Increasing the Acceptance of Zakat based on Zakat Literacy and

Good Corporate Governance

Mochammad Tholib and Mutamimah

Sultan Agung Islamic University, Indonesia

Keywords: Muslim Entrepreneurs, Zakat Literacy, ICT, GCG, Acceptance of Zakat.

Abstract: Indonesia as the muslim majority country, but there is still have a gap between zakat acceptance and zakat

potential. This study aims to test and analyze increasing the acceptance of zakat based on zakat literacy and

Good Corporate Governance. The population in this study is all muslim entrepreneurs in Semarang.

Sampling technique using purposive sampling with the criteria of muslim entrepreneurs who are members

of the business community, namely Indonesian Islamic Business Forum (65 samples), Indonesian Muslim

Entrepreneurs Network (35 samples) in Semarang. Data analysis used descriptive analysis and Multiple

Regression Analysis. The results show that a). The level of zakat literacy for muslim entrepreneurs in

Semarang is still middle, 2).The zakat institution had implemented of Good Corporate Governance, 3). The

zakat literacy of Semarang muslim entrepreneurs and the implementation of Good Corporate Governance

(GCG) of zakat institutions had no effect on the acceptance of zakat, but the Information Communication

and Technology (ICT) is able to strengthen the influence of zakat literacy on the acceptance of zakat.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is a country with Muslim as the majority

of the population of around 216.66 million people or

85% of the total population (Central Bureau of

Statistics (BPS) 2015). This majority is supported by

various potential sectors as sources of zakat,

including agriculture, plantations, education,

commerce, investment, as well as deposits in the

form of gold, silver, or deposits. This huge potential

of zakat can become a very cheap source of

community and government funds with the aim of

driving the economy, reducing social inequality and

reducing poverty.

However, based on the results of IPB and Baznas

research (2015), it shows that the potential for

national zakat in Indonesia is Rp. 217 trillion / year,

but only Rp. 2.8 trillion / year has been realized.

This means that there are still 97.2% of the potential

for national zakat unexplored and not yet reported to

the amil zakat institutions. There is a gap between

the potential for zakat with the reality of receiving

zakat. Likewise in Central Java with the potential for

zakat of Rp. 17 trillion / year, but only less than Rp.

1 trillion / year has been explored. Some reasons for

not maximizing the potential of zakat, among others,

are because most of the muzakki distribute their

zakat directly to mustahiq, even without written

evidence (Lestari 2015), low awareness of the

obligation of zakat (muzakki), low trust of muzakki

towards the National Amil Zakat Institution and

Amil Zakat Institutions (Nikmatuniayah & Marliyati

2015) and muzakki behavior that is still short-term

oriented, and zakat explored is still concentrated in

zakat fitrah and professional zakat (Outlook Zakat

Indonesia 2010 2010), and the level of muzakki trust

in amil zakat institutions is still concentrated low

(Mubarok & Fanani 2014).

Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the amount

of zakat acceptance, with the aim that zakat potential

is well explored, so that the role of zakat for

economic empowerment and poverty reduction can

be realized. Factors that encourage the acceptance of

zakat, among others: knowledge, understanding,

beliefs and muzakki’s skills in calculating zakat,

types of zakat and nisob of zakat which is also called

as zakat literacy. This concept is in accordance with

the Financial Services Authority. Financial literacy

is the level of knowledge, confidence, and skills of

the public about financial institutions that influence

attitudes and behavior to improve the quality of

decision making, including non-bank financial

institutions, namely amil zakat institutions ((OJK)

Tholib, M. and Mutamimah, .

Increasing the Acceptance of Zakat based on Zakat Literacy and Good Corporate Governance.

DOI: 10.5220/0010119600002898

In Proceedings of the 7th ASEAN Universities International Conference on Islamic Finance (7th AICIF 2019) - Revival of Islamic Social Finance to Strengthen Economic Development Towards

a Global Industrial Revolution, pages 165-171

ISBN: 978-989-758-473-2

165

2016). A certain level of zakat literacy must be

possessed by muzakki or the supply side approach of

zakat literacy and the level of zakat literacy by amil

zakat institutions or the demand side approach of

zakat literacy. However, in this article only discusses

the supply side approach of zakat literacy.

