Urban Social Changes: The Problem of Redefining the Urban

Neighbourhood for Developing Country Context

Agustinus Adib Abadi

and Adithya Rizky Isnandya

SAPPD, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Keywords: neighbourhood, urban community, Society 5.0, social change, Bandung

Abstract: Neighbourhoods are a universal condition of human settlement that can be found in all periods, in all cultures

and urban contexts. But many researchers find difficulties in defining the term neighbourhood as it is dynamic

and multi-dimension term. To understand neighbourhoods as it is crucial to understand neighbourhood

dynamic characteristics in which social changes with its factors is considered as the most important reason

for the changes. The continuous social changes have taken us into the information society whereby

information has gradually controlled people by providing different interaction patterns. Those situations seem

to have opportunity to meet condition of futuristic a human-cantered society 5.0. Achieving highly integrates

cyberspace and physical space, however, is difficult as the people will challenge issues to present a future

neighbourhood model. By way of socio-spatial based concept, neighbourhood model is supposed to create

communities that can meet all their necessary within walking distances. Even so, the consequences of urban

social changes will modify socio spatial characteristic as the neighbourhood substance. The paper attempts to

identify the impact of urban social mobility in the developing country context to its neighbourhood function.

Analysing the socio-spatial mobility pattern and characteristic is expected to identify the potential model of a

future urban neighbourhood. The case study of Bandung, Indonesia shows that the changes of urban socio

behavioural due to the introduction of IoT culture still have a significant role in maintaining the idea of

traditional neighbourhoods and have some positive aspects of adapting to future better neighbourhood.

1 INTRODUCTION

Neighbourhoods have been the focus of concern of

city planners, architects, and urban designers for a

long time It is an influential idea and has occupied a

well-entrenched place in the minds of theoreticians

and practitioners for many years. However, a close

analysis of its meaning reveals an extremely elusive

concept whose substantive characteristics ebb and

flow over time. The meanings attached to the idea are

continually being disassembled, shuffled, and

reassembled according to the circumstances (Galster,

2019).

And Talen (2019) affirms that urban

neighbourhoods as socio-spatial units in modern

planning has fundamentally changed when

urbanization process diminish the need for a local

urban existence. Urban life became less about a

localized-relationships, but more about movement

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-3627

and freedom, and neighbourhood was redefined

accordingly. Freed from the requirement of

proximity, a social connection that required physical

contact, and daily life based on walking, the notion of

a neighbourhood became open to broader

interpretation. And by the time the neighbourhood

slowly and continuously changes unstoppable until

this time.

At this time, we have entered the era of

information. A period in which its society so-called

Society 4.0., is characterized by a fusion of

technologies that distorts the lines between the

physical, digital, and biological spheres (Moraes and

Lepikson, 2017). However, there is still no common

understanding upon the definition, but it is

undoubtedly that nowadays life is such a result of the

horizontal expansion of IT. However, to be defined

entirely the Society requires a combination between

technology and institution that change people

Abadi, A. A. and Isnandya, A. R.

Urban Social Changes: The Problem of Redeﬁning the Urban Neighbourhood for Developing Country Context.

DOI: 10.5220/0013056800002836

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 10th Architecture Research and Design Conference (AR+DC 2019), pages 65-73

ISBN: 978-989-758-767-2; ISSN: 3051-7079

mindset. Thus, it is a serious issue affecting political

and economic stability and even the survival of

humankind. Indeed, the changes in society mindset

will become more noticeable and accelerated in the

future due to the transformations of technology,

economic, and geo-politic.

Taking into account the development process of

human society, it is forecasted that in the future,

people life’s aspects will relate to the IT’s innovation,

and this stage is so-called the Internet of Things (IoT).

In this era, it seems that all of the social systems are

interrelated by smart devices. As a consequence many

human life activities will depend on intelligence

devices. Urban life problems such as city parking,

traffic lights control, and even toll collection services,

have been operated by smart machines. By now,

digital technologies and data science are used to

weave the very fabric of sociality and to shape

societies (Moraes and Lepikson, 2017).

