Monitoring the Spatial Distribution of Mangrove Ecosystem Damage

in Percut Sei Tuan

Nurdin Sulistiyono

1,2

, Khairil Amri

, Pindi Patana

and Achmad Siddik Thoha

Department of Forest Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tridarma Ujung No.1 Kampus

USU Medan North Sumatra 20155, Indonesia

Center of Excellence for Natural Resources-Based Technology, Mangrove and Bio-Resources Group, Universitas

Sumatera Utara, Medan North Sumatra 20155, Indonesia

Keywords: Damage of Mangrove Ecosystem, GIS, Remote Sensing, Percut Sei Tuan.

Abstract: Mangrove ecosystem has many economic and ecological benefits, but the presence of mangrove forests is

increasingly threatened. Information about the damage of mangrove ecosystems is very much needed in

mangrove rehabilitation activities. This study aims to get information about the level of damage to the

mangrove ecosystem in Percut Sei Tuan for the period 2006 - 2016. The approach of the methodology used

is overlain technique by giving weight and scores to the types of land use factors, canopy density and soil

resistance to abrasion. The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and remote sensing is

used as a tool to determine the distribution of mangrove damage in the period 2006 to 2016. The results of

the study indicate that the level of damage of the mangrove ecosystem in Percut Sei Tuan tends to increase.

In 2006 it was identified 3,217.59 ha (70.55%) and increased in 2016 by 3,648.71 ha (80.01%). While the

mangrove ecosystem that experienced a high level of damage to mangrove damage increased from 292.77 ha

(6.42%) to 452.33 ha (9.92%).

1 INTRODUCTION

Mangrove ecosystems are ecosystems that are located

between marine ecosystems and land ecosystems.

The existence of mangrove ecosystems is very

important in supporting the survival of life in coastal

areas (Dahdouh-Guebas et al., 2005; Duke et al.,

2007). Mangrove ecosystems have an important role

in supporting capture fisheries activities (Fitri et al.,

2018) which are very beneficial for improving socio-

economic community (Nagi & Abubakr, 2013).

The existence of mangrove ecosystem continues

to experience pressure both in terms of quantity and

quality. Conversion of mangrove ecosystems is

another use, especially for oil palm and pond

plantations (Ilman et al., 2016) are the main causes of

deforestation and mangrove forest degradation. This

causes the damage level of the mangrove ecosystem

to be greater so that efforts are needed to rehabilitate

the mangrove ecosystem to make it better.

The utilization of GIS and remote sensing

technologies can be used to estimate the damage

distribution of mangrove ecosystem (Zhang et al.,

2016; Yunus et al., 2018). The Remote sensing and

GIS technology can help monitor the condition of

mangroves on a large scale. Through spatial

modeling, the distribution of the level of damage to

mangroves can be mapped so that it can provide

information that is useful in planning the

rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems in the future.

This study aims to obtain information about the level

of mangrove damage in Percut Sei Tuan by utilizing

GIS and remote sensing.

2 MATERIALS AND METHOD

2.1 Study Area

This research was conducted on the mangrove

ecosystem in Percut Sei Tuan, Deli Serdang Regency

which consisted of 3 villages namely Tanjung Rejo,

Percut, and Pematang Lalang Village. The mangrove

ecosystem in this study is an area that has a land

system KJP (Kajapah), KHY (Kahayan) and PTG

(Puting). These three types of land system are areas

Sulistiyono, N., Amri, K., Patana, P. and Thoha, A.

Monitoring the Spatial Distribution of Mangrove Ecosystem Damage in Percut Sei Tuan.

DOI: 10.5220/0008387900380041

In Proceedings of the Inter national Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 38-41

ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6

where mangrove forests can potentially grow well.

Existing mangrove forests are part of the mangrove

ecosystem. The location map of the research area can

be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Location of site research.

2.2 Analysis of Land Use

Classification of land cover obtained using the on-

screen digitizing method refers to the research of

Alkan et al. (2010) and Abdelwahed et al. (2011). The

satellite image used is Google Earth satellite imagery

in 2006, 2011 and 2016. The process of geometric

correction is done by georeferencing on satellite

images with GPS points obtained from the field.

The validation process was carried out on land

cover in 2016 by conducting ground checks on 121

locations in the field. Determination of the accuracy

value of the land cover classification results in this

study using the error matrix refers to the study of

Churches et al (2014) and Olofsson et al (2014). Kappa

Accuracy equation with the formula as follows:

(1)

Where :

N = Number of all pixels used for observation

r = Number of rows on the error matrix (number

of classes)

= Number of pixels in the corresponding class (on

the diagonal of the matrix)

Xk+ = ∑Xij (number of all columns in row i)

X+k = ∑Xij (number of all columns in row j)

2.3 Analysis of Mangrove Ecosystem

Damage

The spatial model of mangrove damage refers to the

inventory guidelines and identification of critical

mangrove land (Departemen Kehutanan, 2005).

Table 1 shows the criteria used to determine the level

of criticality or mangroves damage.

a. Types of land use that can be classified into three

categories, namely: 1) forest (forested area), 2)

intercropping ponds and plantations and 3) non-

forest vegetation areas (settlement, industry,

agriculture, non-intercropping ponds, rice fields

and bare land)

b. Canopy density, perhaps from the value of the

Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI)

satellite image of the Landsat 8 path/row :

129/057. Canopy density class can be classified

into high canopy density, medium canopy density,

and low canopy density.