Besides the level of zakat literacy, there are still

other factors that influence the level of zakat

reception, namely Good Corporate Governance

(GCG). In the management of zakat, there is a high

potential for agency conflict due to asymmetric

information between muzakki and amil zakat

institutions. The existence of asymmetric

information encourages amil zakat institutions as

agents to make deviations that are detrimental to

muzakki. Thus, good corporate governance is

required. In general, Good Corporate Governance is

a system, structure and mechanism to control and

control moral hazard behavior of the management of

amil zakat institutions as agents; with the aim that

muzakki believes in amil zakat institutions. This will

further increase zakat receptions.

In the current era of the digital economy

encourages both muzakki and amil zakat institutions

to use Information Communication and Technology

(ICT) in paying and managing zakat. Through ICT,

it is easier for muzakki to obtain zakat management

information, to ask if muzakki has difficulties in

paying zakat, to be more transparent, and even to

ease muzakki in monitoring where the zakat is

distributed.

The unexplored potential of zakat has an impact

on economic empowerment and poverty reduction.

This is shown by BPS data that poverty in 2015 is

still 28.59 million people, up from 27.7 million

people in 2014. Therefore, it encourages researchers

to examine and analyze the role of ICT in

moderating the effect of zakat literacy and good

corporate governance on zakat reception.

This article is motivated by several things: a) The

limited research on zakat literacy, b) GCG of zakat

has been associated with muzakki’s satisfaction and

loyalty and not the influence of GCG on the

acceptance of zakat, c) The limited research that

focuses on the segment of Muslim entrepreneurs as

potential zakat payers or muzakki.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Zakat has a strategic role in community economic

empowerment, because the potential for national

zakat in Indonesia is Rp 217 trillion / year. However,

this potential has only been realized at Rp 2.8 trillion

/ year. Therefore it is necessary to manage zakat

effectively and efficiently. In addition, it is

necessary to identify factors that encourage the

acceptance of zakat, including: knowledge,

understanding, beliefs and muzakki’s skills in

calculating zakat, types of zakat and nisob of zakat

called as zakat literacy. This concept is derived from

the Financial Services Authority (2016) definition of

financial literacy, namely: the level of knowledge,

confidence, skills of the public about financial

institutions that influence attitudes and behavior to

improve the quality of decision making, including

non-bank financial institutions, namely amil zakat

institutions.

Besides the level of zakat literacy, there are still

other factors that influence the level of zakat

reception, namely Good Corporate Governance

(GCG). In the management of zakat, there is a high

potential for agency conflict due to asymmetric

information between muzakki and amil zakat

institutions. Thus, good corporate governance is

necessary. The emergence of the concept of Good

Corporate Governance from agency theory is

initiated by Jensen & Meckling (1976). Corporate

governance has many definitions and there is no

single definition of corporate governance is

acceptable in all situations, all countries and

institutions (‘The indonesia corporate governance

manual’ 2014). In general, Good Corporate

Governance is a system, structure and mechanism to

control moral hazard behavior of the management of

amil zakat institutions as agents, with the aim that

the acceptance of zakat can be increased, so as to

reduce poverty and increase the economic

empowerment of the people.

There are many definitions of financial literacy.

According to (Zairani & Zaimah 2013), financial

literacy refers to the level of understanding,

awareness, and knowledge people have about the

use of financial instruments. The purpose of

financial literacy ((OJK) 2016) is to improve the

quality of individual financial decision making and

changes in attitudes and behavior of individuals in

financial management for the better, so as to be able

to determine and utilize financial institutions,

products and services in accordance with the needs

and abilities of consumers or the public in order to

be prosperous. There are two financial service

institutions, banks and non-banks. Therefore, amil

zakat institutions are non-bank financial institutions.