The proposed idea of Society 5.0 - as a rational

continuation of Society 4.0 - by the Japanese

government has indicated the future of smart

technology. Keidanren or Japan Business Federation

Report (2016) defines it as a human-centered society

that balances economic advancement, and resolving

social problems with a system that highly integrates

cyberspace and physical space. In this society, the

potential smart devices are becoming a part of the

mainstream electronics culture, and people are

adopting smart devices into their homes faster than

ever. Of course, not all activities can be substituted by

smart technology, but at least they will be more social

works and activities that will be replaced by them.

Compared to Society 4.0, the 5.0 one stresses its role

to deal with social problem solving as it was not

adequately provided in the Society 4.0, although it

was expected.

The idea of Society 5.0 is perceived will

significantly change the current community life. As it

conceptualized the Society 5.0 will achieve a high

degree of convergence between cyberspace (virtual

space) and physical space (real space). However,

people, things, and systems are all connected in

cyberspace, and optimal results obtained by AI

exceeding the capabilities of humans are fed back to

physical space. This process brings new value to

society in ways not previously possible. Achieving

such a society, however, will not be without its

difficulties of challenging to manage economic and

physical issues to establish a future model community

and its neighbourhood.

According to the proposal, human interest will be

put in the centre of community life and place

supportive AI and robots. This idea exactly is

different from the new life situation where a priority

has been placed generally on social, economic, and

organizational systems. These changes enable

humans to undertake daily heavy work and tasks that

they are not particularly good at, through the creation

of new social value and organizational system. In the

future, society will incorporate advanced

technologies in diverse industries and social activities

and foster innovation to create new value.

The creation of new values will be certainly

followed by socio-behavioral changes. The use of

smart devices will primarily generate alternation of

activities’ patterns, and relationships of persons and

their communities that are different from those in

which they engaged in some time before. Thus, new

value of smart devices will increasingly modify the

way people work, nurture a family, educate their

children, govern them, and seek ultimate meaning in

life. If these processes happen, then in one time, there

will be new human culture, and it means that the

behavioral changes as a function of social mobility

has occurred. However, the cultural transformation

will not be processed globally, instead, it will depend

on many local conditions that play fundamental role

in the development of local socio-cultural values

(Betancur and Smith, 2016).

Logically local socio-cultural value will play

essential role in transforming the character of

neighbourhood. In that context, the neighbourhood is

considered as an alternative concept to deal with

urban housing and settlement problems. The concept

considers urban community as a critical element to

achieve a better quality of living environments as the

idea inwardly focused on neighbourhood cell from

the greater urban context. Thus, in explaining

neighbourhoods, it is very crucial to consider locality

and process as significant aspects.

Due to the globalization process, the idea of

human-centered society has continuously inspired

developing countries people. It, however, has to face

a particularly different situations when it deals with

current urban social changes in the Indonesian

context. And the circumstances will be more

complicated as Indonesia is facing challenges of

managing urban social changes toward a human-

focused society. Nowadays, the influence of smart

technology development has been part of Indonesian

urban community life. People in the city of Bandung,

for instance, are already very familiar with such smart

devices to fulfill their daily life demands and services.

The question then to what extent multidimensional

urban social changes as the consequences of the

society 5.0 idea introduction will modify the current

AR+DC 2019 - Architecture Research and Design Conference

physical spaces character and function of an urban

neighbourhood.

This paper is aims to observe the correlation

between social changes and urban neighbourhood

socio-function as to the reference of society 5.0. In

more detail, it expects to explore the possibility of

neighbourhood socio-spatial transformation

concerning such multidimensional urban community

change. In the end this paper will explain problems of

re-defining the neighbourhood concept in the context

of developing countries. For the purpose, it takes a

look at Bandung city with its housing and settlement

development to represent of dynamic problems of an

urban neighbourhood in developing countries,

especially Indonesia

2 THEORY AND RESEARCH

METHODS

2.1 Research Theory

The unique term of neighbourhood, in fact, can be

found in so many places all around the world. In the

Indonesian context, neighbourhood is used to entitle

rukun warga as it is described in Bahasa and Javanese

language (Talen, 2019). Although, as living space, it

can be recognized by all of its inhabitants, but it is

hard to describe the term. However, the importance

of the neighbourhood is undeniable. As it is pointed

out in some places throughout early 20th century, that

neighbourhoods maintained to hold meaning and

relevance despite technological changes.

