Mechanical Behaviour of Coir and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer

Composites Material: A Literature Study

Aulia Windyandari

1,2

, Ojo Kurdi

, Sulardjaka

and Mohammad Tauviqirrahman

Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

Industrial Technology Department, Vocational School, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

Keywords: Coir Fibre Reinforced Polymer, Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer, Vessel Hull Structure, Mechanical

Properties.

Abstract: Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) has been commonly adopted in marine engineering for vessel hull as

a high performance and durable material. Otherwise, the several efforts to replace the synthetic fibres with

the natural fibres due to the increase of environmental awareness and oil resources depletion have been

conducted. The natural fibres such as coir, jute, hemp, ramie and bamboo which are available in abundance,

biodegradable and low density is the main reason to explore the application potential in shipbuilding sectors.

In this paper, the mechanical behaviour of coir and glass fibre reinforced polymer composites material is

reviewed. The surface modification of the natural fibre are also reviewed and it is found that the surface

treatment is an alternative method to improve the natural fibre mechanical properties for successfully utilizing

the natural fibre in marine and shipbuilding applications. From this review of both coir and glass as a

reinforced fibre, it is concluded that a focus on the material properties of coir fibre combined with the glass

fibre as a hybrid material is needed if the behaviour of vessel hull composite structures during sailing operation

and other sources of external load is to be fully understood.

1 INTRODUCTION

Knowledge and methods for making composite

compositions as raw materials of ship hull

construction have been developed since 1970. At that

time the lamina layer was made using fiberglass

which was chopped and given wet resin using a

manual coating technique known as a hand layered

method. The design and application of composite

materials on ships is able to provide better

performance in terms of speed, transport/cargo

capacity, and fuel consumption which is more

economical when compared to ships made of steel or

aluminium. These improvements can be achieved

because the composite material offers a lighter

construction weight. Otherwise the FRP hull surface

texture is smooth. Therefore it might reduce the

magnitude of the ship resistance.

Composite construction that is widely used in ship

construction is glass fibre reinforced polymer / plastic

(GFRP). In reinforced polymer/plastic fibres,

fiberglass is a component which is used to support

loads, otherwise the function of polymers/plastics is

stabilizing, bonding and distributing loads on the

glass fibres, and provide water-resistant conditions in

GFRP construction. Stiffness and rigidity of glass

material fibres depends on the fibre material and the

position of the fibre in the lamina layer. The ideal

GFRP composite model is generally used as a

sandwich construction consisting of a lightweight

core which is enclosed in two rigid and strong layers

(top and bottom layer) in the form of GFRP laminate.

The adopted core material for hull construction can

be PVC (polyvinyl chloride), polyurethane foam and

balsa wood. This sandwich material offers a light

weight construction but it has very good strength and

rigidity.

Since 1990, the natural fibres have been

introduced as an alternative reinforcing material in

the composite laminate. The natural fibres can be

used as a replacement of glass fibre or applied as an

alternative fibre for core-layer material on the

composite laminate board. Natural fibres such as

hemp fibre-epoxy, flax fibre-polypropylene (PP) and

china reed fibre-PP have been applied to the

automotive industry, because it offers lower price and

lighter density. Natural fibres also offer

environmentally friendly properties through reducing

Windyandari, A., Kurdi, O., Sulardjaka, . and Tauviqirrahman, M.

Mechanical Behaviour of Coir and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites Material: A Literature Study.

DOI: 10.5220/0010039300050012

In Proceedings of the 7th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management (ISOCEEN 2019), pages 5-12

ISBN: 978-989-758-516-6

the dependency on non-renewable energy sources,

low pollutant emissions, low green-house gas

emissions, and the ability to be degraded naturally

(biodegradability). Natural fibres have attracted

scientists to be investigated for its capability to be

implemented as alternative materials in the

manufacturing and construction industries. The use of

natural fibres, especially coconut fibre (coir fibre), as

reinforced fibres of the core material of fibre

reinforced plastic (FRP) composite material is an

alternative method to achieved environmentally

friendly vessel hull construction.

