The Translation Analysis of English Imperatives into Javanese by
Google Translate
Pikir Wisnu Wijayanto
School of Applied Science, Telkom University., Telekomunikasi Street No 1 Terusan Buah Batu, Bandung, West Java 40257,
Indonesia.
Keywords: Translation; English and Javanese Imperatives; Google
Abstract: There are many ways of translating sentence according to its function. One of the most common ways in
translating is by using the translation machine namely Google Translate. But there are still many problems
faced while we use this machine translation, such as it involves ambiguity and vagueness because the
structure of one language and another is different. Especially between English and Javanese structures. This
research aimed at analyzing the results of translation of English imperatives into Javanese by Google
Translate. This research used a descriptive qualitative research method that focuses on the imperative
sentences in English into Javanese used to give a command, request, invitation, prohibition, advice,
suggestion, and compulsion. The results showed that translation of English imperatives into Javanese by
Google Translate was generally considered as inappropriate, inaccurate and incorrect translation. There
were some errors and inconsistency translations of English imperatives’ markers into Javanese, such as in
command, request, invitation, prohibition, advice, and suggestion. Based on the finding from this research,
it can be concluded that Google Translate still needs some improvements in translating the output precisely
in the meaning of English imperatives into Javanese.
1 INTRODUCTION
Modern technology has become very useful tools to
for them to acquire second language. There are
many products on language learning sold through
internet such as software tools for language learning
which use computer technology application. Beside
the language learning product, many websites, blogs,
and social media also provide language learning
starting from beginner until advanced level, and
these have been proved very useful for those who
learn second language. However, no matter what
language people want to learn, for those who really
don’t have any knowledge of the language they want
to learn, they still need the language to be spoken or
written in their native language so that they can
understand the language system. Therefore, in order
to do so the translation is absolutely needed.
There are many ways in translation, such as by
machine translation. One of the common machine
translation that use by people is Google Translate.
However, Google Translate, like other automatic
translation tools, has its limitations. There are still
many problems faced while we use this machine
translation, such as it involves ambiguity and ill-
formedness, because the structure of one language
and another is different. For example, Google
Translate translated, “Please turn on the television!”
become “Mangga uripke televisi!” in Javanese. The
result of translation by Google Translate is incorrect,
because the word “please” should be “tulung” in
Javanese. Therefore, the sentence should be
translated into “Tolong nyalakan televisi!” or
“Tulung uripke televise!” Although the words of
“silakan”, “tolong” and “tulung” are the marker of
imperatives but in this case the word “tolong” or
“tulung” is better than “silakan”.
The Google Translate service limits the number
of paragraphs and the range of technical terms that
can be translated, and while it can help the reader to
understand the general content of a foreign language
text, it does not always deliver accurate translations
and most times, it tends to repeat verbatim the same
word it's expected to translate. Google Translate also
does not apply structure or grammatical rules, since
its algorithms are based on statistical analysis rather
than traditional rule-based analysis. When we talk
about structure, indirectly we also talk about
210
Wijayanto, P.
The Translation Analysis of English Imperatives into Javanese by Google Translate.
DOI: 10.5220/0009018900002297
In Proceedings of the Borneo International Conference on Education and Social Sciences (BICESS 2018), pages 210-217
ISBN: 978-989-758-470-1
Copyright
c
 2022 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

sentence. According to Frank (1972: 220), “sentence
is the unit of grammatical organization with which
part of speech (e.g nouns, verbs, adverbs) and
grammatical classes (e.g word, phrase, and clause)
are said to function. Sentence according to its
function can be divided into four, namely declarative
sentence, interrogative sentence, exclamatory
sentence and imperative sentence”. Hall says (1981:
59), “imperative sentence – commands and requests
– use the simple form of the verb without any stated
subjects”.
This study will focus on the discussion about the
translation analysis of English imperative sentences
into Javanese by Google Translate as one of the
sentence function. Based on the explanation above,
the writer is interested in analyzing the translation of
English imperatives into Javanese by Google
Translate. The problems of the study are formulated
to answer the following questions: (1) What errors
does Google Translate make in translating English
imperatives into Javanese? and (2) How does the
effective way to solve the error problems?. The main
purpose of this research is to analyze the translation
of English imperatives into Javanese by Google
Translate. Based on the problems of study, this
research is conducted to find out the errors that
Google Translate made in translating English
imperatives into Javanese, and find out the way to
solve the problems of errors.
This research only focuses on the translation
analysis of seven types of English imperatives into
Javanese by Google Translate in the function of
imperatives as command, request, invitation,
suggestion, advice, prohibition, and compulsion.
