Vegetation Diversity and Conservation Implications on Habitat of

Taxus (Taxus sumatrana Miq. De Laub) in Northern Sumatra

Ahmad Dany Sunandar, Sriyanti Puspita Barus, Wanda Kuswanda and Muhammad Hadi Saputra

Researcher at Environment and Forestry Research and Development Institute of Aek Nauli

Kampus Kehutanan Aek Nauli, Km 10,5 Desa Sibaganding, Kec. Girsang Sipangan Bolon Sumatera Utara Indonesia,

21174

Keywords: Habitat, Northern Sumatra, Population, Taxus sumatrana.

Abstract: Taxus sumatrana is an important medicinal plant as a source of cancer drugs and indicated to cure various

cancer. However, information about habitat and population especially in Northern Sumatra is very limited.

This research aimed to observe the population and habitat of Taxus sumatrana in three locations (Gunung

Tujuh, Gunung Kerinci and, Sibuaton) and implication in conserving this species. Data was collected by

creating a plot analysis with strip transect method and data were analyzed by analysis of Important Vegetation

Index, species diversity index, community similarity index and abundant index. The result showed that taxus

population in all location was not in normal distribution which was lacking seedling, sapling, and poles level

of stands. The overall diversity of the three study sites was still high enough so that the condition remains

relatively stable. All the study sites have a low similarity value so it can be used as a location for genetic

protection of plant distribution. As an implication, taxus habitat should be highly protected by a special rule

to protect its existence as well as species enrichment to reduce growth level of this species.

1 INTRODUCTION

Taxus is one species of tree that has been proven as a

raw material for the treatment of cancer, especially

breast cancer (Wani, et al., 1971; Erdemoglu et al.,

2004). Extracts from this plant, paclitaxel (Taxol

is used to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in

particular ovarian cancer (Markman, 1991) and breast

cancer and has also been tested for treatment of

certain other types of cancer (Rajendran, et al., 2013).

Aside from being a cure for cancer, Taxus also has

potential as an anticonvulsant and antipyretic (Nisar,

et al., 2008) and also as an analgesic (Nisar et al.,

2008) (Dutta, et al., 2010).

Taxus consists of 24 species and 55 varieties

(Spjut, 2007). The natural distribution of the genus

Taxus in Asia is only found in several countries, such

as Taxus cuspidata (found in Japan), Taxus chinensis

(found in China), and Taxus sumatrana (found in

Indonesia, Taiwan, Vietnam, Nepal and Tibet) which

the condition of the current population is already

threatened with extinction (Chi-chun, et al., 2008).

According to Farr (2008), there are five species of

Taxus in Asia, the Philippines and Indonesia, and has

been listed in CITES Appendix II (Farr, 2008),. Taxus

species found in Indonesia is the type of Taxus

sumatrana Miq. De Laub. and, spread in North

Sumatra, South Sumatra, Lampung and Sulawesi

(Harahap and Izudin, 2002). Taxus sumatrana is

potential for cancer drugs, and it has been studied to

treat various types of cancers such as human liver

carcinoma (Hepa59T / VGH), human large cell

carcinoma of the lungs (NCI), human cervical

epithelioid carcinoma (HeLa), human colon

adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) , human medulloblastoma

(Med) cell lines, human PC-3 tumor cells (Shen et al.,

2002; Shen et al., 2005; Wang, et al., 2009; Luh, et

al., 2009).

Although it has been included in CITES

Appendix II, data on potential and distribution of T.

sumatrana is still very rare. Research on the ecology,

cultivation and production aspects of this type of T.

sumatrana also has not been completed. The absence

of ecological studies on T. sumatrana allegedly

because of this type of co-dominant, limited

distribution and the type that is less well known and

less used by local communities in Northern Sumatra.

Besides, the locations where Taxus growth are in the

forest highlands with very low accessibility

(Pasaribu, et al., 2010). The absence of this

Sunandar, A., Barus, S., Ksuwanda, W. and Saputra, M.

Vegetation Diversity and Conservation Implications on Habitat of Taxus (Taxus sumatrana Miq. de Laub) in Northern Sumatra.

DOI: 10.5220/0008554603650371

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 365-371

ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6

365

information will complicate the management of

habitat and efforts should be made to preserve this

species. Ecological research on the type of Taxus

elsewhere has been done as to the type of Taxus

brevifolia in North America (Busing, et al., 1995),

Taxus baccata in the UK (Linares, 2013) in Italy

(Piovesan et al., 2009) and in Denmark (Svenning

and Maga, 1999), Taxus chinensis in China (Zhang et

al., 2010) and Taxus canadensis in Canada (Windels

and Flaspohler, 2011).

