Assessing Youth Empowerment Programs for Preventing Radicalism

and Extremism in Indonesia

Saifudin Asrori

, Muhammad Ismail

, Jauharotul Jamilah

and Cucu Nurhayati

Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords:

youth, empowerment, radicalism, extremism, Indonesia

Abstract: The Indonesia government has undertaken a broader range of programs aimed at preventing youth in

violence and extremism engagement. However, the youth programs as part of community empowerment,

youth’s aspirations and participation usually ignored. This article assesses the local government effort for

youth as a realistic form of intervention on preventing youth in violent or terrorist groups. The data

collected from in-depth interviews of local government and former terrorist prisoners in Lamongan District,

East Java. Findings of the study presented that managing youth empowerment programs as an effort to

combat radicalism and extremism often challenged a variety of different and competing interests. This has

become one of the obstacles to the success of youth empowerment programs.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Indonesia government has undertaken a

broader range of programs through the central and

local government aimed at preventing youth in

violence and extremism engagement. However,

youth exposed radical ideology through recitation,

education, and internet, that lead to extremism is

problematic. Nearly 60 percent of high school and

university students admit to having a “radical”

religious attitude (PPIM, 2017). Although, radical

beliefs is not necessarily a precursor to

terrorism. Youth becomes the vulnerable groups

on spreading radical ideologies and recruitment

targets of extremist organizations. Most people

involved with dangerous and extremist actions

are male, young, teenagers in early twenties

(Silk, 2003).

Youth refers to individual aged from 16 to 30

years old (Law No.7/2009). These group of people

occupies an interesting and unique position in the

life cycle, as children dependence on parents and

community and as adults have primary social status

based on their own ability and effort to be

independent. Those who character and personality

are in malleable, can develop further in one direction

or another. the literature on youth studies has been

described young people as an age of transitions,

constructing identity, social and political actors, and

youth as creators of culture (Jones, 2009).

While some other, characterized carriers of

change, occupying strategic positions as mediators

in social reproduction and transformation, as an

agent of change, the youth has an important role in

the Indonesia national struggle movement until seize

independence, and the fall of the New Order which

led to the era of Reformation and Democratization in

Indonesia. The development of globalization which

is marked by the intensification of science and

technology also has an impact on the social and

political role of youth. Usage The use of social

media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram

among young people is proven to be able to be a

trigger for social and political change in various

parts of the world (Mahdi & Al-Hattami, 2016: 83-

94).

However, youth are often blamed for

destroying social norms and order, involvement in

various social and political issues in the form of drug

abuse, acts of violence and terrorism. Youth are

described in paradox, ‘“as both heroes and villains.”

(Jones, 2009:4). The picture puts youth in an

ambiguous condition of having more than one

interpretation or explanation; double meaning, or

several possible meanings. Ambiguity is

characterized by the fact of presenting itself as a

series of changes interacting with effects that are

often unpredictable. Such a situation fosters a state

Asrori, S., Ismail, M., Jamilah, J. and Nurhayati, C.

Assessing Youth Empowerment Programs for Preventing Radicalism and Extremism in Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009925912571264

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 1257-1264

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

1257



of ambivalence, the coexistence of one person from

a contradictory emotion or attitude (such as love and

hatred) towards a person or object.

There is currently a broad range of literature

which discusses about the phenomenon of youth

radicalization, ranging from searching for an

identity, impulsive attitude, thrill-seeking or desire

for revenge, to social inequality, failed state and an

ideology. Moreover, studies on countering violent

extremism indicated that if a person or group are

exposed to radical ideologies, especially religious-

based ideology, deradicalization efforts are difficult

to radicalize.

Generally, an increase in radical religious

understanding for the younger generation due to the

opening of opportunities for relations with radical

groups, as well as the sources of the discourse, and

the opening of access to information both at the local

and global levels regarding various issues and

inequalities experienced of Muslim communities

(Vertigans,2008:82-83). According to Appleby

(1999), that several causes the Muslim community

more identified with violence; (1) mass media has

increased public awareness of social, economic and

political inequalities and injustices that occur in

many Muslim societies and corruption and

mismanagement that has disrupted government and

state institutions. (2) the strength of Islam as a

fortress, compared to some other religious traditions

until the process of differentiation and privatization

that accompanies secularization. (3) preachers and

Islamic leaders have competed effectively with

mainstream Islamic leaders for resources and

respect. They do this by demonstrating integrity,

efficiency in service to oppressed and needy people,

and militant dedication to their goals.

