Spatial Distribution of Pollutant Distribution in Jakarta Bay from

Hydrodynamic-2D Transport Coupled Model

Corry Corvianawatie, Ahmad Bayhaqi, Dewi Surinati, Mochamad Furqon Ismail, Lestari, Khozanah

and Deny Yogaswara

Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Pollutant, Jakarta Bay, Hydrodynamic, 2D Transport Coupled Model.

Abstract: Being a center of marine activities such as shipping and fishing which are accompanied by massive

development and industrial, Jakarta Bay is susceptible to the environmental degradation from the pollutants.

Observation was conducted in Jakarta Bay during the southeast monsoon (Juli-Agustus) 2015 to collect

physical properties data such as sea surface temperature and heavy metal component. Pollutants distribution

such as Pb, Ni, Zn, Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and Dichloro-

diphenyl- trocholoroethane (DDT) are simulated using Horizontal 2D hydrodynamic model from Princeton

Ocean Model (POM) with the Arakawa-C grid system. The model domain consists of 400 x 260 grid and

110x110m grid resolution. With the high accuracy rate (92%) for the tidal validation and mean sea level

residual 0.074 m, the simulation shows that pollutant distribution is mainly influenced by ocean current

condition. Observed eddies in the simulation, which are triggered by significant difference of bathymetry and

shear current velocity, indicate that the pollutants from Jakarta Bay are not easily transported by tidal current

into the Java Sea.

1 INTRODUCTION

Jakarta Bay is one of the most heavily used semi-

enclosed coastal waters in the world. Along with the

massive development and industrial activities on the

coast, water pollution caused by the dumping of

industrial and domestic wastewater had been a serious

ecological problem for coral reef (Kunzmann et al.,

2018) as well as fisheries (Irianto et al., 2017).

Research of metal concentration in Sediments in

Jakarta Bay by Arifin (2008) revealed that its

concentration experiences a rapid increased in the last

20 year.

Water quality monitoring by BPLHD-DKI in

2013 found that heavy metals concentration in Jakarta

Bay such as Pb, Ni and Zn has exceeded the specified

quality standard threshold by MenLH. Furthermore,

Susanna and Yanagi (2002) argued that the sources of

pollutants are coming from major river that flows into

the Jakarta Bay.. As consequence, the study to get

information of pollutant distribution are very

essential to obtain the better understanding about

water quality in the Jakarta Bay.

Several studies have been done to assess the

pollution in Jakarta Bay including methods that

involving biota (Soemodihardjo and Kastoro, 1977;

Rees et al., 1999), sediment geochemistry (Sindern et

al., 2016) as well as using a numerical ocean model

simulation (Koropitan et al., 2009; van der Wulp et

al., 2016).

The lack of pollutant dynamics study in the

Jakarta Bay motivated the investigation that is

presented in this paper. This paper aims to simulate

the spatial pattern of pollutant distribution using

hydrodynamic and Horizontal 2D transport coupled

model. This study could give the useful information

about heavy metal concentration in all regions of

Jakarta Bay.

2 METHODS

2.1 Model Design

The coupled Hydrodynamic-Horizontal 2D transport

model are simulated in forty-five (45) days from 1

July until 15 August 2015 with the time step of 2

150

Corvianawatie, C., Bayhaqi, A., Surinati, D., Ismail, M., Lestari, ., Khozanah, . and Yogaswara, D.

Spatial Distribution of Pollutant Distribution in Jakarta Bay from Hydrodynamic-2D Transport Coupled Model.

DOI: 10.5220/0010059501500160

In Proceedings of the 7th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management (ISOCEEN 2019), pages 150-160

ISBN: 978-989-758-516-6

second. The domain of this study lies on 106.633⁰E –

107.033⁰E and 5.868⁰S – 6.118⁰S (see Figure 1).

To simulate the pollutant distribution, horizontal

2D hydrodynamic model from Princeton Ocean

Model (POM) is employed with the additional

numerical solution from 2D transport equation. The

model is built by Arakawa-C grid system, consisting

of 400x260 grid with the resolution 110x110m.

The type of pollutant in this research are Pb, Ni,

Zn, Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and Dichloro-

diphenyl-trocholoroethane (DDT) with the

consideration of advection and diffusion of these

pollutants.