This study aimed to obtain information on the

abundance, plant composition, species diversity and

similarities of habitat Taxus sumatrana and

conservation implications in three locations in

Northern Sumatra. The results are expected to

provide information for the development of

conservation and cultivation of T. sumatrana.

2 METHOD

2.1 Research Location

This research was conducted in the area of Kerinci

Seblat National Park in Jambi Province (Mount

Kerinci and Gunung Tujuh) and Sibuaton protected

forest in North Sumatra Province. Observation plots

were determined by the presence of Taxus stands that

were found.

2.1.1 Gunung Tujuh

Research plots in Gunung Tujuh located at

coordinates -1°42'23,8'' South latitude and

101°22'54,8'' East longitude until -1°42'22,9'' South

latitude and 101°23'01,6” East longitude and is

located at an altitude of 1800-2100 meters above sea

level.

2.1.2 Mount Kerinci

Research plots at Mount Kerinci located at

coordinates -1° 44'27,2 '' South latitude and

101°15'34,2'' East longitude until -1°44'02,3'' South

latitude and 101°15'34,4” East longitude and is

located at an altitude of about 1900-2350 meters

above sea level.

2.1.3 Sibuaton

Research plots at Mount Sibuaton located at

coordinates 02°52 '35.6" North Latitude and 98°29'

48.0" East up to 02°52 '28.2" North Latitude and

98°29'38, 4" East and lies at an altitude of 1600-1660

meters above sea level.

Fig. 1. Research Location at North Sumatra and Jambi

Province.

2.2 Materials and Tools

Vegetation around T. sumatrana habitat was the

material in this research. Working map scale of 1:

50,000, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers,

measuring tape, rope, machete, tally sheet, camera,

and stationery were tools of this research.

2.3 Data Collection

Vegetation line method terraced (strip transect

method) was a plant observation procedure in Taxus

habitat. This procedure was carried out by creating a

plot analysis of the vegetation line method terraced

(strip transect method) according to (Kusmana, 1997;

Amjad, et al., 2014). The total amount of analysis

plots as much as 10 plots for each location.

Observation plot of tree-level measuring 20 m x 20

m, poles measuring 10 m x 10 m, saplings measuring

5 m x 5 m and seedlings and undergrowth measuring

2 m x 2 m (Mandal and Joshi., 2014).

2.4 Data Analysis

Data were analyzed quantitatively. The equations

used in data analysis include:

a. Analysis of important vegetation index value (IVI).

IVI is the sum of Dominance Relative, Relative

Density and Relative Frequency for tree-level and

summation Density Relative to Relative Frequency

for belta level, seedlings and, plants under (Odum,

1998; Mandal and Joshi, 2014).

b. Species Diversity Index (SDI)

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SDI is an index to determine the diversity of

species used formula Shannon and Weaver (Ludwig

& Reynolds, 1988; Odum, 1998; (Amjad et al., 2014)

c. Community Similarity Index (CSI)

CSI is an index to determine the extent of

similarity/unsimilarity between the research sites

used Sorensen Community Similarity Index

(Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974).

d. Abundance Index Type (AIT)

AIT is calculated to determine the abundance of

species in a community is calculated using Hill

formula (Hill, 1973).

e. Descriptive Analysis to formulate strategies to

improved conservation priorities Taxus sumatrana.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Importance Value Index (IVI)

Table 1 presented the analysis of important value

index in Taxus habitat.

Analysis of vegetation results in three research

sites on natural habitats showed that most of T.

sumatrana were found in tree-level. Small trees were

found only in two research plots which were in

Gunung Tujuh and Gunung Kerinci while for

saplings, seedlings and lower plants were not found

in these research plots. The absence of T. sumatrana

at the level of seedling and saplings might indicat that

this species has a structure that is not progressive in

growth and thus susceptible to extinction in the wild.

T. sumatrana were also indicated as an old aged tree

with an average diameter at breast height was over 60

cm. When these old trees naturally died, it is feared

that there is no longer T. sumatrana in the region.

These conditions were caused by several things such

as the long dormancy period of seeds and very slow

growth rate of the tree compared to other conifers

growth rate (Pilz, 1996). It was reported that Taxus

baccata growth rate in England is between 2-12 mm

per year (Hindson, 2007).