There are so many descriptions on it that illustrate

neighbourhood as such a multi-dimensions entity.

Gold (2002) summaries that there are four approaches

to study the neighbourhoods through the ecological

neighbourhood, neighbourhood resources, symbolic

and subcultural neighbourhood. In addition,

neighbourhood also has several functions, for

instance, as a source of mutual aid, center for

impersonal influence, some functions arena for

interaction, the base for formal and informal

organizations, reference group, and status arena.

The typical neighbourhood has physical, social, and

political aspects with processes in between their

correlation. In a comprehensive and simple way,

Betancur and Smith (2016) explain neighbourhood as

real space with its cultural meaning that derived from

the imagination which transforms symbols and

images into meaningful place. While from the

sociologist’ viewpoint, Gold (2002) adds very

important insight that neighbourhoods are critical part

for such a comprehensive understanding of urban life.

Moreover, Timms (2010) stresses that the

neighbourhood is a locally based social system that is

part of urban society. At that point he also explains

that neighbourhood represents an area, its inhabitants,

relationship between inhabitants, the friendship

between inhabitants. He also says that the cultural

dimension of the neighbourhood is reflected by the

values of the population concerned. It indicates that

the community plays an important role in the

neighbourhood life. Betancur and Smith (2016) also

list some indicators of neighbourhood related to

community life such as social status, income,

ethnicity, educational background, family size,

housing status, security, and social cohesiveness.

Those indicators then will intrinsically interact with

other features of public services, physical

environment, and economy to fabricate the real

neighbourhood.

The importance of community as primary agent of

social change processes in the neighbourhood has

been concerned some writers. According to Franklin

(2006) the parameters of community have been even

more resistant to exposition than those of homes. The

community has been linked to the more explicitly

physical dimension of neighbourhood, and together

this concept has been underpinned numerous

government-endorsed model for development and

regenerations. It was also underlined that Howard’s

idea of neighbourhood unit has the function to foster

good relations and a sense of community.

In relation to the urban community, it is essential to

consider upon their socio-economic characteristics.

Downs (1981) concludes that the socioeconomic

status of urban neighbourhoods can change over time

due to multiple processes. Some of these processes

operate at the urban level, which causes

neighbourhoods to change relative to one another

within the urban area. These processes can generate

changes in the distribution of socioeconomic

characteristics of the population in an urban area,

which can translate into neighbourhood change.

As neighbourhood encompasses socio-cultural

aspects, therefore, it is subject to change aligned with

such socio-behavioral changes. The influence of

social changes on the dynamic’s neighbourhood life

is pointed out by Talen (2019) by describing that the

history of systematic urban expansion is often a

history of growth by neighbourhood. It is to indicate

that the ideal place for discussing neighbourhood

issues is in the local or urban level.

Social changes itself can be summarized as the

process that refers to the transformation of the social

Urban Social Changes: The Problem of Redeﬁning the Urban Neighbourhood for Developing Country Context

order in the community by making adjustments and

variations to social institutions, behavior, and

relations. It involves social evolution where

the society makes amendments to traditional societal

norms leading to the necessary change (Jack and

Akujobi, 2017).

Concerning the global human society development

stage, it is clear that the information era has globally

and inevitably introduced all types of social changes.

The current use of smart gadgets for shopping,

ordering, servicing has started to alter the pattern of

social activities, functional spaces as well as social

values, mainly in the urban area.

Franklin (2006) illustrates and mentions that along

with globalization, society has affected all areas of

life, including economy, social relationship, built

environment, and pattern of living. Reasonably as the

physical dimension of neighbourhood is the product

of cultural processes. This reversible process that

involves structure, agency, and representation layers

can be simple framework to understand how the

cultural and social process will works as an engine for

built environment creation.