Based on its mechanical properties the strongest

and most rigid FRP material is carbon fibre reinforced

polymer. Several lamina configurations on FRP

material can be carried out to obtain the desired

mechanical properties. Figure 1 shows that FRP

material does not show a clear yielding point

compared to steel material. This characteristic of FRP

materials can provide advantages and disadvantages

in ship construction. Some other advantages of FRP

material are corrosion resistance. The woven roving

fibre composites have better rigidity and impact

resistance. The addition of natural fibres to FRP

material can influence the mechanical properties of

FRP. Therefore, the use of natural fibres as additional

reinforcing fibres in FRP material needs to be done

in-depth studies so that they can be used in ship

construction in receiving dynamic loads such as wave

bending moments, green water loads, vibrations,

collisions and explosions.

Although FRP composite strength is able to

withstand dynamic loads, the mechanical

characteristics of FRP are sensitive to strain rate and

temperature. The tensile strength, modulus of the

young and the shape of the stress-strain diagram of

the FRP will change when subjected to loads that

have different strain rates. Furthermore the addition

of natural fibres in FRP material can also have an

effect on its mechanical characteristics. Based on this,

it is necessary to study to find out more about the

effect of strain rate and temperature on FRP material

accompanied by the addition of natural fibres as

reinforcement (hybrid coir fibre and glass fibre) to the

mechanical properties of the material.

2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

OF GFRP

The GFRP composite material consists of glass fibers

that function as reinforcement which is integrated

with polymer resin (called matrix). Fillers also exist

apart from fibres and matrices used to increase

interactions, reduce manufacturing costs and improve

the mechanical properties of composites (Bakis,

2002; Binshan, 1995; Richardson, 1996). However,

the nature of filler metal material has an insignificant

relationship to the composite material properties,

(Paciornik, 2003).

E-glass fibre is the most widely used type of fibre

almost 95% of total glass fibre production, (Varma,

1984). The traveling glass is basic shapes with

continuous filament bundles. Chopped strand mat

(CSM) is a sheet that contains randomly chopped

fibres, tied together adhesive. Figure 1 gives an

example from failed GFRP coupons that show the

roving and CSM micro.

Figure 1: The failed GFRP composite material.

Polymer resins are non-fibrous parts of FRP that

bind fibres together and are also known as matrices or

binders. Polyester, vinyl ester and epoxy are the most

widely used thermoset polymers, (Bank, 2006;

Edwards, 1998), and the choice of polymer type

depends on the mechanical properties required and

the manufacturing methods available. Vinyl ester has

been shown to have a higher rigidity than polyester or

epoxy, regardless of the shape of the fibre, (Bank,

1989; El-Habak, 1991), but is more expensive.

Therefore, polyester resin or polyester and vinyl ester

mixtures are generally used in the production of

GFRP composite profiles. However, in situations

where there may be endurance issues, vinyl ester and

epoxy can be the preferred choice

Considering the orthotropic nature of the GFRP

composite material, and its production, there are

many factors that can influence its material

properties. Several investigations since the 1990s

have shown that the main factors are:

• fibre and resin type;

• fibre volume fraction (FVF);

• fibre orientation;

• sample geometry (including shape, length to

width ratio);

• strain rate;

• interface properties; and

• temperature

ISOCEEN 2019 - The 7th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management

These works include Naresh et al. (2018; 2017),

Chelladhural et al (2018), Danie Roy et al (2018),

Windyandari et al (2019), Zakki et al (2019a; 2019b),

Bazli et al (2017), Hasan et al (2019), Rossini et al

(2019), Zhang et al (2019), Reis et al (2018), and Kim

et al (2015). In the works done, there were focused on

the strength of the GFRP material which is applied to

the civil structure and marine structure. However the

published work on the material properties of GFRP

combined with natural fibre is limited and often

conflicting.