The extinction of some types of Taxus had

occurred in some countries as happened in India and

Pakistan as a result of uneven stand structure and

overexploitation (Joshi, 2009). This situation made

the type of Taxus wallichiana become one of the

protected priorities species to avoid extinction.

Growth structure of Taxus at three locations could

cause rapid extinction if people already realized that

many benefits of this species.

The IVI is used to describe the level of mastery

given by a species of the community, the greater the

IVI of a species, the greater the level of mastery of the

community and vice versa (Soegianto, 1994). A type

of species is playing a role if it has the IVI score of

more than 15% at the level of pole and tree.

According to Table 1, the Taxus indicated has an

important role in the community, especially at the

level of the tree, with IVI more than 30% in each

location.

Habitat condition of T. sumatrana should be

maintained to continue its existence in natural habitat.

The lack of seedling and sapling level was a warning

of its extinction within the next 30 years. According

to Rachmat (2008), T. sumatrana found in a very

limited spread because some reasons, which are it

only exist in high elevation (above 1,500 above sea

level), high slope terrain even at the edge of cliff, well

drainage soil with low pH, loamy sandy in soil

texture, high C organic compound and high C/N ratio.

Table 1: Importance Value Index of dominant plant species at the level of seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees in the habitat

of Taxus sumatrana.

Location

Growth level

Local Name

Botanical Name

IVI (%)

Gunung Tujuh

Seedling

Sapling

Poles

Tree

Pakis

Kecubung Hutan

Langsat Hutan

Taksus

Diplazium proliferum

Taxus sumatrana

29,71

18,57

79,96

55,60

Gunung Kerinci

Seedling

Sapling

Poles

Tree

Pakis

Pinang

Kelat Putih

Taksus

Diplazium proliferum

Areca catechu

Taxus sumatrana

24,38

23,45

69,52

43,28

Sibuaton

Seedling

Sapling

Poles

Tree

Cakara ayam

Medang Pokat

Medang Kuning

Taksus

Schizaea dichotoma

Litsea sp.

Litsea veluntina

Taxus sumatrana

37,02

21,08

24,91

33,47

Vegetation Diversity and Conservation Implications on Habitat of Taxus (Taxus sumatrana Miq. de Laub) in Northern Sumatra

367

In Europe, Taxus baccata become endangered

due to their excessive exploitation, land use change

and increase the density of the forest where the

growth of Taxus baccata thus losing compete for

the light (Lewandowski, et al., 1995; Linares,

2013). In Italy and Denmark, Taxus populations

tend to grow with the management of good forest

management (Piovesan et al., 2009; Svenning and

Maga, 1999) and good management of forest helped

Taxus chinensis var. meirei stand structure in China

increased (Zhang and Zhou, 2013).

High utilization of Taxus for cancer drugs by

taking raw materials from the natural resulted in

highly threatened of this species (Prasad and

Bhattacharya, 2003). In Jambi, some people have

already known the efficacy of this species and they

took Taxus bark to make medicine. This activity will

naturally disrupt fertilization and even kill Taxus

trees, as found in the Gunung Kerinci Protected

Forest. The loss of trees will reduce the level of the

forest canopy and change the microclimate necessary

for the regeneration of young plants, seedlings, and

saplings (Bondarchuk, 2015).

3.2 Plant Diversity and Abundance

Identified vegetation at study areas were as many as

121 species in Sibuaton, 80 species in Gunung

Tujuh and 76 species Gunung Kerinci. The highest

species diversity index value at seedling level was

found in the Gunung Kerinci forest area of 3.47

while the lowest at sapling level was also in Gunung

Kerinci of 2.07. These values were categorized as

middle to high (Fig. 2). However, the overall

diversity of the three study sites were still high

enough so that the condition relatively stable.

The results of this diversity analysis showed that

the presence of Taxus trees plays a role in the

regeneration of other plants so that the ecosystem is

stable and capable of regenerating naturally,

especially in Sibuaton and Gunung Tujuh, with H’

above 3 in average (Irwan 2007). In stable

condition, plants which are able to associate with

Taxus will regenerate properly (Bondarchuk 2015).