In more detail, the structure level includes culture and

society that consist of social-spatial and conceptual

processes which inhere in a particular culture. The

introduction of the information era certainly will alter

the relation and spatial concept of the agency that

consists of constituent elements of institution and

organization; individuals; as well as people. The

neighbourhood then can be perceived as a

communicative action result of agents that transform

social structure and express individual and

organizational value. However, the process is

reversible one, so, it is likely that in a certain time the

neighbourhood’s physical dimension will influence

behavior or social changes etc.

To identify the changes Downs (1981) proposed

common measures. The measure relies on the relative

positions of the neighbourhoods within the city

context, exclude the effect of overall growth or

decline and confound the impacts of urban positional

exchanges with the effect of an increase in inequality.

By using the standard practices, it is impossible to

estimate the effects of structural processes on

neighbourhoods. It is also impossible to

systematically compare processes of neighbourhood

change across cities, while accounting for the ideal

conditions in neighbourhoods.

In the context of Indonesia, the issues of defining

neighbourhood closely relate to the character of urban

housing. Based on the housing process, there are two

main categories: formal and informal development.

The informal settlement, in fact, is the majority in the

Indonesian urban landscape. This informal category

seems to become the clearest example of the process

of physical neighbourhood alternation due to socio-

cultural changes. In contrast, the formal process

creates neighbourhood following the standard

process of new housing development that meets

conditions of SNI 03-1733-2004 on The Guideline for

Urban Housing Development.

According to it, a neighbourhood unit - rukun warga

(RW), is a component of kelurahan or urban village

that inhabited about 2500 peoples and consists of

about 8-10 hamlet or rukun tetangga (RT). The

guideline also put on attention on public facilities and

infrastructure fulfillment that indeed will depend on

the number and characteristic of the inhabitant. In

addition, the housing development must fulfill all

requirements of administrative, technical, and

ecological aspects. The development must provide

public facilities, and infrastructure to support and

enhance economic, social, and cultural social

activities. In addition, the neighbourhood planning

and design have to meet universal design criteria that

allow all people in all limited physical condition to

access all public facilities.

2.2 Method

Researches on neighbourhood include interest in

structural issues (such as income, demography, and

housing) and social issues (such as social networks

and relationships, a sense of collective efficacy, daily

patterns of activity, norms, and behaviors). Data on

structural and social issues can be generated through

observation, surveys, interviews, and other means,

but some data are already available. Research in

neighbourhoods often seeks to explore residents’

perceptions and experiences or effects of social

changes to spatial function of the neighbourhood.

To approach the issues, this research chooses

exploratory to work in the interface between social

and technical aspects. The study deals with

community characteristics and their perception

concerning the physical and spatial condition of their

neighbourhood. To respond to such complicated

issues the research was conducted using mixed-

method that is a combination of quantitative and

qualitative methods (Creswell, 2003). From the

correlation study on community perceptions towards

the introduction of public services and

neighbourhoods socio-spatial function, it is expected

to identify the issue of defining the urban

neighbourhood.

To examine the research subject, two Kelurahan in

Bandung that represents urban neighbourhood’s

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development processes and illustrates the urban

socio-economic differences in Indonesia in relation to

their engagement with technological change on

public services provision is used.

Data was collected from 2018-2019 by distributing

questionnaires and field surveys. The closed-ended

questions using 1-5 likert scale by using purposive

non-random sampling involved 178 respondents for

all two urban villages with a confidence level of 95%.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 The Case Studies

This research is conducted at Kelurahan Sukaluyu

and Kelurahan Antapani Tengah in the city of

Bandung, West Java (Figure 1). The cases were

selected by considering regional characteristics

differences that represent the practices of the

neighbourhood concept in Bandung residential

development.