Thus, knowing how to prevent the spreading of

extremist though for youth as important as

preventing them from joining extremist groups.

Finding ways to prevent youth from joining

extremist groups may be the most important part of

an effective strategy. This article evaluates the youth

empowerment program conducted by the local

government in order to disengage youth in a violent

or terrorist organization. The data collected from in-

depth interviews of local government, former

terrorist prisoners in Lamongan District, East Java.

Lamongan gained a reputation as a hub of radicalism

in Indonesia, first for being the hometown of Bali

bombing in 2002, and the existence of several

people pro Islmic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

groups within the town.

2 UNDERSTANDING YOUTH

EMPORMENT

The occurrence of social and economic changes

requires adjustment from young people and the

ability and readiness of individuals in the adjustment

process (Blossfeld, et al, 2006). Youth economic

empowerment is one of the efforts to reduce and

even fight youth involvement in extremist

movements. Although, the relationship between

unemployment and poverty to the tendency of the

emergence of terrorist behavior. The life cycle of

youth in a stage of searching identity, which is

marked by a sense of curiosity and high desire to try

various experiences of religiosity, becomes an easy

space for the entry of various religious ideas,

including extremes. The Law on Youth in the article

number 24 explains: “youth empowerment is carried

out systematically, and continues to increase the

potential and physical quality, mental spirituality,

knowledge, and skills of self and organization

towards youth independence.”

Literally, empowerment comes from the word

‘power’ refer to the ability to do something or the

ability to act, while the word ‘empowerment’

denotes as a process, way, empowering actions.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the

word empower contains two meanings, namely: (1)

to give power or authority to or give power, divert

power or delegate authority to other parties; (2) to

give the ability to or enable or an attempt to give

ability or intelligence. Theoretically, empowerment

is an effort to build the power of the community by

encouraging, motivating, and raising awareness of

the potential that owned and trying to develop it.

Thus, empowering community means efforts to

improve the dignity of the layers of society in

conditions that are less able to escape the poverty

trap and underdevelopment. In other words,

empowering is enabling and self-sufficient in

society.

The condition of community empowerment

defined as the ability of individuals who associate

with the community in building the empowerment of

the community concerned. The World Bank defines

empowerment as an effort to provide opportunities

and abilities to community groups to sweep and dare

to voice our opinions, ideas, or ideas, as well as the

ability and courage to choose something (concept,

method, products, actions and others) that are best

for individuals, families and communities (Wouters,

2015)

Rappaport (1987) defines empowerment as a

variety of constructive approaches or applications

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that are multi-level, because of individual, social,

and collective interactions. Referring to various

indicators, such as; individuals, families,

organizations, and communities that have access to

and control in social, economic, and political

contexts that aim to improve social and living

justice. Rappaport outlines the empowerment

function of an individual empowerment program

that focuses on changing at the individual level,

especially in terms of psychological empowerment

in building personal capacity, integrating control

perceptions and controls, a proactive approach to

life, and critical understanding in the social and

political environment. While the second is

empowerment at the collective level within which

families, organizations and communities involve

processes and systems that can enhance the skills or

abilities of their members, facilitate them in efforts

to change, enhance their collective welfare, and

strengthen intra and extra-organizational networks to

maintain the quality and collective integrity. In this

context, youth empowerment has relevance.

Community economic empowerment is

strengthening ownership of production factors,

strengthening distribution and marketing,

strengthening communities to get adequate salary /

wages, and strengthening communities to obtain

information, knowledge, and skills, which carried

out in multiple aspects, both in terms of the

community itself, and policy aspects. Of these,

around 13.44 percent belong to the category of open

unemployment. The open unemployment rate

experienced a decline when compared to 2015,

which was around 15.38 percent. Those conditions

show that out of every 100 youth workforce, there

are 15 to 16 youth who are not working and are

preparing a business or looking for work. (BPS,

2015;2016)

3 LAMONGAN IN THE MIDST

OF TERRORISM

The Lamongan regency known for national and

international media after three brothers perpetrated

the Bali 1 tragedy which killed 202 people in

October 2002, from Lamongan. They are Amrozi

and Ali Ghufron who were executed in 2008; and

Ali Imron is currently serving a life sentence. The

three are members of Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), Al

Qaeda terrorist network for the Southeast Asian

region, militant groups that form extremist growth in

Lamongan. According to IPAC (April, 2015), the

radical and extremist networks in Lamongan have

been entrenched in the region and in recent years

have turned into pro-ISIS sentiments. The extremist

network in Lamongan, East Java, illustrates how

support for the local jihad resistance has transformed

into support for ISIS. Pro-ISIS groups in Indonesia

have emerged from existing radical networks that

have never left. They may have changed, adjusted,

rejoined, and regenerated but they were not new.