The highest abundance of vegetation was found

in Gunung Kerinci of 51.67 (Fig. 3) for seedlings

and understorey level and the lowest abundance of

species found at the pole level in the Gunung

Kerinci area of 13.33. The large number of

individuals at each growth rate found in the Gunung

Tujuh area has resulted in a fairly high vegetation

abundance. This showed that the environmental

conditions at Gunung Tujuh are better or conducive

because the forest is still well preserved. The

abundance of species is not only influenced by the

number of species and the total number of

individuals, but the proportion of individuals in

each species determines (Odum, 1998).

Fig. 2. Diversity analysis result of vegetation type.

2,96

3,24

3,00

3,22

3,40

3,35

2,15

2,70

3,47

3,24

2,07

2,42

0,5

1,5

2,5

3,5

semai pancang tiang pohon

Tingkat pertumbuhan

Sibuaton

Gunung Tujuh

Gunung Kerinci

Sapling

Seedling

Poles

Tree

Growth Level

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368

Fig. 3. The abundant vegetation analysis result.

3.3 Community Similarity

Table 2 presented the results of similarity analysis

on the habitat of T. sumatrana community in three

locations.

Table 2: Similarity index value in the habitat of Taxus

sumatrana.

Location

Similarity index (%)

Sibuaton

Gunung

Tujuh

Gunung

Kerinci

Sibuaton

Gunung

Tujuh

Gunung

Kerinci

11,76

9,09

11,76

47,44

9,09

47,44

Based on the results of community similarity

analysis in Table 2, the three study locations have

low similarity values, which are below 50% on

average. Similarity values below 50% indicate that

there are differences in plant structure at various

significant levels of growth in all three study

locations. The results of the index analysis of

community similarities in the study locations that

were significantly different showed that the

composition of plants in Taxus sumatrana habitat

was also different. With the different composition

of plants in each location, it can also be used as a

location for the protection of plant distribution of

germplasm.

3.4 Conservation Implication Strategy

In the IUCN list (2015) T. sumatrana is still

included as a Lower Risk with decreasing

population. However, based on the results of the

above research, the idea of protecting the existence

of Taxus in its natural habitat needs to be a priority

because the distribution is very limited.

Regeneration of taxus that is not progressive / tends

to decrease as the difficulty of finding taxus at

seedling and sapling levels is feared that in the next

30 years this species will be increasingly scarce

because the use of today is very high. Increasing the

status of Taxus sumatrana from its current status to

threatened status is very important to increase the

participation of various stakeholders in this type of

conservation.

The remaining distribution of Taxus sumatrana

was mostly in conservation forests, such as national

parks and protected forests, so there is no need to

establish new conservation areas in this type of in

situ conservation efforts (Hidayat, 2014). Habitat

protection efforts can be done through securing the

area and patrolling regularly and focused around the

habitat of Taxus. This security is also expected to

maintain ecosystem stability from the threat of

illegal logging and encroachment so that the

diversity of species around Taxus's habitat can be

increased.

46,59

41,56

14,42

27,93

51,67

37,46

13,33

19,68

31,16

32,45

27,23

38,45

Semai Pancang Tiang Pohon

Tingkat Pertumbuhan

Gunung Tujuh

Gunung Kerinci

Sibuaton

Sapling

Seedling

Poles

Tree

Growth Level

Vegetation Diversity and Conservation Implications on Habitat of Taxus (Taxus sumatrana Miq. de Laub) in Northern Sumatra

369

In its natural habitat, Taxus has an important role

to maintain the balance of microclimate because of

its wide, evergreen canopy cover. Taxus INP values

at tree-level which was above 30% and high species

abundance proved that Taxus can help regenerate

other plants, especially intolerant species (requires

shade). In order to improve tree structure in its

natural habitat and as in situ conservation,

enrichment could be implemented by vegetative

propagation as well as generative propagation. This

effort should also follow by well-done preserved its

habitat from any disturbance especially from human

disturbance since these three locations are

ecotourism site.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Taxus sumatrana is the most important tree in three

locations but there were lacking seedling, sapling

and poles level of stands. The overall diversity of

the three study sites were still high enough so that

the condition remains relatively stable. All the study

sites have a low similarity value so they could be

used as a location for genetic protection of plant

distribution. As an implication, taxus habitat should

be highly protected by a special rule to protect its

existence as well as species enrichment to increase

the number in every growth level of this species.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors gratefully thank the Head of Environment

and Forestry Research and Development Institute of

Aek Nauli for the budget of this research. Also to

the Head of Kerinci Seblat National Park for the

permission and local personal assistance. Gratefully

thank also to Eddy Tanoto at Simalem Resort.

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