2.2 Model Input

The several primary

data

such as bathymetry,

coastline,

tide, sea temperature, salinity, river debit

rate are used as model input. While the temperature

and salinity are measured from observation with

thirty two (32) measurement station (see figure 1), the

bathymetry is obtained from Indonesian Navy

(DISHIDROS TNI AL). It is interpolated spatially

into the specified grid size of this study (see figure 1).

Then, the temperature and salinity data are employed

to gain the density reference value in the Bay. The

tidal data for the main force in west, north and east

part of domain come from Tide Model Driver (TMD)

(see figure 1). Besides, the debit rate from five major

rivers and wind velocity are also used as the main

force. Referring the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL),

the main forcing data are interpolated into 2 second

For the initial value of the model (see figure

2),

this study assumes that the sea is calm (u = 0, v

= 0,

and

= 0) and the initial value for pollutant

concentration in the domain model is spatial

interpolation with the Kriging method from field

measurement, conducted by Research Center for

Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences

(LIPI) on July-August 2015.

The results of the distribution of pollutant

distribution in Jakarta Bay are verified using data

from field measurements including tidal elevation

and sea current velocity. The information regarding

the data for model validation is written in Table 1.

Figure 1: Bathymetry map with the thirty two (32) measurement stations with the open boundary of domain (red line) and

spot for tidal data (red circle – P1, P2, P3 and P4).

Spatial Distribution of Pollutant Distribution in Jakarta Bay from Hydrodynamic-2D Transport Coupled Model

151

Figure 2: The initial value of heavy metal concentration; Pb (mg/L), Zn (mg/L0, Ni (mg/L) (left panel) and organic pollutant;

PCB (ppt), PAH (ppb), DDT (ppt) (left panel) based on the field measurement July-August 2015.

Table 1: Data for Model Validation.

No Data Source Location

Period

(dd/mm/yy)

Interval

Tidal

Elevation

Agency of Geospatial

Information (BIG)

Kolinlamil statiun, Jakarta 01/07/15 – 31/08/15 5 minute

Current

Velocity

Observation

a. St.B2 (-6.025

S and 106.758

29/07/15 - 30/07/15 10 minute

b. St.B6 (-5.975

S and 106.978

30/07/15 - 31/07/15 10 minute

2.3 Model Equation

The governing equation for hydrodynamic and

transport coupled model consists of continuity

equation (1.1), momentum equation in x-y axis (1.2a

and 1.2b) (Mellor, 2004) and transport equation in x-

y axis (1.6a and 1.6b) (Putri and Mihardja, 1999). On

this equation, there is assumption and simplification

which are only consider to advection and diffusion,

the source and sink of heavy metals from chemical

reaction and other factors are not taken into account.

The transport simulation on this study is conducted

only based on the initial value from observation. In

the absence of other supporting data, the input

pollutants during the simulation period are not

reviewed.

Then, this research produces a distribution pattern

and pollutant flushing processes in the Jakarta Bay.

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(1)

(2a)

(2b)

where,

(3)

(4a)

(4b)

(5a)

(5b)

Generally, 2D transport equation can be written as

(Putri dan Mihardja, 1999):

(6)

where C is , S and R are for source and reaction

respectively. On this study, we ignore the S and R due

to the absence of supporting data. Then, Kx and Ky

are the horizontal diffusion coefficient in x-y which

is different for each parameter. We use 9.45 x 10

-6

/s [Pb

], 6.79 x 10

-6

/s [Ni

], 7.15 x x 10

-6

/s [Zn

] (Li and Gregory, 1974), 3.16 x 10

-11

[PCB], 2.51 x 10

-11

/s [PAH] (Rusina et al., 2010)

and 6.86 x 10

-12

/s [DDT] (Dueri et al., 2005).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Model Validation

The model results are validated using two main

parameters; sea level elevation and ocean current.

The sea level elevation is verified by observation

data, which are obtained from the Agency of

Geospatial Information (BIG) located at Kolinlamil

station, Jakarta. The validation is carried out for 15

days on 10 July 2015 – 25 July 2015 (see Figure 3)

showing the high accuracy of 92% with an average

residual sea level elevation of 0.074 m.