This ragency seems to be a fertile ground for the

development of radical and jihadist ideologies in

Indonesia.

Administratively, Lamongan Regency is

divided into 27 sub-districts and 262 villages and 12

villages. The government center of Lamongan

Regency is located 50 km west of Surabaya

Regency, the mother of East Java Province Regency

(Central Bureau of Statistics of Lamongan, 2016).

The population of Lamongan Regency is 1,188,193

in 2016, with differences based on sex being

576,812 men and 610,983 women. A slight increase

compared to 2015, which was 1,187,795 people.

(Lamongan Central Bureau of Statistics, 2016).

While the population composition based on age is as

follows; young age (0-14 years) of 18.50 percent,

productive age (15-64 years) of 77.05 percent, and

old age (> 65 years) of 4.45 percent. Of these, the

population of 16 to 30 years totaled 313,850 people.

Consists of Men 161,860 people and Women

151,990 people.

Although Islam has become the religion of the

majority of the population, the dynamics of social

relations especially Nahdhatul Ulama (NU) and

Muhammadiyah are very intresting. Both religious

organizations competed with their organizational

identities. In some villages and sub-districts,

mosques and NU and Muhammadiyah buildings

face each other, horizontal conflicts occur frequently

based on differences in affiliations of religious

organizations. Social organizations such as The

Indonesian Islamic Da'wah Institute/Lembaga

Dakwah Islam Indonesia (LDII), The Islamic

Defenders Front/Front Pembela Islam (FPI), The

Islamic Union Persatuan Islam (PERSIS), al-Irsyad,

and others also have followers. Another portraits of

differences are also reflected in the choice of

education between general education (elementary

and junior high school) and religious education

(Islamic Elementary School/Madrasah Ibtida’iyyah

and Islamic Junior High School/Madrasah

Tsanawiyyah of Islamic Boarding School or

Pesantren). Acording Lamongan’s Central Bureau of

Statistics data for 2016, the total population of the

age of primary education is 192,568 people. For

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people who live in the northern and remote areas,

the majority of the population chooses to enter their

children into religious education rather than send

their children to public education institutions. As for

the southern region, the majority send their

education to public schools.

Based on description above that poverty factors

that affect certain individuals or groups are

considered as the main variables that contribute

greatly to extremism and violence. Poor conditions

coupled with low education and high unemployment

rates will quickly lead to social frustration which in

turn triggers aggression attitudes. The existence of

conditions of inequality or inequality and the

occurrence of rapid socio-economic changes have a

more direct impact on the growth of radicalism and

violence. Radicalization denotes as a process

through which individuals assure that violent action

is justified and eventually become determined to

engage in violence. However, it is probably more

useful to understand it as a process through which

people embrace opinions, views, icluding ideas that

may or may not lead to acts of violence-essentially a

phenomenon resulting from a complex interaction of

factors that do not necessarily lead to violence. That

process, it is quite clear, can evolve in many

directions, including non-violent ones. Developing

or adopting extremist beliefs that justify violence is

only one of the possible ways into violent action.

Radicalization indicates as a precursor to

recruitment rather than as part of or the result of

recruitment. Yet, we know that recruitment is an

important catalyst in the radicalization process.

The process and dynamics of radicalism involve

two important elements called ‘push and pull’

factors. The push factors include certain structural

and emotional-psychological conditions that make

people or groups have the potential for violence.

Meanwhile, pull factors are organizations or

associations that actively recruit, and spread various

narratives and messages that invite extremism. The

interaction and connection of these two factors

produces caused a number of people or groups

increasingly vulnerable to being mired in a cycle of

violence and extremism.