In the literature that concern on the influence of

strain rate to the GFRP laminate composite, it is

found that the strength is rise as the strain rate is

increased regardless the resin type, and fibre type

(woven roving/CSM), (El-Habak, 1991). Nevill et al

(1971), and Binshan et al (1995), present that the

material strength increase significantly increase at

high strain rate (above 10

-1

). Furthermore,

Sierakowski (1997), has reviewed the strain rate

(below 20 s

-1

) effect of composite laminate that show

a little increase in GFRP strength. The elastic

modulus of GFRP laminates is also founded have

similar tendency as the strength GFRP. It can be

found that the elastic modulus of GFRP laminates is

increasing when strain rate is increased, (Dorey,

1986; Hsiao, 1998). Regarding the reviewed

literature, it can be seen that there has been several

research to understand the influence of strain rate on

the GFRP composite materials.

Figure 2: The longitudinal modulus of GFRP composites

under compression, (Shokrieh, 2009).

In the case of longitudinal elastic modulus, the

strain rate from 10

-4

to 10

-1

has increased the elastic

modulus in the range of 20%-55%, (Rotem, 1971;

Shokrieh, 2009; Tay, 1995). The similar increase also

can be found on the smaller strain rate, (Armenakas,

1973; Amijima, 1980; Kawata, 1981; Bai, 1984; Li,

1995; Takeda, 1995; Yuanming, 1996; Huang, 2004).

However, the other studies have shown a slightly

different tendency on the influence strain rate on the

elastic modulus. Hayes and Adams (1982), present

that the strain rates 60s

-1

to 80s

-1

have decreased the

initial longitudinal modulus of 20%. Kumar et al

(1986), shows that the dynamic modulus are 29% and

16% lower than the corresponding quasi static value

on the strain rates 0.0002 s

-1

and 265 s

-1

, respectively.

Ou et al (2015), present that the longitudinal modulus

is decreased from strain 0 to 40 s

-1

. However the

elastic modulus is increased after 40 s

-1

. The average

value of all dynamic moduli can be shown in Fig. 2

and Fig. 3

Figure 3: The longitudinal modulus of GFRP composites

under tension, (Ou, 2015).

According to the literature review, the strain rate

have influence the elastic modulus of GFRP material.

It can be seen that the longitudinal elastic modulus

have been reviewed more than the transverse

modulus. Moreover, most researches generally deal

with quasi static and high strain rate instead of the

intermediate strain rate. Generally, it can be

concluded that the increase of strain rate might cause

an increase in the elastic modulus of GFRP laminate

composite, especially for high strain rate. However

the exception still can be found on such literature.

In the case of fibre orientation, the off axis fibre

orientation have shown less sensitivity to the change

of the strain rate compared to zero degree orientation.

However, it cannot be found the research that was

focused on the modulus of off axis of combined coir

and glass FRP on the intermediate and high strain rate.

In the case of resin type and internal

reinforcement structure, the several studies show that

there is a significant influence on the elastic modulus

of the GFRP laminate composite. The most common

resin that was used as matrix is epoxy resin. The

epoxy resin has higher stiffness characteristics that

the other type of resin. The different sequence of fibre

stacking also shows the different strain rate sensitivity

to the elastic modulus.

Finally the reviewed researches usually provide

an assumption that the GFRP composite have the

same properties under compressive and tensile load.

Mechanical Behaviour of Coir and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites Material: A Literature Study

The assumption should be validated on the

experimental studies.