The observational ocean current data from 24

hours measurement at B2 and B6 stations are also

utilized to verify the model result. The measurement

was conducted at 5 m depth in 28-29 July [station B2]

and 29-30 July [station B6] with the interval of 10

minute. The results in station B2 showed that the

accuracy of the zonal and meridional current are 54%

and 55%, respectively. Station B6 has the accuracy

rate of 50% and 73% easting and northing current

correspondingly. Some components show an

accuracy value which is not accordance with the field

data. That conditions are potentially due to the lack of

matching drag coefficient values for surface wind

speed. Based on the wind speed during the simulation

period, the wind is large enough to generate ocean

currents. Therefore, the model results are

underestimated during that condition.

Spatial Distribution of Pollutant Distribution in Jakarta Bay from Hydrodynamic-2D Transport Coupled Model

153

Figure 3: Model Validation between model result (red line) and observation (black line) on 10 – 25 July 2015, located on

Kolinlamil Station, Jakarta.

Figure 4: Model Validation between model result (red line) and observation (black line) on 10 – 25 July 2015, located on

Kolinlamil Station, Jakarta.

3.2 Jakarta Bay Dynamics

Generally, the type of tide in the Jakarta Bay is mix

tide with the flood and ebb tide occur just once in a

day. Furthermore, ocean current patterns in the

Jakarta Bay vary, depending on tides and monsoons.

In some cases, where the wind blows so strong in the

southeast monsoon, the ocean currents move north-

eastward. During the ebb tide phase, the current flows

into the open sea while there are southward currents

in the eastern part of the Bay (Fig 5; upper panel),

while the ocean current dominantly moves into the

mainland when the flood tide (Fig 5; lower panel).

These results are consistent with Putri and Mihardja

(1999) and Sanusi et al (2005). The magnitude of

ocean current varies from 0 until 0.20 m/s. These

conditions also indicate that the pollutant distribution

is more influenced by ocean current than the diffusion

rate

of each pollutant

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Figure 5: Model Validation between model result (red line) and observation (black line) on 10 – 25 July 2015, located on

Kolinlamil Station, Jakarta.

3.3 Pollutant Distribution

Overall, the model results show the distribution of

pollutant which is mainly influenced by the ocean

current pattern (Figure 6 – 11). The variation of

bathymetry and the shape of the coastline in Jakarta

Bay contributed to eddies current in the several places

along the Jakarta Bay. For the example, the observed

eddy current in the eastern part of Bay is triggered by

shear current velocity. In some areas, the eddy current

are also found due to the significant difference of

bathymetry. The formation of eddies causes the

particle movement that rotate around the centre of

eddies. As a result, the pollutants from Jakarta Bay

are not easily transported by tidal current into the Java

Sea. In addition, the monsoonal cycle also has an

important role to transport the pollutant by moving

the ocean current. It can be indicated from the

simulation result. The pollutant distribution has the

dominant direction into the west while the southeast

monsoon triggers the ocean current to move

southwestward.

Spatial Distribution of Pollutant Distribution in Jakarta Bay from Hydrodynamic-2D Transport Coupled Model

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Figure 6: Simulation result of Pb concentration in Jakarta Bay.

Figure 7: Simulation result of Ni concentration in Jakarta Bay.

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Figure 7: Simulation result of Ni concentration in Jakarta Bay (cont.).

Figure 8: Simulation result of Zn concentration in Jakarta Bay.

Spatial Distribution of Pollutant Distribution in Jakarta Bay from Hydrodynamic-2D Transport Coupled Model

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Figure 9: Simulation result of PCB concentration in Jakarta Bay.

Figure 10: Simulation result of PAH concentration in Jakarta Bay.

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Figure 10: Simulation result of PAH concentration in Jakarta Bay (cont.).

Figure 11: Simulation result of DDTconcentration in Jakarta Bay.

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4 CONCLUSION

From the simulation of pollutants distribution using

coupled hydrodynamics-2D transport model, we

conclude that the water movement in Jakarta mainly

driven by tidal condition, debit of river and wind

velocity.

Those ocean-atmospheric factors contributed to

the spatial variation of the pollutant in the Jakarta

Bay. The pollutants from Jakarta Bay are not easily

transported by tidal current into the Java Sea due the

formation of eddy currents.

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