Analysis of Durian Peel and Teak Wood Sawdust Combination

Briquettes as an Alternative Fuels

Rani Ismiarti Ergantara, Natalina and Wawan Joni Irawan

Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Malahayati, Jl. Pramuka No. 27 Kemiling, Bandar Lampung,

Indonesia

Keywords: Durian Peel, Teak Wood Sawdust, Compressive Strength, Briquette, Calorific Value.

Abstract: Agricultural and wood waste are potential energy sources for industrial and domestic activities. Nevertheless,

they are hardly utilized. Briquette offers not only accessible different forms alternatives and sustainable

energy source, but also can reduce waste. This study is aimed to analyse the effect of durian peel and teak

wood sawdust combination briquettes, compressive strength on calorific value. Durian peels and teak wood

sawdust were dried in the sun for 3 days until 15% moisture content, charcoal burning, milling, and pressing.

The briquettes calorific value tests were conducted using a bomb calorimeter with compressive strength

variation. The results show that the increasing the durian peel content in briquettes enhances the caloric value.

In case of compressive strength, with increase in pressure influencing calorific value. These mixed briquettes

calorific value is qualify based on quality of standards in Indonesia. Thus, it’s strongly recommended for

contributes to offset bio-residue management problems.

1 INTRODUCTION

The role of energy in sustainable development

process is gaining more attention and concern over

the last few decades than ever. The increasing prices

and environmental impacts makes the biofuel

production slightly increased. Moreover, the

alternative cheaper and accessible form of energy is

developed. These include the improvement biomass

and wood waste which are prospect an important

emergency backup fuel. Biomass is considered a

global renewable energy resource and a way out of

human dependence on non-renewable materials.

Indonesia known as an agrarian country which is

also rich in forest product that are potential used as

renewable energy source. Durian peel waste has not

been used properly because of its character which is

difficult to be composed and its potential impact to

environmental pollution. This also occurs in sawmill

waste which is 10% in the form of sawdust.

Furthermore, that’s have a negative impact on the

environment if it left unchecked, stacked, and burned.

Briquetting is one method used convert loose

biomass by optimizing fuel efficiency, reduce unused

product, and could be among the most right solution

(Purohit et al. 2006., Cosgrove-Davies, 1985).

Several studies on various briquetting parameters

have been done. These included determination of

physical properties (moisture content, ash content,

density, particle size, humidity), mechanical

properties (compressive strength), and calorific value

(Boasiako and Acheampong, 2016; Friedl et al.

2005). The calorific value of any fuel is its essential

property, as it is a measure of the amount of energy

that the resource is capable of producing. Meanwhile,

Eastop and McConkey (1993) stated calorific value

as the number of heat unit that is obtained by the

complete combustion the fuel unit mass.

Other experiments have been conducted over the

years to relate the calorific values of different wood

fuels and biomass. In the case of biomass, higher

lignin and extractive content positively correlate to

calorific value (Demirbas, 2001; White, 1987). Ben-

Dzam and Hagan (1986) noted that a good or an

effective briquette has a higher calorific value (CV)

than solid wood since a considerable part of the

moisture and volatiles are removed during the

briquetting process.

Hence, the objective of the present study was to

analyse the effects of durian peel and teak wood

sawdust combination through calorific value. Thus,

this work sought to determines the relationship

between compressive strength and calorific value.

Ergantara, R., Natalia, . and Irawan, W.

Analysis of Durian Peel and Teak Wood Sawdust Combination Briquettes as an Alternative Fuels.

DOI: 10.5220/0008554203470350

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 347-350

ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6

347

This is helps in selecting compressive strength needed

to prepare briquettes with the highest calorific value.

A laboratory experiment was performed to

investigate the calorific value of each and mixed

briquettes. Also, the properties evaluated to study the

effects of compressive strength and particle size on

calorific value. Additionally, a simple

recommendation is developed to help the consumers

in deciding the best option of available mixed

briquettes for heating purpose.

2 MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.1 Materials

Materials used in this study are the durian peel waste

and teak wood sawdust. Fresh durian peel and teak

wood sawdust obtained from durian sellers centres and

furniture store in Bandar Lampung. Durian peel has

been chopped/sliced and dried in the sun for 3 days

until 15% of moisture content, subsequently air dried

durian peel was carbonized in charcoal to get a carbon

and it sieved with 50 mesh sized sifter. Sawdust from

teak wood screened for splinters and metals, then air-

dried to 15% moisture content and sieved through 50

mesh sized sifter for briquette. Starch and water cooked

as glue in the amount of 5% of the total weight of

briquette. Collected samples were then placed on

plastic containers for further analysis. The equipment

used was a mortar, knife, pestle, basin scales, sieving,

bomb calorimeter, winnowing, furnace, printing press

equipment briquettes, and universal compressive

testing machine.