Figure 1. Location of neighbourhoods’ case studies

Source: Research Data, 2018

Based on its Detail of Spatial Planning), kelurahan

Sukaluyu and Antapani Tengah are designated

similarly as a residential zone. Kelurahan Sukaluyu

consists of 11 RW with a population of 18,913 people

and a total area of 71.58 ha. Meanwhile, Kelurahan

Antapani Tengah slightly has different character in

term of its development process. Indeed, most of the

area in this kelurahan is lodged by formal housing of

Griya Bumi Antapani established by Perumnas. The

total area of the Kelurahan Antapani Tengah is about

93 ha and occupied 7,128 people.

3.2 Findings

The two kelurahans (urban villages) are inhabited

majority by Sundanese (68.5%). Moreover, 69% of

houses are occupied by owners, and the rest is rented.

Meanwhile, most of the residents have educational

background of high school level (31%) with their

employment (34%) is “others.” This other category

represents informal workers (odd jobs), students, as

well as homemakers. The data also reveals that some

57% were residents who had lived in their house for

more than 20 years.

The observation indicates that the physical boundary

of RW is defined by some streets in different

hierarchies (secondary, collector, and local streets) as

well as natural features (river). In addition, each RW

has social facilities such as elementary school or

kindergarten, mosque, community health center, mini

market, open space. However, their conditions and

availabilities differ according to people though they

are in the same kelurahan. In general, those public

facilities have played a significant role in

neighbourhood social interaction (Table 1.).

Playground, kindergarten, and elementary school are

considered as potential meeting places. Indeed, more

than 50% of respondents stated that these facilities

often generate people interaction. Mosque, actually

becomes the most place for interaction. But,

recreational areas and community health centers are

not considered as potential community places.

Table 1. Potential Spaces for Interaction

The data (Table 2.) also shows that the residents of

kelurahan Antapani Tengah tend to go out of their

neighbourhood to fulfill their public services and

facilities demands in compare to the Sukaluyu’s

community who strongly prefers to use public

facilities within their neighbourhood. Some residents

Variables

Kelurahan Sukaluyu

QD D A QA SA

Playground 0% 10% 39% 19% 4%

Shops 0% 10% 44% 36% 10%

Schools (Kg/

El.Sc)

0% 1% 11%

57% 16%

Place of Worship 0% 0% 31% 38% 30%

Recreation place 9% 39% 28% 23% 1%

Polyclinic 28% 62% 9% 1% 0%

Field 0% 8% 42% 39% 7%

Notes: SA (Strongly Agree), QA (Quite Agree), A (Agree), D (

Variables

Kelurahan Antapani Tengah

QD D A QA SA

Playground 0% 14% 61% 24% 1%

Shops 0% 3% 36% 49% 12%

Schools (Kg/

El.Sc)

0% 7%

61% 25% 7%

Place of Worship 0% 1% 30% 46% 23%

Recreation place 0% 1% 42% 53% 4%

Polyclinic 0% 22% 48% 27% 3%

Field 0% 0% 46% 44% 10%

Urban Social Changes: The Problem of Redeﬁning the Urban Neighbourhood for Developing Country Context

of those two kelurahan are willing to go outside their

neighbourhoods to get better school quality and

health services. Some residents considered that their

schools and health services are not good enough to

accommodate their relatively high demands. For

monthly domestic shopping, many people also prefer

to buy their needs at supermarkets or markets outside

their neighbourhood though it is quite far. In fact, they

consider shopping as recreational activities since they

could go to other places for family entertainment

afterwards.

Table 2. Social Interaction Locations

In addition, the study displays that residents of both

kelurahans have a good quality of social interaction

and sense of community although with different

quality levels. The data indicates that the level of

social interaction and sense of community at

kelurahan Sukaluyu in general is lower than that of

situation at kelurahan Antapani Tengah, and, more

than 50% of respondents agree to upon that matters

(Table 3).

Table 3 also shows positive responses upon smart

technology in providing community services with

some differences levels to it. The residents of

Kelurahan Antapani Tengah consider getting

advantages from the presence of an online

transportation system. Most of the respondents agree

to the significance of smart technology applications

for daily live services. However, despite its high

consumption, the smart system does not entirely

replace the conventional public transportation yet.

Some residents still use traditional urban transport for

a relatively short distance.