Generally, recruitment activities carried out

through top-down and button-up processes. Top-

down recruitment strategies ware carried out by

terrorist organizations or networks. Whereas the be

bottom-up strategy was thought peer bonds and

other social influences, or both. Though bottom-up

trajectory, people and groups interact in a variety of

settings that include prisons, radical families,

religious homes that support violence, and the

Internet. Groups either in the top-down or bottom-up

process can have an effect as a result of perceptions

of social and religious alienation.

The process of people and group involved in

the terror movement is generally through three

channels; First, social affiliation with the movement

through friendship, kinship, and teacher-student

relations. This teacher-student factor is most evident

in the Southeast Asian jihadist group. They

generally have a relationship, directly or indirectly,

with Abdullah Sungkar and Abu Bakar Ba'ashir who

are positioned as mentors or teachers. Sageman

stressed that social ties are a very important element

in this radicalization process. Secondly, the

intensification of beliefs and teachings progressively

leads to the acceptance of Salafi-jihadist ideology;

Third, formal acceptance in the jihad movement

through meetings with the global Salafi network.

4 LOCAL GOVERNMENT

EFFORTS

Generally, youth economic empowerment is an

effort to increase the potential of youth in social,

economic and political processes in order to create

youth independence in all fields. Empowerment

popularity has increased when some of them were

involved in acts of social and political radicalism

such as crime, narcotics abuse, violence, and

terrorism. So there is a tendency to equate the idea

of youth empowerment with community

empowerment. Poverty alleviation programs, for

example, the National Program for Community

Empowerment/Program Nasional Pemberdayaan

Masyarakat (PNPM), the Social Security Program,

the Smart Indonesia Program/Program Indonesia

Pintar, the Movement for Building the Rural-Based

Lamongan People's Economy Program/Gerakan

Membangun Ekonomi Rakyat Lamongan Berbasis

Pedesaan (Gemerlap) all of these community

programs are always incorporate elements of youth

in it. Unfortunately, several studies show that the

participation and involvement of youth who actually

aim to provide greater opportunities for youth to

strengthen their identity and potential are often only

artificial. The community empowerment programs

of is often dominated by elites, and community

leaders who are generally mature and old.

The Gemerlap program is a flagship program of

Lamongan district, this program was officially

approved on June 14 2011, based on the Regent’s

Regulation Number 13 of 2011. The program aims

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to improve welfare and increase employment

opportunities of rural communities. The target of the

recipient of the program is the rural community that

has had an independent business, which is possible

to be developed into a village community business

which will then become the village's superior

product. The program stimulates superior products

in every village and sub-district so that productivity

increases. The stimulation is in the form of intensive

capital assistance and technical guidance. Especially

stimulating the mentality of society so as not to give

up and fight to succeed. The implementation of the

Program was carried out by several Local

Government Unit of Work/Satuan Kerja Pemerintah

Daerah (SKPD) in the Lamongan Regency

Government Environment. The Gemerlap Program

includes; (1) agriculture and forestry, (2) animal

husbandry, (3) Fisheries, (4) cooperatives, trade and

industry.

The implementation of the Gemerlap Program

begins with the socialization carried out in two

stages. The first phase of socialization at the district

level was carried out at the Bupati’s office. In the

second phase, the socialization was carried out at the

sub-district level. After the socialization at the sub-

district level will be conducted a selection will be

conducted in several community groups. Groups that

have passed the selection stage will be verified by

the Verification Team consisting of the program

implementing the Local Government Unit of Work.

Several community empowerment programs are

also carried out by the Local Government Work Unit

(SKPD) of Lamongan district according to their

main duties and functions. The Office of Social,

Manpower and Transmigration, for example, in the

field of employment, the Office functions to

formulate and implement technical policies in the

field of manpower such as overcoming

unemployment, employment, industrial relations,

supervision of work protection, foreign labor, job

training, and guarantees, social employment. One of

the SKPD’s authorities is to provide job seeker

status. To get the status of this job seeker, the

applicant simply meets the requirements such as

submitting a copy of Lamongan ID card, diploma.

The applicant does not even need to include in his

application a police record certificate/Surat

Keterangan Catatan Kepolisian (SKCK). If the

applicant does not have a Lamongan ID card, the

applicant simply carries a residence certificate in

Lamongan issued by the village where the applicant

is domiciled. In 2016, the policies adopted was

related to the improvement of the quality and

development of workforce competencies, among

others through the development of community work

skills, strengthening the facilities and infrastructure

of the vocational training centers, as well as the

dissemination of labor market information through

the Job Market Fair.

