Study of Typology and Morphology on Nusantara Architecture

Principle of Bugis Traditional House in Bulukumba Indonesia

Hilmania

, Jundi Imaduddin

, Ninka Rulianasari

, Harida Samudro

, A. B. Mappaturi

, Ernaning

Setiyowati

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Science and Technology,

Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia

Keywords: typology, morphology, Bugis traditional house, Nusantara architecture, Bulukumba

Abstract: Bugis traditional house of Bulumkumba has many varieties that are not only based on the level of society

but also has small differences because of the environment. Bulukumba is located between Bugis and

Makassar which indeed influence the house form. The research location is along the main corridor of

Bantaeng regency (Makassar ethnic) to Bulukumba regency (Bugis ethnic). The purpose of this research is

giving a more specific classification of the timpalaja house which has one line from the typology and the

morphology that function as the reference to continue this research. A qualitative method with analytical

descriptive is used to reveal more about the typology and the morphology pattern of Bugis traditional house

in Bulukumba. This study used literature review and the image of simulation to simplify the description.

The result of this study found that there are topology and the morphology uniqueness of the house, which

does not use the cosmos comprehension.

1 INTRODUCTION

Bugis society has a cultural diversity that

brought to this day. Customs become a guideline in

thinking and acting according to the pattern of life of

the community (Marwati & Qur’ani 2016) (Abdel-

Azim & Osman 2017). Customs as cultural products

that are developed by humans so that they may

change at a time (Ulusoy & Kuyrukcu 2012)

(Šiožinytė et al. 2014). Bugis tribal house as a

traditional architecture that is still maintained by the

Bugis tribe, South Sulawesi (Rahmansah & Rauf

2015). The Shape of Bugis traditional houses are

generally on stilts and using selected wood materials

(Sani et al. 2015).

The Bugis know the social level system, which is

a symbol in the face of the roof to show the level in

the community called timpalaja in the form of a line

level (Rahmansah & Rauf 2015). Also, the Bugis

tribe also know cosmology on the traditional Bugis

tribal house. According to the concept of Bugis

mythology on the structure of the house consists of

three parts, namely: the rakkeang as the roof of the

house which is considered the supreme deity, alle

bola as part of the house as a human place, and awa

bola as the bottom of the house for livestock

(Abidah 2017) (Rashid & Ara 2015).

As time goes by, the Bugis tribal traditional

houses that are currently preserved and become

symbols of the Bugis people experiencing changes

that are influenced by the environment, social, and

culture. The reason for this change is due to the

absence of rules. At present, there are many

differences in each house despite the differences in

timpalaja. This difference can be based on location

in Bulukumba Regency which is a meeting point

between Bugis and Makassar tribes, so that cultural

adaptation and acculturation occur. Slowly the Bugis

traditional house experienced a significant change

(Marwati & Andriani 2017).

This study aims to provide a specific

classification on the traditional house of the Bugis

tribe regarding typology and morphology. Typology

is the study of types with categorization and

classification to produce models (Hematang &

Sarina 2017). Typology is the science that is used to

736

Hilmania, ., Imaduddin, J., Rulianasari, N., Samudro, H., Mappaturi, A. and Setiyowati, E.

Study of Typology and Morphology on Nusantara Architecture Principle of Bugis Traditional House in Bulukumba Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009915507360741

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 736-741

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

show types or types with similarities, repetitions and

also differences in composition (Santoni 2014).

Typology studies are carried out to find out types in

different objects. While morphology is a study to

classify organic forms according to their types and

rules, so that the basic forms can be found and

understood (Setyabudi et al. 2012).

Bugis people know about cosmological

perceptions in their culture. There are three kinds of

classification of the Bugis cosmological perception,

the world level classification (the upper world, the

middle world, and the lower world), the

classification of the structure of traditional houses

(heads, bodies and houses), and the classification of

the four corners (north, south, west and east) (Yunus

2012).