Some others are still hesitated to use the facilities or

not using it frequently as they still do not know how

to use the application, especially for the elders. In

addition, the introduction of transportation

application does not seem to affect the security level

of the neighbourhood; however several residents

annoyed by the online drivers who gather in particular

spot in their neighbourhood.s

Table 3. Neighborhood Characteristics and Mobility

Regarding social changes, the data denotes that

kelurahan Sukaluyu and Antapani Tengah have a

relatively similar level of housing occupancy rate.

This situation describes one of importance condition

for communicative action in the neighbourhoods. In

those two kelurahans, the housing vacancy level

generally is considered at a low rate (below 5%) and

in fact, most of them are at very low level (less than

2%) with vacant period is less than three months. That

figure indicates that social mobility in that

neighbourhood is low. However, kelurahan Antapani

Tengah is considered more stable than the other one.

The people in and out at kelurahan Sukalyu are

relatively high as it is about 9-12% of their

population, while in kelurahan Antapani Tengah is

only about 2-5% (Table 4).

Table 4. Social changes

Meanwhile, the correlation analysis between related

factors to the use of smart technology in the society

to access public services – especially online

transportation - indicates various results. In general,

it shows the significant correlation of socio-economic

factors and the utilization of smart technology. The

housing types indeed play an important role on the

perception of kelurahan Sukaluyu’s community

towards smart technology applications for public

services but not for another one. In contrast, age and

housing tenure have a central position for the

perception of kelurahan Antapani Tengah’s

community. However, all correlations in two

kelurahan show no high rate correlations (close to

Variables

Kelurahan Sukaluyu Kelurahan Antapani Tengah

Inside The

eighborhoo

Outside The

eighborhoo

Inside The

eighborhood

Outside The

eighborhoo

Children play 88% 7% 45% 55%

Shop for daily needs 87% 13% 52% 48%

Children's school 38% 57% 49% 51%

Worship 99% 1% 45% 55%

Interaction with residents 84% 16% 42% 58%

Health Treatment 33% 67% 45% 55%

Exercise 71% 29% 45% 55%

Variables

Kelurahan Sukaluyu Kelurahan Antapani Tengah

SA QA A D QD SA QA A D QD

Ease of meeting other

people

17% 25%

32% 22% 4% 12% 35% 45% 7% 1%

Having a new friend 24% 29% 42% 4% - 10% 36% 51% 3% -

Get to know many people

through children

10% 23%

26% 27%

2% 16% 44% 32% 6%

Friends in neighborhood

are part of daily activities

17%

28% 28% 19% 8% 7% 29% 52% 12% -

Meet friends usually in

public spaces

10% 31%

39% 16% 4% 1% 18% 62% 19% -

Participate in social

activities

18% 22%

37% 21% 2% 11% 24% 62% 3% -

OL transportation apps in

fulfilling demand

27% 28%

31% 6% 8% 22% 38% 40% - -

OL transportation reduces

dependency on public one

15% 12%

50% 18% 5% 6% 20% 27% 37% 10%

OL transportation affect

security negatively

1% 0

5% 15%

0 0

16% 59% 25%

OL Transportation apps

fulfilling daily needs

54% 22% 22% 1% 1% 16% 36% 43% 5% -

Notes: SA (Strongly Agree), QA (Quite Agree), A (Agree), D (Disagree), QD (Quite Disagree)

Variables

Kelurahan Sukaluyu Kelurahan Antapani Tengah

No. of resident

perceive vacant

houses’ rate

No. of resident

perceive rate new

residents in/out

No. of resident

perceive vacant

houses’ rate

No. of resident

perceive rate new

residents in /out

Ver

low

(

< 2%

)

55% 21% 43% 43%

Low

(

3-5%

)

22% 24% 39% 39%

(

9-12%

)

17% 41% 3% 3%

AR+DC 2019 - Architecture Research and Design Conference

1.00 or -1.00) as they are on average about 0.2 to 0.4

with positive or negative correlation.