Thus, zakat literacy is knowledge, understanding,

beliefs and skills in calculating zakat ratio, zakat

related matters and zakat institutions. When muzakki

has a high level of zakat literacy, it will encourage

7th AICIF 2019 - ASEAN Universities Conference on Islamic Finance

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muzakki to pay zakat properly, thereby increasing

the acceptance of zakat. Therefore, the hypothesis is:

H1: Zakat Literacy has a significant positive

effect on the acceptance of Zakat

In addition to zakat literacy, another factor

influencing the acceptance of zakat is the

implementation of GCG in zakat management.

Various attempts to implement GCG have been

carried out by the government, one of which is the

issuance of Law Number 23 of 2011 concerning

zakat management. Overall, Laws and Government

Regulations have the aim of realizing zakat

management that is trustworthy, professional,

transparent, accountable and participatory. This

means that the government encourages the

realization of good corporate governance in the

management of zakat. Good Corporate Governance

in this research is muzakki's perception of zakat

management which includes several principles,

namely: transparency, accountability, fairness and

responsibility. Good corporate governance is built

on the basis of Agency Theory which shows that

amil zakat institution as an agent can be trusted by

muzakki as a principal to manage public funds with

the aim of maximizing the interests of the principal

and the community. But in reality, because there is

asymmetric information where agents have more

information than managers, agents will use their

abilities to prioritize their interests over principal

interests.

According to the Decree of the Minister of State-

Owned Enterprises Number: Kep-117 / M-Mbu /

2002 Article 3 Regarding the Implementation of

Good Corporate Governance Practices in State-

Owned Enterprises (SOEs) states that there are 4

principles of Good Corporate Governance, namely:

1) Transparency, namely openness in carrying out

the decision-making process and openness in

presenting material and relevant information

regarding the operation of amil zakat institutions. 2)

Accountability, namely clarity of function,

implementation and accountability of the amil zakat

institution so that the performance results are as

expected. 3) Responsibility, namely the suitability in

the management of amil zakat institutions in

accordance with applicable laws and principles of

zakat management that are trustworthy and

professional. 4) Fairness, namely justice and

equality in fulfilling the rights of stakeholders, both

muzakki , the manager of zakat, mustahiq, and the

government based on the agreements and regulations

of zakat.

Many studies on the application of good

corporate governance in the management of zakat

are associated with muzakki’s satisfaction and

loyalty. For example, a research shows that the

transparency and accountability of zakat has an

influence on muzakki’s satisfaction and loyalty

(Jumaizi & Zainal 2011). There is an effect of Good

Corporate Governance on muzakki’s satisfaction in

zakat management institutions, precisely at

BAZNAS Sleman Regency. The implementation of

good corporate governance encourages muzakki to

pay zakat, so the hypothesis is:

H2: GCG has a significant positive effect on the

acceptance of zakat

In addition, a study shows that Financial

Statements are available in LAZ, except for Reports

on changes in assets under management, yet the

whole accounting system is 100% available, as well

as the accountability of financial statements of amil

zakat institutions (Nikmatuniayah & Marliyati

2015). There have been experiences of rapid

development at this digital era, so that people's

lifestyles occur in the network of business

communities that use ICT, for example IIBF, Alisa,

and JPMI.

In the era of the digital economy, ICT has an

important role in the mechanism of payment of

zakat. Through ICT, it is easier for muzakki to get

information about zakat, to ask if muzakki has

difficulty in paying zakat, more transparent, so that

it encourages muzakki to pay zakat. In other words

ICT plays a very strategic role in moderating zakat

literacy towards the acceptance of zakat.