This agency also in charge on running

government programs both central and local

governments of Lamongan district such as the

implementation of social security and protection,

social rehabilitation, and also social empowerment.

The Central Government program, which is escorted

by the Social Service of Lamongan, is related to the

assistance of the Minister of Social Affairs for the

Yayasan Lingkar Perdamaian, such as a live skill

program or vocational training of former terrorist

prisoners, Smart Indonesia Card, their families

Healthy Indonesia Cards and Prosperous Family

Cards for former terrorist prisoners children.

Lamongan Regency Office of Cooperatives,

Industry and Trade, one of the foundations of

regional economic development. Based on the

division of authority regulated by Government

Regulation No. 37 of 2007 concerning the division

of government affairs, there are two matters which

are the authority of the Lamongan Regency Office

of Cooperatives, Industry and Trade/ Dinas

Koperasi dan Usaha Menengah Kecil (UMKM),

which are compulsory and Industrial Choice and

Trade affairs that must be carried out by the

provincial and district/district governments. The

existence of cooperatives as economic pillars is

expected to be able to mobilize the regional

economy.

Broadly speaking, the activities of the Office

can be described as follows; (1) an increase the

percentage of active cooperatives. Quality

improvement program for cooperative institutions

and businesses, institutional and business inspection

activities, assessment activities for conventional and

Syari'ah, monitoring activities for implementing

sanctions and institutional and business

rehabilitation, (2) increasing the scale of business

from the classification of micro enterprises to small.

Making conducive climate creation programs for

micro small business and cooperative, Policy

making activities on small and medium enterprises,

Cooperative clinic service activities, Facilitation

Activities and business legality for cooperatives and

Medium and Small enterprise (MSE), socialization

activities principles for understanding cooperative

rules and regulations, development activities

standardization of Indonesian National

Work/Strandar Kompetensi Kerja Nasional

Indonesia (SKKNI). (3) new entrepreneurial growth,

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and organizing entrepreneurship training and

enhancing the cooperative network of cooperatives.

The Office that is most responsible for the

affairs of youth development is the Youth and Sports

Service. The vision of this service is “the realization

of productive, prestigious and innovative youth and

sports people.” While its mission is; (1) creating

productive, patifying and innovative youth, (2)

realizing quality, achievement and community

sports; 3) realizing independent and prosperous

youth and sports people.

Generally, the programs of activities is youth

awareness, empowerment and development. The

field of youth awareness, is a new field in the Duties

and Functions of the Disspora of Lamongan

Regency so that it does not have a special program

for young people, families or former terrorist

prisoners. related to terrorist countermeasures or

efforts to prevent the recurrence of terrorist cases

committed by old actors or their families. The Head

of the Youth Section at the Youth and Sports Service

(Dinas Pendidikan dan Olahraga/Dispora) in

Lamongan revealed that: “We are entrusted by the

Ministry of Youth and Sports on matters of

terrorism, not to technical matters. But in the area of

service, awareness. In the field of youth

empowerment, youth empowerment activities are

carried out through activities to generate potential

and active youth roles through, training in defense of

the country every year, we ask participants to go to

the subdistrict head and copy organization, then

forward to organizations such as the Indonesian

National Youth Committee/Komite Nasional

Pemuda Indonesia (KNPI), Nahdlatul Ulama

Student Association (IPNU) and other youth

organization in Lamongan district. Youth

development activities as disclosed by the Secretary

of the Department of Youth and Sport said: “giving

birth to reliable athletes by striving to filter talented

seed athletes through selection and training sports

activities.”

National Unity and Politics (Kesatuan bangsa

dan politik/Kesbangpol) Lamongan district. The

vision of the National and Political Unity Agency of

Lamongan Regency is taken from the realization of

Lamongan Regency’s vision “the realization of

lamongan is more prosperous and competitive”.

While the Department's mission is “to establish a

peaceful and peaceful community life by upholding

local culture". Social and political development in

the region, then the initial steps and thoughts about

the Main Tasks and Functions of the National Unity

Political and Public Protection Agency are also

synchronized with the new paradigm and adapted to

the situation and conditions of the surrounding

community in carrying out the task of social political

roles in the regions in accordance with the reform

era. Broadly speaking, the duties and authorities of

this Service are divided into; 1) Political and inter-

institutional relations; 2) Strategic study and

awareness; 3) National integration and nationality.