3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

OF COIR FIBRE

Coir is natural hair-fibre that is obtained from the

outer skin (endocarp), or husks of coconuts. Coir is

also known as "Kokos" or "Coco". Coconuts are the

fruit of Cocos nucifera tree, the tropical plant

Arecaceae (Palmae) family. Cocos nucifera have

grown many especially in the coastal area in the

tropical countries. The first coir factory for

manufacturing coir products was found to be

established at Alleppy, in Kerala in 1858, (Rajan,

2007). The word coir comes from "Kair" -

Malayalam, a south Indian language (Tamil, kayiru)

which means the umbilical cord. Coir fibres or

coconuts are categorized in the group of hard

structural fibres, and lignocellulose.

Coir fibre is physically and visually looked as

coarse, stiff and reddish brown coloured fibres. It

contains of smaller threads with diameter of 12 to 24

microns and the fibre length of 0.01 to 0.04 in. Coir

fibre is composed of lignin, substance of plant, and

cellulose. The advantage of coir fibre is the capability

to stretch beyond its elastic limit with no rupture

damage. It seems like having the power to overcome

the permanent deformation. Coir fibres also have

good resistance to microbial degradation and salt

water. Therefore the coir fibre is suitable to be

adopted as material of marine industry product.

Morphologically coir fibres are contains of micro

fibrils that is organized the aggregates of cellulose

molecules. The micro fibrils are embedded in a non-

cellulosic polysaccharides and lignin matrix. The

lignin is located between the non-saccharide parts of

the cell wall as the unique polymer. The large

lignification can be found on the middle lamella and

primary cell, and the least is found on the secondary

wall. The lignification function is to strengthen the

cell wall through cementing the cellulose micro fibrils

and protecting them from the chemical and physical

deteriorations.

As a natural cellulosic fibre, the coir fibres firstly

have an almost white colour. The increasingly

lignified process will made the coir fibre colour

become darker. The coir have red-brown colour in the

dry husk of matured coconuts. Bismarck et al (2001),

study the thermal stability of coir fibre that presented

the two-step decomposition curve and the

degradation onset between 190 ºC and 230ºC.

The preliminary study on the chemical changes of

the lignocellulose of coir fibre was made by Menon

and Pandalai (1936). The lignocellulosic coir fibre is

biodegradable. Since the coir fibres have high lignin

contents, coir has better durability compared to the

other natural fibres. The advantages of the coir fibres

are include:

• 100% natural fibre,

• Biodegradable material

• Obtained from renewable resources

• High water retention

• Biological deterioration resistant

• Good heat and noise insulator

The chemical composition of coir such as

cellulose, cellulosan, lignin and hemicellulose is

depended upon the coconut age, (Menon, 1936). It is

different with the jute fibres that have uniform

chemical composition at all stages of the growth

process. The physical properties and the chemical

composition of coir fibre can be seen in Table 1 and

Table 2, respectively.

Table 1: Physical properties of coir fibre, (Bledzki, 1996;

Chand, 1994).

Length [cm] 15 – 20

Diameter [µm] 100 – 450

Density [g/cm

] 1.15

Tenacity [g/tex] 10.0

Tensile strength [MPa] 131 – 175

Young modulus [GPa] 4 – 6

Elongation at break [%] 15 – 40

Swelling in water [%] 6 – 8.5

Table 2: Chemical composition of coir (wt%), (Ugbolue,

1990; Varma, 1984; Varma, 1986).

Lignin 41 – 45

Cellulose 36 – 43

Pectin 3 – 4

Hemicellulose 0.15 – 0.25

Microfibrillar/spiral angle [deg] 41 -45

Moisture content 8.0

4 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF

NATURAL FIBRES

As an alternative material for the replacement of

synthetic fibres, natural fibres have any kind of

advantages such as low density, low cost and

biodegradable. However natural fibres also have

some drawbacks which are include poor

compatibility with different matrices, high moisture

ISOCEEN 2019 - The 7th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management

absorption and swelling capability that may cause

crack in brittle matrices. Since the drawbacks of

natural fibres can decrease the laminate composite

quality, therefore some techniques have been adopted

to modify the surface of natural fibres, especially to

reduce moisture absorption capability and to improve

adhesion characteristics with polymer matrices.