H3: The use of ICT moderates the effect of zakat

literacy on the acceptance of zakat

The use of ICT makes it easy for muzakki to

monitor zakat management without any area or time

limit. In addition through the use of ICT, muzakki

can get information’s disclosure from amil zakat

institutions, so the hypothesis is:

H4: The use of ICT moderates the effect of GCG

on the acceptance of zakat

3 ANALYSIS MODEL

The populations in this study were all Muslim

entrepreneurs in Indonesia who are members of the

Indonesian Islamic Business Forum (IIBF)

community, and the Indonesian Muslim

Entrepreneurs Network (JPMI). The sampling

technique in this study used purposive sampling,

with the criteria of Muslim entrepreneurs in

Indonesia who were members of the business

community through ICT, so that it was obtained

from IIBF 65 respondents and from JPMI as many

Increasing the Acceptance of Zakat based on Zakat Literacy and Good Corporate Governance

167

as 35 respondents, in other word the total as a whole

is 100 respondents. Data collection techniques used

questionnaires and interviews. The operational

definition of the variable is as follows:

Table 1: Definition of Operational Variable and Indicator

Variable.

Descriptive analysis is carried out to obtain a

picture of muzakki's behavior in paying zakat, so

that the model is expected to increase the acceptance

of zakat. The results of the descriptive analysis will

then be used as a basis for estimating the level of

zakat literacy for Muslim entrepreneurs in Indonesia,

to find out the implementation of good corporate

governance institutions amil zakat, ICT

implementation for muzakki and to find out the level

of zakat acceptance. In addition, before testing the

hypothesis, the validity test, the reliability test, the

classic assumption test (normality test,

heteroscedasticity test and multicollinearity test) are

tested first. Data analysis uses Multiple Regression

Analysis.

Results and Analysis

The results of this study include: respondent's

identity, validity and reliability test, data normality

test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test and

hypothesis test conducted with Multiple Regression

Analysis (MRA).

Identity of Respondent

Based on the results of the study showed that the

male respondents have a greater number than the

number of female respondents, namely the

percentage of male respondents by 80%, while

women by only 20%. Most respondents had the most

recent tertiary education, especially S1 graduates,

which amounted to 73%. This means that the greater

the respondent has a high level of education and has

enough knowledge to manage their business well.

The majority of respondents' business in this study

has been running for more than five years, which is

equal to 40%. This means that most of the

businesses run by respondents have survived and are

able to survive well in the face of fierce business

competition. A business can be said to be successful

if the business can last more than 5 years and

continue to experience growth.

Based on the result of analysis of the description

of each variable, namely: financial literacy, good

corporate governance, ICT and the level of

acceptance of zakat, the results are as follows: The

level of financial literacy of Muslim entrepreneurs in

Indonesia as muzakki is related to the types of assets

that must be accounted for zakat, the procedures for

obtaining zakat services from amil zakat institutions

using the internet, understanding the parties that

must receive zakat (8 asnaf) and are skilled in

calculating nisob zakat, as well as having confidence

in making decisions regarding zakat payment, have

not been maximized.

Amil zakat institutions always transparently

submit performance reports, able to distribute zakat

according to applicable regulations and right on

target. Besides that the amil zakat institution has

human resources in accordance with its functions

and responsibilities, always complies with the

procedures and ethics of the applicable legislation

related to the distribution of zakat, but in fact it is

not yet optimal and not as expected.

Muzakki has used Information Communication

Technology (ICT) in paying zakat, accessing zakat

reports, and always monitoring zakat management

using Information Technology (ICT), but the results

have not been as expected.

The results show that there is an increase in the

amount of zakat acceptance every year, the number

Variable Definition Indicator

Zakat literacy

Conditions where muzakki

have the knowledge,

understanding, skills an

confidence to pay zakat.

Knowledge of the essence and

types of zakat, the amount of

nisob and how to pay zakat.

Understanding of the essence and

types of zakat, the amount of

nisob and how to pay zakat.

Muzakki's skill in calculating

nisob zakat.

Muzakki's trust to pay zakat

through amil zakat institutions.

Good Corporate

Governance

Good and professional

governance of zakat

Transparency, namely

information disclosure in the

management of zakat.

Accountability, namely clarity of

function, implementation and

accountability of amil zakat

institutions.

Responsibility, which is the

suitability in the management of

amil zakat institutions to zakat

laws and regulations.