The four corners represent as the architectural

elements in the facade elements of the Bugis

traditional house, such as the shape of the door, the

composition of the roof, windows, and ornaments

have their meaning in each component, namely: (a)

Doors or called Tange, the door is usually always

placed on an even number, (b) roof arrangement

(timpalaja) has meaning according to the number of

settings. The more the number of structures in the

timpalaja, the higher the social level, (c) Tellongeng

is a window, the placement is usually on the wall

between two pillars of the house, (d) Ornaments

generally have an archetype derived from natural

flora and fauna (Marwati & Qur’ani 2016) (Marwati

& Andriani 2017).

The traditional architecture of traditional Bugis

houses is still widely found in Bulukumba district.

With the existence of the traditional residence of the

Bugis tribe and it becomes experiencing significant

changes which will later lose its identity (Nurjannah

& Anisa 2010). As previously explained that the

existing problem is the absence of official rules

about cultural heritage and the current needs factors.

With the existence of this study aims to find the

essence as documentation of traditional Bugis

houses in Bulukumba from the facade of the

building which later can become a development in

archipelago architecture in the next research.

2 METHOD

The result recites the houses in a long the main

corridor of bulukumba regency into bantaeng

regency. The purpose of this research is giving a

more specific classification of the timpalaja house

which has one line from the typology and the

morphology that function as the references continue

this research. The research object specifically for the

homes with timpalaja which has one line with the

total 18 houses of bugis. Bulukumba is located at

division area between Bugis and Makassar. The

object divided to be two locations there is the row of

house in northern and southern.

Figure 1. The location of Bugis’ first strata house

This research uses qualitative, descriptive methods,

by explaining in the deductive form an overview of

existing problems on typology and morphology of

the traditional House of the Bugis Bulukumba

Regency mainly from the typology of the roof with

strata one. The type of data to be used in this study

based on the source, the data source of this research

comes from:

a. Primary Data (Primary Data) primary Data is

obtained through the collection of data on the

physical form of the photos on the site.

b. Secondary Data (Secondary Data) the

secondary Data is data which consists of data

collected through literature research was, and other

trusted sources.

Methods of data analysis that is used to express

the research findings in the form of qualitative data

analysis conducted mutually establish with the

process of collecting data to identify the range of

typology and morphology at the traditional House of

South Sulawesi. The observation is done taking into

account variable typology and morphology

(Hărmănescu & Enache 2016). Variable typology,

i.e. components that make up the shape of the facade

of the house: roof form, timpalaja, windows,

balconies, and stairs. Meanwhile, variable

morphology form identification form of the facade

of the House by looking at the changing shape of the

intensity.

Study of Typology and Morphology on Nusantara Architecture Principle of Bugis Traditional House in Bulukumba Indonesia

737

3 DISCUSSION

The object of the Bugis traditional house that is

analyzed were 18 houses with a single strata type on

the Bantaeng-Bulukumba axis road. In the row on

the north side of the road consists of 11 homes.

while the row on the south side consists of 7 houses.

Rows of houses in figures 2 and 3 correspond to the

order of houses starting from the west of the road.

Figure 2. Objects of houses in the north side of the road

The object of this research is devoted to the

traditional Bugis house with the roof of the first

strata timpalaja which is marked by the form of a

line on the roof facade.

Figure 3. Objects of houses on the south side of the road

The identification of traditional Bugis houses with

timpalaja strata one line as follows:

a. The shape of the house is rectangular with a

plan that extends backward.

b. The roof used is generally in the form of a

triangular saddle roof with a wooden structure

and zinc cover material. The angle of the roof

used is typically 30-40 degrees, in contrast to

the side cover roof with a slope of around 7-15

degrees.

c. The shape of the roof facade with a lattice

called timpalaja with a single stratum in the

form of a line generally consisting of a

rectangular or two rectangular shapes or a

square canopy. There is also a gap between the

roof cover. Timpalaja with strata one indicates

the lowest social levels. The material used is

zinc and wood as a roof facade cover.

d. On the front of the house, there is generally a

balcony that functions as the entrance to the

living room. The terrace consists of stairs and

railings. Material ladder uses wood, while

railing material usually uses wood arranged

vertically or horizontally, but some use zinc

cover.

e. The structure of the house building uses the

construction of the stage house with wood

material.

f. The walls of the house generally use a wood

material with a wall height of about 3-4 meters.

g. The door, called tange, is used as a panel door

with wood material. h. Windows or tellongeng

generally use swing windows, awning

windows.

h. The window is called tellongeng, commonly

uses swing window.