There are three kind of surface treatment for surface

treatment of the natural fibres which are included:

physical techniques, chemical techniques and

biological treatments.

Figure 4: Surface morphology of coconut fibre with alkali

treatment, (Muhammad, 2015).

A physical technique that is used for surface

treatment of natural fibres is known as plasma

treatment. The plasma treatment which has been used

to modify the surface of various natural fibres can

improve the mechanical properties significantly,

(Oliveira, 2012; Shahidi, 2013). In addition, plasma

treatment introduced functional group that form

strong covalent bond with the matrix, therefore the

plasma treatment may produce the strong fibre/matrix

bonding interface to improve the quality of laminate

composite. Surface etching on the plasma treatment

can improve the roughness of the fibres surface.

Therefore the better mechanical interlocking between

the fibres and matrices is obtained.

Figure 5: SEM micrographs of hemp fibre surfaces; (a)

Natural hemp fibre; (b) Hemp fibre after bacterial cellulose

modification, (Pommet, 2008).

Chemical treatments have been adopted for the

surface treatment of natural fibres. The used of

various chemical constituents such as alkali, silane,

water repelling agents, peroxides, permanganates

have been proved able to improve the mechanical

properties significantly. The alkali treatments

modified the crystalline structure of natural fibres

through removing the weak components such as

hemicelluloses and lignin of the fibre structure, (Xue,

2007). The water repelling agents can reduce the

moisture absorption and natural fibres swelling.

Furthermore the silane coupling agents can improve

the fibres-matrices interfacial interaction through

strong chemical bonding formation, (Xie, 2010). The

illustration of the surface morphology of coir fibre

with alkali treatment can be seen in Fig. 4,

(Muhammad, 2015).

Mechanical Behaviour of Coir and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites Material: A Literature Study

Finally, biological treatment is adopted to modify

the natural fibre surface characteristics. The

biological treatment is conducted through depositing

cellulose nano fibrils on the surface of the sisal and

hemp fibres, (Pommet, 2008). The cellulose nano

fibrils were used as substrates for the fermentation

process of bacterial cellulose. The significant

improvement was made on the interfacial adhesion

with polymeric matrices such as cellulose acetate

butyrate and polylactic acid. The percentage of

deposition of bacterial cellulose is about 5-6% on the

natural fibre surface. The illustration of bacterial

cellulose modification on the natural hemp fibres can

be seen in Fig. 5.

5 CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, the existing literature on the material

properties of GFRP and coir fibre has been reviewed.

The coir fibre shows great opportunity to be applied

in marine structures such as boat hull structures, due

to the excellent durability and high water retention.

As an alternative material, it is important that its

behaviour under stress applied at different strain

rates, different direction and combined with the

GFRP as hybrid material is more fully understood.

Although many researches have been found on the

mechanical properties of GFRP laminates, there is yet

limited studied on the dynamic properties of coir fibre

and hybrid coir-glass fibre.

In comparison with other natural fibres, coir fibres

as a high lignified material have better resistant to

chemical and microbial attack. The advantage of coir

fibre compare to synthetic fibres such as glass fibres,

talc and mica are acceptable strength properties, low

cost, low density, good thermal properties, non-

abrasivity, enhanced energy recovery and

biodegradable. Surface treatment of natural fibres that

made bio-softened coir can be blended with the

synthetic fibres as a hybrid material for producing the

marine structures.

According to the advantage and the mechanical

properties of coir fibre, it is indicated that coir fibres

is able to be adopted as an alternative reinforced

fibres in composites material. The surface treatment

of natural fibres such as physical, chemical and

biological treatment methods, and also the

mechanical characteristics of the coir fibres and the

hybrid material (coir-glass reinforced polymers) is

the subject of interest for the future research in order

to fully utilize the advantages of natural fibres in

composite materials and to successfully utilize it in

the marine industrial application.

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