Fairness, namely justice and

equality in fulfilling the rights of

stakeholders (muzakki, mustahiq,

government and society) which

arises based on agreements and

applicable laws and regulations.

Information

Communication

and Technology

(ICT)

Application of informatio

and communication

technology used by muzakki

to pay zakat and access to

information about zaka

management.

• ICT facilities for adequate

communication

• ICT facilities for information

processing

• ICT Update

Zakat acceptance

The amount of zakat that ca

be collected by amil of zaka

institutions

• Amount of zakat acceptance

• Number of muzakki

• Type of zakat

• Region of muzakki

7th AICIF 2019 - ASEAN Universities Conference on Islamic Finance

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of muzakki and types of zakat, and the scope of

muzakki area is getting wider, but not yet optimal,

and of course it needs an appropriate, effective and

efficient strategy.

Validity and Reliability Test

Validity test is used to measure what you want to

measure (accuracy). This analysis is done by

correlating each item's score. An item is said to be

valid when r counts in the Corrected Item Total

Correlation table > from r table that is 0.196.

Reliability tests are used to measure repeatedly

produce the same data (consistent). A variable is

said to be reliable if the Cronbach's Alpha value >

0.6 is thus, the right question item data is used in

gathering the required data.

The validity test results for zakat literacy

variable consisting of 5 question items (indicators)

are all valid values, because it is above 0.1966 and

all calculated r values are greater than the r table

value. Good Corporate Governance test results

consisting of 4 question items, the results are above

0.1966, the entire r count value is greater than the r

table value. ICT Usage test results consisting of 5

question items, the results are above 0.1966, the

entire r count value is greater than the r table value.

Zakat Acceptance test results consisting of 5

question items, the results are above 0.1966, the

entire r count value is greater than the value of r

table. It also means that all question items from the

four variables used in this study, which consist of:

zakat literacy, GCG, ICT use and zakat acceptance

are all valid.

The reliability test results can be seen that the

Croncbach’s Alpha values of all variables used in

this study. Zakat literacy, its value is in Croncbach’s

Alpha 0.937 > 0.60. Croncbach's Alpha for GCG

value is 0.962> 0.60, ICT community networking

Croncbach’s alpha value is 0.921 > 0.60, and

Croncbach’s alpha zakat acceptance value is 0.941 >

0.60. It can be inferred that all question items

(indicators) used by the zakat literacy variables,

GCG, ICT use and the acceptance of zakat are all

reliable, meaning that they can function as a reliable

measurement tool.

The classic assumption test in this study uses

data normality test, multicollinearity test and

heteroscedasticity test. From the results of the

classic assumption test, the normality test data

shows that residuals are normally distributed; this is

proven by the sign value > 0.05 which is equal to

0.138. It can be concluded that the regression model

of this study has fulfilled the normality assumption

and is feasible to use a regression model in testing

its hypothesis. Based on the multicollinearity test

table, it shows that the tolerance value is above 10%

and the VIF of all variables are below 10. The

tolerance value of zakat literacy is 0.318, GCG

tolerance value is 0.488 and literacy* ICT tolerance

value is 0.233. Zakat literacy value is VIF 3.148,

GCG value is FIV 2.048, and ICT literacy is 4.298.

This means that in this study multicollinearity did

not occur. Based on the results of the

heteroscedasticity test table, it shows that the results

of Sig values are above 0.05 (zakat literacy = 0.778,

GCG = 0.069, ICT = 0.403 and zakat acceptance

0.117) which shows that heterosidasticity does not

occur and the regression model meets the

requirements for regression analysis. From the

results of the heteroscedasticity test showed in the

picture above, it appears scatterplot point graphs

spread randomly and spread both above and below

the number 0 on the Y axis. It can be concluded that

there is no heteroscedasticity model, which means

that the regression model meets the requirements for

regression analysis.

Results of Hypothesis Test

Table 2: Results of Hypothesis Test.

Source: Primary data processed, 2018.

