violence than girls. The number of

members of the family is significant to trigger the

occurrence of violence for dealing with stress due to

the crush of the economy, although the magnitude of

the number of members of the family also can be a

source of power humans are useful in the economy of

the family. Character other co-related to the incidence

of violence is the status of marriage, the parents, the

status of education and employment status, where

everything can be geared to the stability of the

economy and an understanding of the patterns of

custody of the child. Children should not argue what

is done by their parents. Father punishes children;

teachers punish students, make the child as being that

much lower and not enter who has the right and the

will. Due to economic pressures, parents experience

prolonged stress. He became compassionate. He gets

angry easily. Physical fatigue does not allow him to

joke with children. Emotional violence, verbal abuse,

physical violence, and sexual violence occur.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Special thank you very devoted to the entire head of

SD Muhammadiyah Malang 1, 5, 6, and 9, as well as

the Chairman of the Institute for Studies and

Empowerment of Women and Children University of

Muhammadiyah Malang who has been allowing

doing research and support both morally and

materials. Thanks also delivered on LP3A team who

have worked hard to help the distribution of the

questionnaire, and the contribution of the role and

input.

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