2.2 Method

2.2.1 Sample Preparation

The dry durian peel and teak sawdust air-dried and

grounded using a mortar and pestle. The sample

powder of durian peel, teak wood sawdust, and mixed

of durian peel and teak wood sawdust were pressed

by using universal compressive testing machine.

Printing was using a square shape mould from the box

plate with a pressure gauge. The sample mixed with

starch as a binder for the briquettes and then

compressed with 600 PSI (Per Square Inch), 800 PSI,

and 1000 PSI. The briquette produced when sawdust

mixed with starch. The sample was placed in between

plates of the machine. The briquettes were produced

at combination using durian peel and teak wood

sawdust as follows 100%, 75%: 25%, 50% : 50%, and

25%: 75%.

2.2.2 Calorific Value/Heating Value of

Briquettes

Calorific value (CV) is amount of energy (kg) emitted

during combustion (Kollman and Cote, 1968) and it’s

an important parameter of fuel. Calorific value of raw

teak wood sawdust and durian peel made at various

600 PSI, 800 PSI, and 1000 PSI were determined

according to ASTM Standard D 5865 by using bomb

calorimeter.

During sample combustion, the temperature was

rising due to the heat release. The amount of heat

released by the sample determined by multiplying the

measured the number of rising temperature with the

energy equivalent of the calorimeter. Furthermore,

calorific value on a unit weight basis, the release heat

divided by the weight of the sample.

𝑄 (𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔) = [𝑊 𝑥 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2)]/𝑋

Q is heating value, W is the energy equivalent of

calorimeter that was found at 10027.42 kJ/C by using

standard benzoic acid, T1-T2 is the temperature rise

in a calorimeter, and X is the sample mass.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Preliminary Calorific Value

Testing

An important characteristic of any biomass fuel lies

on its heating value. In this study, the researcher used

the mixed durian peel and teak wood sawdust

briquettes with compressive strength 800 PSI

(Pounds per Square Inch) in 1 gram of each powder.

The result of the experimental test of the calorific

value can be seen in Figure 1.

The obtained result values expressed as the durian

peel had a higher caloric value than teak wood

sawdust with 51,7%. This is because of combined

effect of higher content or lignin carbon of the

individual biomass materials (Emerhi, 2011, Syahri et

al., 2015). Furthermore, durian peel briquette density

is smaller than briquette from hardwood (Tumurulu

et al, 2010, Yudanto and Kusumaningrum, 2011).

That’s also consistent with Nuriana et al., 2014

finding that stated calorific value of durian peel

briquette is greater than teak wood sawdust, palm

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

348

Figure 1: Initial calorific value in durian peel and teak wood

sawdust Briquettes.

shell, coal briquettes mix (type of lignite), coconut

fibre, rice husk.

3.2 Durian Peel and Teak Wood

Sawdust Testing

This study continues the effort of author to

understand the calorific value of mixed durian peel

and teak wood sawdust briquettes. Figure 2 presents

the comparison of 100% teak wood sawdust, durian

peel 25% and teak wood sawdust 75%, durian peel

50% and teak wood sawdust 50%, durian peel 75%

and teak wood sawdust 25%. All the combination

tested with compression strength of 800 PSI.

Figure 2: Calorific value durian peel and teak wood sawdust

combination briquettes.

From Figure 2, it is apparent that the highest

calorific value in briquettes shown by the mixed

of durian peel 75% and teak wood sawdust 25%

(5809.23 cal/g), then followed by durian peel 50%

and teak wood sawdust 50% (5640.13 cal/g), durian

peel 25% g and teak wood sawdust 75% (5593.55

cal/g). This finding also support the preliminary

calorific value test that with the greater combination

of durian peel than teak wood sawdust, it's definitely

increase briquettes calorific value.

3.3 Calorific Value Test

Figure 3 illustrates the effect of compressive strength

on briquettes density, that shows gradual increase in

density for mixed (50:50) briquette with increasing

compressive strength of 600 PSI, 800 PSI, and 1000

PSI. The calorific value shows the high result on 1000

PSI. Interestingly, the caloric value was increasing

gradually from 600 PSI to 1000 PSI. The higher

compressive strength indicated more water content

comes out which correlates well with the caloric

value of mixed briquette (Nuriana et al, 2014., Poddar

et al, 2014). The higher moisture content is responsible

for the low mass and height of their briquettes. This

effect of lower moisture and water content occurred

along with increasing of compressive strength. Thus,

compressive strength is prominent in the context

changes the higher calorific value.