From the above equation it can be explained that: a)

A constant value of 1.974 means that if the

independent variable is assumed to be zero, then the

constant acceptance of zakat will be valued at 1,974;

b) Literation (X1) has a positive but not significant

effect on the acceptance of zakat (Y). This result

shows that a) The level of knowledge and

understanding possessed by muzakki, muzakki's

skills in calculating zakat ratio and muzakki's belief

in the obligation to pay zakat apparently could not

encourage muzakki to pay zakat to amil zakat

institutions. With these results, it becomes input for

the government and religious leaders as well as

Islamic higher education institutions to continue

educating muzakki to have a high commitment to

pay zakat to amil zakat institutions. The payment of

zakat to amil zakat institutions on a regular basis

will be able to increase the acceptance of zakat, so

that the role of zakat for economic empowerment

can be optimized. b). Good corporate governance

(X2) has a negative but not significant effect on the

Dependent

Variable

Independent

Variable

B t count Sign. Explanation

Zakat

acceptance

Constant 1,974 3,890 ,000

Zakat literacy ,256 1,493 ,139 H

rejected

GCG -,152 -1,085 ,281 H

rejected

Zakat literacy*

ICT

,073 2,302 ,024 H

accepted

Increasing the Acceptance of Zakat based on Zakat Literacy and Good Corporate Governance

169

acceptance of zakat (Y). Regression coefficient of -

0.152 inferred that the application of GCG by the

zakat institution was not able to increase the

acceptance of zakat.

It means that the principles of good corporate

governance which include: transparency,

accountability, responsibility and fairness that have

been implemented by amil zakat institutions

apparently do not encourage muzakki in paying

zakat. These results are the basis for the future so

that the implementation of good corporate

governance can be reviewed in accordance with the

characteristics of amil zakat institutions, so that it

can be an attraction for paying zakat to amil zakat

institutions. c) ICT has a strategic role in

strengthening the influence of zakat literacy on the

acceptance of zakat. These results indicate that with

the application of information technology by amil

zakat institutions to the maximum, it will turn out to

be a solution in moderating zakat literacy and good

corporate governance towards the acceptance of

zakat. The existence of ICT, it will be able to reach

muzakki in a wider area, muzakki who have a lot of

busy activities such as Muslim entrepreneurs, so that

the existence of ICT is ideal in increasing the

acceptance of zakat.

Then based on the determination test, the results

show that the adjusted R square value is 0.260,

meaning that the acceptance of zakat is explained by

zakat literacy and good corporate governance by

26%, while the remaining 74% is explained by other

variables outside this research model.

4 CONCLUSION

Conclusion

Based on the results of statistical analysis and

discussion, it can be concluded that: a) The level of

zakat literacy of Muslim entrepreneurs in Semarang

is in the medium category. This means that the

knowledge, understanding, skills and beliefs of

muzakki in the knowledge of zakat have not been

maximized; b) The level of zakat literacy cannot

increase the amount of zakat acceptance. This means

that the level of knowledge, understanding, skills

and beliefs of Semarang Muslim entrepreneurs as

muzakki related to zakat knowledge cannot

encourage an increase in zakat acceptance; c) The

implementation of Good Corporate Governance

principles applied by amil zakat institutions which

include: transparency, accountability, responsibility

and fairness apparently cannot encourage muzakki

in paying / increasing the acceptance of zakat; d)

The use of ICT strengthens the effect of zakat

literacy and Good Corporate Governance (GCG) on

the acceptance of zakat. This means that the level of

knowledge, understanding of zakat owned by

muzakki, the skill of paying zakat and the belief in

the existence of amil zakat institutions and the

implementation of Good Corporate Governance will

be able to increase the acceptance of zakat if it is

strengthened by ICT properly.

Recommendation

Suggestions in this study are that: a) It is necessary

to increase the level of literacy of Muslim

entrepreneurs and the community in general; b) For

future research it is necessary to increase the number

of other independent variables, such as

infrastructure, religiosity and demographic factors;

c) Future research should expand the area of

respondents and the number of respondents, so the

results will be better; d) Future research should

integrate financial literacy from both the supply side

approach and the demand side approach.

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