The correlation model also has several significant

factors that indicate the differences between those

two kelurahan’s characteristics (Table 5). For

kelurahan Sukaluyu some parameters indicate its

significance, but, its correlations between factors are

at low rate (around 0.32 to -0.33), mainly the

perception on the role of online transportation in

altering urban transport services. Similarly, for

kelurahan Antapani Tengah correlation is at level

around 0.252 to 0.283 and -0.246 to -0.360 with 2-

tailed sig. <0.01.

Table 5. Society Perception Factors Correlation

3.3 Discussion

The objective of this study is to understand the

problem of redefining neighbourhood concept in

developing countries in the perspective of Society

5.0. As the Society 5.0 is futuristic concept therefore

it is required to predict the possibility of

neighbourhood spatial function alternation due to the

socio-cultural changes as the introduction of smart

technology in the primary concern of the Society. The

picture is clear that there will be new values in the

future as the result of the Internet of Thing (IoT). This

socio-cultural value is established by the uses of the

internet to connect all people, to free people from

burdensome works, to integrate people, things, and

systems in cyberspace. The question then to what

extent these value changes will deliver new

distinctive behavior patterns that makes spatial and

functional impacts to their neighbourhood?

According to Franklin (2006) such a built

environment form is the result of long and

complicated transformation of social, spatial, and

conceptual processes to produce communicative

actions. The recent socio-cultural characteristics of

the two kelurahan communities show the social

dynamic patterns of modification towards their

acceptance on the quality of public services that lead

to socio-behavioral changes.

As the principal neighbourhood’s component,

the communities of kelurahan Sukaluyu and

Antapani Tengah tend to be in the dynamics change

process. The high rate of movement residents at these

two kelurahan shows their capacity to adapt to

changes. However, their shallow housing vacancy

rate (less than 2%) displays that they are a very

established neighbourhood. This stability seems in

coincidence with their level of social interaction and

sense of community. This is critical cultural factors to

support social system and social processes as a basis

for organizing principles of society that affect both

social systems and in turn, spatial arrangements. This

condition is in accordance to social relationship level

in both kelurahans that have created such strong

social bonding and sense of community.

Although most of them consider certain facilities as

potential interaction spaces, but, the community at

kelurahan Antapani Tengah seems more adaptive to

responds to any public facilities insufficiency. Indeed

minimum public facilities have been stated at the

Urban Housing Development Guideline, but, it looks

that the existing regulation unable to deal with such

dynamic community changes. Hence it has raised the

gradual adaptation of ways of life and associated

artifacts in which people choose to find public

facilities outside their neighbourhood. This trend

illustrates the adaptive character of dynamic, flexible

as well as better-off people at kelurahan Antapani

Tengah. However all communities in those two

kelurahans still considered the importance of

strengthening the local community. This is a cultural

viewpoint that meets to traditional or local value in

Indonesia.

Upon the introduction of smart technology,

people of those two kelurahan respond in different

ways. It seems that socioeconomic plays a potential

role in influencing the neighbourhood change. For

Antapani residents, there is interesting hint that the

usage of the application to fulfill transportation

services needs shows a positive correlation with

education level. It is indicated that in the future, along

with the increase of human development index as

well as social prosperity, the prospect of the uses of

smart technology in society life is very encouraging.

However, there are also negative correlations shown

between the dependence on public transportation with

age and duration of living. This socio-cultural

problem indeed will resolve naturally by the changing

generation in the future.

While for Sukaluyu residents, some socio-

economic variables such as housing ownership and

education level have a significant correlation with

perception on the reduction of public transportation

Variables

Kelurahan Sukaluyu Kelurahan Antapani Tengah

1 2 4 5 7 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 11

OL fulfill

demand

0.18 0.16 0.20

0.23 -0.03 0.28

0.03

0.27

-0.07

0.0

1.00

Ol reduces depend

on public

0.28 0.25 0.23 0.32 -0.16 0.28

0.21

0.15 -0.25

0.36

0.2

0.02

OL put negative

security

-0.04 -0.04 0.11 0.18 0.02 0.18

0.25

0.0

0.04

0.1

-0.08 1.00

Ol fulfill daily

needs

0.01 0.07 0.10 0.03

-0.33 0.04 0.10

0.1

-0.23

0.0

0.48

-0.23

Notes : (1) Housing type/size (2) House land area (4) Ethnicity (5) Education level (6) Age (7) Education level (8)

House tenure status

Urban Social Changes: The Problem of Redeﬁning the Urban Neighbourhood for Developing Country Context

dependency. The analysis shows a positive

correlation between those variables, on moderate

coefficient correlation, 0.28 and 0.32. It means the

more affluent and higher the education level of a

household and its members, the slighter the

dependency on online transportation, and vice versa.