SKPD whose portfolios or commonly known as

tasks and functions are striving to improve the field

of ideology, insight into nationality, awareness,

domestic politics, artistic, cultural, religious and

economic resilience in society.

In addition, this SKPD also cooperated with

religious leaders in creating inter-religious harmony

in Lamogan district. This form of cooperation is

implemented in the activities of the Religious

Harmony Forum (Forum Kerukunan Umat

Beragama/FKUB). This institution is a “cultural

diplomacy”, which is a form of symbiotic relations

between religious actors and government agents who

both benefit from one another. Religious figures are

one of the institutions that are relied upon in

building dialogue between religious communities.

This model of dialogue can be called an Institutional

Dialogue, which is a dialogue between institutional

representatives of various religious organizations

involving government-recognized religious

assemblies.

From the field study it was found that the

Ministry of Religion Office (Kantor Urusan

Agama/KKA) of Lamongan Regency was also not

directly involved in the economic empowerment of

young people, let alone participate in running

programs that were oriented towards improving

skills so that this young group could be

economically independent and eventually more

protected from radicalism and acts of terrorism. So

that when there is a pop-up from Lamongan it is

casuistic, only people are not on behalf of

institutions or organizations. So we the Ministry of

Religion is doing guidance in nature. Ministry of

Religion works to provide guidance and fostering

religion “There are coaching activities, there are

two. The first is guidance every once a week in

prison, and every Friday there is guidance for

inmates, including terrorists. Secondly, we do the

Friday sermon every Friday.”

5 CONCLUSIONS

From the explanation above it can be seen that

economic factors will have a significant impact for

some people to resort to violence if they encounter

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the situation of people who experience socio-

economic deprivation, especially as a result of

modernization and rapid change. Unfortunately, The

economic empowerment program for youth in

Lamongan District is part of the community

empowerment program. Although, those programs

not directed at efforts to fight criminal acts of

terrorism and extremism directly, it was expect to be

able to keep or keep young people involved in acts

of violence and terrorism.

The economic empowerment program for youth

in Lamongan District is part of the community

empowerment program. Various programs have

been carried out by the central government such as

the PNPM Mandiri Program or local government

programs such as the Sparkling Program aiming to

reduce poverty in Lamongan District. This program

is also designed to increase youth participation. The

Lamongan regional government also undertakes

various efforts to improve services through the local

government work unit (SKPD). The Manpower and

Transmigration Manpower Office, for example,

carries out quality improvement and development of

workforce competencies, among others through

fostering community work skills, strengthening

facilities and infrastructure for vocational training

centers, and disseminating labor market information

through the Job Market Fair.

The Office of Cooperatives and Small and

Medium Enterprises carries out services in order to

create an increase in the percentage of active

cooperatives, increase the scale of business from the

classification of Micro to Small Businesses and

increase the growth of New Entrepreneurs. Youth

service is also carried out by the Youth and Sports

Service, the service is carried out through its field of

work, namely the field of youth awareness, the field

of youth empowerment. several activities carried out

such as training in defense of the country, and the

revitalization of youth organizations and the

empowerment of athletes. Empowerment is also

carried out by the National Unity and Politics

(Kesbangpol) Lamongan district. The performance

of affairs on National Unity and Politics is the

percentage of social conflicts that are handled

reached 100 percent and the percentage of

organizations, registered political organizations and

NGOs is 96.58 according to the target set and the

increase of Inter-Religious Harmony in Lamogan

Regency. While the Ministry of Religion Office

(KKA) of Lamongan Regency, the empowerment

efforts are carried out through guidance and

religious guidance.

Community Empowerment including youth is

also carried out by Community Organizations. One

of the characteristics of the Lamongan community is

the strength of civil society, this community power

is gathered in various organizations such as NU and

Muhammadiyah. Some community empowerment

activities are carried out by these two organizations,

such as education and training activities, and

community strengthening programs. In addition, the

Lamongan community also has a high

entrepreneurial spirit, the economic downturn has

caused them to become traders and work abroad.

Regarding the vulnerability of youth to be

involved in acts of terrorism, the Central

Government, through the BNPT and the Regional

Government has collaborated with the Lingkar

Perdamain Foundation. The Foundation seeks to de-

radicalize youth involved in terrorism activities.

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