NDVI =

𝑁𝐼𝑅−𝑅𝐸𝐷

𝑁𝐼𝑅+𝑅𝐸𝐷

(2)

Information:

NIR : digital number of near-infrared band

RED : digital number of red band

c. Land resistance to abrasion can be obtained from

the land system map. In this case, soil types can

be categorized into three categories, namely soil

types that are not erosion sensitive (clay texture),

soil types that are sensitive to erosion (mixed

textures) and soil types that are very sensitive to

erosion (sand texture).

Table 1: Weighted and score of mangrove ecosystem

damage.

Criteria

Weighted

Score

Land Use

(LU)

3 :forest

2 :pond of tumpang sari

and plantation

1:Settlements, industries,

pond of non tumpang

sari, agriculture, rice

fields and bare land

Canopy

Density

(CD)

3 :high of CD (0.43 ≤

NDVI ≤ 1.00)

2 :medium of CD (0.33 ≤

NDVI ≤ 0.42)

1 :low of CD or (-1.00 ≤

NDVI ≤ 0.32)

Soil

resistance

abrasion

(LRA)

3 :soil insensitive to

erosion (clay texture)

2:soil sensitive to erosion

(mixed texture)

1:soil very sensitive to

erosion (sand texture)

%100)(









 



kkkk

XXX

Kappa



Monitoring the Spatial Distribution of Mangrove Ecosystem Damage in Percut Sei Tuan

The damage level of mangrove ecosystem is as

follows:

1. Value 100–166: high damage

2. Value 167–233: damaged

3. Value 234–300: not damaged

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Land Use Change

The results of the kappa accuracy test to measure the

level of validity of land use classification in the 2016

mangrove ecosystem amounted to 95.21% (good).

Based on the results of land use classifications that

have been carried out, information was obtained that

the area of mangrove forest Percut Sei Tuan from

2006 to 2016 continued to decline (Table 2). In 2006,

the area of mangrove forest was identified as 1.457.32

ha (31.85%), then decreased in 2011 by 1.140.37 ha

(24.92%), and in 2016 the remaining area of Percut

mangrove forest was 1.062.94 ha (23.23%).

On the other hand, the area of plantations and

settlements continues to experience a significant

increase. The increase in the area of plantations and

these settlements has an impact on the reduction in

the area of mangrove forests in Percut Sei Tuan.

Changes in land use from forests to plantations and

settlements are the main causes of deforestation in

Percut mangrove forests.

Table 2: Land use of mangrove ecosystem in Percut Sei Tuan base on google earth satellite.

Land Use

Area (Ha)

Percentage (%)

2006

2011

2016

2006

2011

2016

Water body

211.91

211.92

214.87

4.63

4.7

Forest

1,457.32

1,140.37

1,062.94

31.85

24.92

23.23

Bare area

4.89

5.9

44.67

0.11

0.13

0.98

Settlement

49.57

51.59

53.52

1.08

1.13

1.17

Palm oil plantation

97.14

1,211.44

1,426.57

2.12

26.48

31.18

Agriculture of wet land

1,110.53

623.37

476.68

24.27

13.62

10.42

Agriculture or dry land

112.16

112.39

124.9

2.45

2.46

2.73

pond

1,531.95

1,218.49

1,171.33

33.48

26.63

25.6

Total

4,575.48

3.2 Damage Level of Mangrove

Ecosystem

Spatial modeling of mangrove ecosystem damage is

done to determine the impact of land use changes that

occur in the mangrove ecosystem in Percut Sei Tuan.

Damage of the mangrove ecosystem is the impact of

deforestation and forest degradation that occurs in the

mangrove ecosystem (Basyuni and Sulistiyono,

2018). This is important to note considering that the

mangrove ecosystem in Percut Sei Tuan is one of the

migratory bird habitat areas along the northeast coast

of Sumatra. Another hand, the mangrove ecosystem

in Percut Sei Tuan is also a tourist location that has

an economic impact on the local community. Spatial

distribution of mangrove damage can be seen in

Figure 2.

Figure 2: Damage level of the mangrove ecosystem in

Percut Sei Tuan.

The amount of mangrove damage to the Percut Sei

Tuan mangrove ecosystem which is the impact of

deforestation and forest degradation from 2006 to

2016 can be seen in Table 3.

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

Table 3: Damage level of mangrove ecosystem in Percut Sei Tuan.

Damage level

Area (ha)

Percentage (%)

2006

2011

2016

2006

2011

2016

Not damaged

1,050.05

465.43

459.38

23.03

10.21

10.07

Damaged

3,217.59

3,995.40

3,648.71

70.55

87.61

80.01

Very damaged

292.77

99.58

452.33

6.42

2.18

9.92

Total

4,560.41

100.00

The level of mangrove damage that occurred from

2006 to 2016 was even higher. This can be seen from

the smaller area of not damaged mangrove

ecosystem. In 2006, there was 1,050.05 ha (23.03%)

of identified undamaged mangrove ecosystems, then

decreased in 2011 to 465.43 ha (10.21%) and

declined again in 2016 to 459.38 ha (10.07%). The

land use change of mangrove forest to another land

use many occur in the mangrove ecosystem Percut

Sei Tuan, especially for oil palm plantations, ponds,

and settlements. This is a major cause of damage to

the mangrove ecosystem in Percut Sei Tuan, which is

increasing.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Deforestation and forest degradation in the mangrove

ecosystem Percut Sei Tuan has caused mangrove

damage that occurred from 2006 to 2016 increase.

The conversion of mangrove forest to other land uses

is a major cause of damage to the mangrove

ecosystem.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was partly supported by a TALENTA

Grant 2017 (No. 104/UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP-

TALENTA USU/2017) from Universitas Sumatera

Utara.

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Monitoring the Spatial Distribution of Mangrove Ecosystem Damage in Percut Sei Tuan