The traditional Bugis house object along the

Bulukumba Bantaeng axle road was found in 18

samples of conventional Bugis house objects with

the shape of the first strata timpalaja roof. Typology

aspects are obtained from the constituent

components of the home facade. These components

are in the form of roofs, timpalaja, balconies,

windows, and stairs.

Morphological typology analysis of the

building is divided into two according to the location

of the house. The first row of houses was on the

north side of the road, the second row of houses was

on the south side of the road. Many typologies were

found from this analysis as components of the home

facade.

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

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Figure 4. Typology analysis of the row of houses north

side of the road

Figure 5. Typology analysis of the row of houses south

side of the road

Typological aspects of the location of the row

of houses north of the road are obtained:

a. The typology of the triangle saddle roof.

b. Timpalaja strata one with two lattice holes

c. Timpalaja with one grid hole

d. Timpalaja with a canopy form accompanied

by a grid

e. Generally, the position of the balcony is on

the front left side with the location of the

stairs which have two areas, namely the left

side and front left

f. Generally, the windows on the facade of the

house consist of three pieces, but some have

additional windows with small windows. The

type of window used is generally jalousie

windows, wooden awnings and glass

windows, and window blinds.

Typological aspects of the southern row of houses

are obtained:

a. The basic shape of the roof is saddle

b. Typical strata one which is generally a single

hole grid

c. There are also two lattice holes

d. Usually, the position of the balcony is in front

and broader, the location of the stair is

generally on the right front, and there is also on

the right side.

e. Windows on facades generally line up with

three and six pieces. The type of window used

is typically wooden and glass awning windows,

jalousie

Morphological aspects of the traditional Bugis

southern house are obtained:

a. There are differences in ladder placement

b. Window materials that not only use wood but

combine it with glass

c. The existence of ornaments in the roof as the

effect of the development of the ages.

d. The existence of ornaments on the roof of the

house due to the times

e. The shape of the roof arrangement is

increasingly varied e. The form of timpalaja

which is not only in the form of an ugaris, but

is more varied

f. The number of windows can exceed three but

cannot be up to 7

g. The addition of ventilation on the roof

Study of Typology and Morphology on Nusantara Architecture Principle of Bugis Traditional House in Bulukumba Indonesia

739

Figure 6. Analysis of the morphology of a row of Houses

north of the road

Figure 7. Analysis of the morphology of a row of houses

of the road.

4 CONCLUSIONS

From the data and study described above, it can

be concluded that the influence of the typology and

morphology of traditional Bugis houses can be seen

from the physical and non-physical aspects. Physical

aspects are in the form of area and climate, while the

non-physical elements of local wisdom are included

all the elements of the culture. The typology of the

Bugis traditional house along the bulukumba

bantaeng shaft road was obtained from the

constituent components of the house facade. These

components are in the form of roofs, timpalaja,

balconies, windows, and stairs.

Meanwhile, the morphology can be seen from

the physical structure that has changed or added

from year to year. Existing changes do not change

the original shape of the traditional house. Bugis

tribal conventional house is a cultural asset that

deserves to be preserved and preserved by the

collaboration between the government and the Bugis

tribe community. The government should be able to

be firm with the implementation of regulations

relating to the cultural preservation of a region. As

we know that the impact of globalization is huge in

Indonesia cannot be avoided and prevented

anymore. Like the discussion from this study where

the results of this study found changes that are

influenced by modernity in the current of

globalization.

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