Figure 3: Compressive strength durian peel and teak wood

sawdust combination briquettes.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The current work evaluated the durian peel briquette,

teak wood sawdust, and its blends. The result

illustrates that the durian peel has higher caloric value

than the teak wood sawdust briquettes. The test with

various blend ratio powder shows that the increasing

content of the durian peel briquette enhances the

calorific value of the briquettes. The compressive

strength test result shows that the increase in

compressive strength will also increase the caloric

value briquettes. Therefore, it can be concluded that

mixed durian peel and teak sawdust can be used as

good quality of biomass briquettes which fit with the

standards in Indonesia quality (BSN, 2000). Further

investigation on mixed durian peel and teak wood

sawdust briquettes is suitable for the source of

alternative energy in all communities.

5905,43

5512,94

5200

5400

5600

5800

6000

Durial Peel Teak Wood Sawdust

Calorific Value (cal/g)

Briquettes Samples

Initial Caloric Value Briquettes

5512,94

5593,55

5640,13

5809,23

5905,43

5300

5400

5500

5600

5700

5800

5900

6000

Teak wood

sawdust

100%

Durian peel

25%

Durian peel

50%

Durian peel

75%

Durian peel

100%

Calorific Value (cal/g)

Briquettes Sample

Calorific Value Combination Briquettes

5009,23

5670,18

6843,55

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

600 800 1000

Calorific Value (cal/g)

Compressive Strength (PSI)

Compressive Strength Combination Briquettes

Analysis of Durian Peel and Teak Wood Sawdust Combination Briquettes as an Alternative Fuels

349

REFERENCES

Antwi-Boasiako, C., Acheampong, B. B., 2016. Strength

properties and calorific values of sawdust-briquettes as

wood-residue energy generation source from tropical

hardwoods of different densities. Biomass and

Bioenergy, 85, pp.144-152.

Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 2000. SNI 01-6235-2000.

Briket Arang Kayu, Jakarta, BSN

Ben-Dzam, M., Hagan, E. B., 1986. Survey of wood residue

generation and utilization study in Ghana. World Bank

Energy Sector Management Report (ESMAP).

Cosgrove-Davies, M., 1985. Understanding Briquetting, P

A C T Pub.

Demirbaş, A., 2001. Relationships between lignin contents

and heating values of biomass. Energy conversion and

management, 42(2), pp.183-188.

Eastop, T. D., Mc Conkey, A., 1986. Applied

Thermodynamics for engineering technologies.

Emerhi, E. A., 2011. Physical and combustion properties of

briquettes produced from sawdust of three hardwood

species and different organic binders. Advances in

Applied Science Research, 2(6), pp.236-246.

Friedl, A., Padouvas, E., Rotter, H. and Varmuza, K., 2005.

Prediction of heating values of biomass fuel from

elemental composition. Analytica Chimica Acta, 544(1-

2), pp.191-198.

Kollmann, F. P., Cote, W. A., 1968, Principles of wood

science and technology [by] Franz F. P. Kollmann

[and] Wilfred A. Cote, Jr Springer-Verlag Berlin ;

Heidelberg; New York

Nuriana, W., Anisa, N., 2014. Synthesis Preliminary

Studies Durian Peel Bio Briquettes as an Alternative

Fuels. Energy Procedia, 47, pp.295-302.

Poddar, S., Kamruzzaman, M., Sujan, S. M. A., Hossain,

M., Jamal, M. S., Gafur, M. A. and Khanam, M., 2014.

Effect of compression pressure on lignocellulosic

biomass pellet to improve fuel properties: Higher

heating value. Fuel, 131, pp.43-48.

Purohit, P., Tripathi, A. K. and Kandpal, T. C., 2006.

Energetics of coal substitution by briquettes of

agricultural residues. Energy, 31(8-9), pp.1321-1331.

Syahri, M., 2015. Pembuatan Biobriket dari Limbah

Organik. In Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan

(pp. 11-1). [In Indonesia]

Tumuluru, J. S., Wright, C. T., Kenney, K. L. and Hess, R.

J., 2010. A technical review on biomass processing:

densification, preprocessing, modeling and

optimization. In 2010 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June

20-June 23, 2010 (p. 1). American Society of

Agricultural and Biological Engineers.

White, R. H., 2007. Effect of lignin content and extractives

on the higher heating value of wood. Wood and fiber

science, 19(4), pp.446-452.

Yudanto, A. and Kusumaningrum, K., 2009. Pembuatan

Briket Bioarang dari Arang Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Jati.

[In Indonesia]

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

350