It is indeed such a logical situation in which the

wealthy people really depend on public transport

services in the socio- cultural context of Indonesia.

Moreover, nowadays, the use of smart devices

and technology has altered the pattern of urban social

life. It has changed the way of communication, fulfill

demand, as well as organize and manage daily jobs

and duties. It can be seen in the neighbourhood

surrounding how fast the phone box disappears as

required public facilities from community life. To

date, it is a common urban phenomenon, that all

family members gather around the dining table but

they busy with each gadget and have no

communication between other family members.

This personal lifestyle is also revealed in their

activities as a part of a community. Although the

analysis shows various correlation rates, but, most

people use online transportation services to help them

to fulfill their daily life needs and services. The

application of Gojek and Grab, for instance, is not

only to provide transportation services but also

already various services such as delivery, shop, food,

health, cleaning, and many others that make easier

and more efficient life in urban area. This

technological acceptance, indeed, has gradually

changed social value and culture. These services

apparently will reduce the uses of a private car that

has been many urban people’s wishes. In simple case,

if this trend going well then there will be socio-

functional decrease in urban neighbourhood as the

decline of private car ownership.

4 CONCLUSION

The established neighbourhood concept indeed is

relevant in the changing socio-cultural context of

Indonesia, especially in Bandung city. The study

shows the existence of neighbourhoods’ culture in

Kelurahan Antapani Tengah and Sukaluyu. The study

also reveals the correlation between heterogeneous

with good inhabitants’ social cohesion in the mid of

dramatic cultural changes as the consequence of

technological expansion.

The introduction of smart technology as the society

5.0’s foundation indeed has altered the socio-cultural

values of the community in developing countries such

as Indonesia. In a certain extent, the introduction of

new technological values has changed the urban

societal behavior pattern mainly in fulfilling daily

services. The decrease of mobility will alter the

spatial function of the human environment. The

positive responses toward the use of smart

technologies indicate the openness of urban

community to the new social value, and predictably it

would put an impact on the neighbourhood spatial

function. It seems that spatial function modification

will follow the values alternation in terms of sizes,

types, and number. However, transformation

processes will depend on inhabitants’ socioeconomic

conditions.

Regarding the future shape of neighbourhood, urban

behavioral changes are significant indicators in

relation to popularity of smart technology use in

providing community services in last seven years.

Many people in Bandung now can obtain and fulfill

their needs such as foods, transportation (car or

motor), ticket, shopping, bill as well as package and

many more only by using application on the phone

cell. This trend has gradually change community

behavior in their daily activities. However, in

speculating about the future, the same contextual

approach can be adopted as has been done for the

contemporary situation. Undoubtedly the parameters

of space provide an important context, but it is

perhaps in the trajectory of the social system and

social processes. Some new neighbourhood design

concepts may emerge primarily based on cultural and

social change, but more direct processes have been

gradually done in the informal urban neighbourhood

influenced by socio-spatial changes in relation to the

introduction of IoT culture in the Indonesian urban

society.

Indeed, not all people use smart technology, for some

reasons, it means that the institution of social values

will proceed slowly and diverges. However, by

considering their socio-cultural condition, it seems

that new social value will play an influential role in

transforming the neighbourhood spatial function. Its

role will depend on local Indonesian culture to control

and direct the social value developments. Therefore,

more attention must be paid on neighbourhood

planning, especially in the very urban area as it will

play a critical role on maintaining the integration of

its community

AR+DC 2019 - Architecture Research and Design Conference

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