This research is expected to helpful and useful for
the readers who are learning translation especially
machine translation (Google Translate). This
research also can be the reference and useful for the
translator who wants to use the machine translate
especially Google Translate, whenever they find
problems with the results of English imperatives
translation into Javanese that Google Translate
made.
2 MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION
2.1 Translation
Translation plays an important function as an inter-
lingual or multi-lingual (translation between two or
more different languages) communication activity in
order to get the information. Reiss in Venuti (2004:
160) states “Inter-lingual or multi-lingual translation
is a bilingual or multilingual mediated process of
communication, which usually aims at the
production of a target language (TL) text and is
functionally equivalent to source language (SL)
text”. It means that one text is considered whether its
coherence of text is good or not is determined by
those two aspects of language; the most appropriate
words and grammatical structures used in the text.
Reiss and Vermer in Jeremy Munday (2000: 79)
states that the coherence of text is much influenced
by the appropriateness in the use of grammatical and
or lexical cohesion to connect between one sentence
and another or between one paragraph and another
of a text. Nida and Taber (1969) also define
translation as a process for reproducing the natural
equivalent of the SL message, especially in terms of
meaning and style. There must be correspondence of
meaning between SL and TL. While, Larson
(1998:3) states that translation is closer to the
meaning than the style (form) but should still follow
the rules of TL. Translation also can be defined as
the process of transferring the meaning, idea or
information from SL to TL.
Nida in (Venuti 2004:126) says that there are no
two identical languages, either in meaning or in the
structures. A translator should have a perfect
knowledge of the original language, and a
competence acquaintance with the subject of which
it treats. In order to obtain a good quality of
translation especially related to its accuracy,
acceptability, and readability, a translator should be
able to adjust the structure of SL to the appropriate
structure of the TL so that the product of the
translation is more acceptable or readable by the
readership, The choice of forms to be used in the
translation is sometimes dependent on the
translators’ judgment. It is not a simple and easy
work to do for the translator to make natural
translation and has the exactly same meaning with
the SL, because every language has the different
structures or grammar. According to Catford in A
Linguistics Theory of Translation, translation is the
replacement of textual material in one language (SL)
by equivalent textual material in another language. It
means that in translation, the textual element of
source language is replaced by their equivalents,
which are textual elements of target language
(Catford, 1974: 20).
2.2 English Imperatives
According to Hornby (1976: 193), English
Imperatives is a sentence which is contained of
commands, requests, prohibitions, etc addressed by
The Translation Analysis of English Imperatives into Javanese by Google Translate
211

the speaker to the addressee in order to do
something. To emphasize the strength of a
command, typically an exclamation point (!) is used.
However, a period can apply as well. Though the
exclamation mark is used as the marker for
imperatives in most examples (mostly as a visual
signification of the mood which is otherwise
unmarked in English), there is no reason this is
required, and a period is fine as well. In addition, a
question mark (?) would be used when a person can
choose whether or not to do it, because it is more
polite.
2.2.1 The Types of English Imperatives
Positive Imperatives
According to Hornby (1976: 193), positive
imperatives can be expressed in various ways; the
verbs command, invites, request, suggest, giving
advice to the addressee. Commonly in imperatives, it
is unnecessary to indicate the subject because the
second person of the address is directly understood
(e.g Keep silent!). When the speaker gives advice to
the addressee, the copula ‘be’ is used. It is placed at
the beginning of sentence and followed by adjective,
adverb or noun. (e.g Be a good student!). Transitive
and intransitive verbs can form positive imperative
sentence (e.g Open the door!) as transitive, and (e.g
Sit down please!) as intransitive.
Negative Imperatives
Negative imperative sentence provides a request
or suggestion to the addressee no to do something. It
can be a prohibition or warning (Drommand, 1972:
23). The markers of this sentence are don’t, don’t be,
must not, let’s not, and no. (e.g Don’t you touch that
number!).
2.2.2 The Functions of English Imperatives
Imperatives as Command
The command is given when there is a
power between speaker and listener, the
speaker has an authority to command the
listener to do something. The command also
can be used as cooperative between speaker
and listener, means there is no different in
power or authority between the speaker and
listener.
Imperatives as Request
Imperative sentence as request means that
the speaker asks the addressee to do something
politely. It is almost similar to the command
but more polite in the meaning. A request is an
intention of the speaker, so that the listener
does something. Dixon (1957:76) writes
imperative sentence as request can be signaled
by please, do, will you, do you mind, would you
mind, can you, could you, etc.
Imperatives as Invitation
The speaker invites the addressee by the
words would you like, let and can be the
question tag won’t you in imperative sentence.
Imperatives as Suggestion
In suggestion, the speaker suggests the
listener to do something. It can be indicated by
the words let’s, let’s not, you had better, shall
we, why don’t you and might.
Imperatives as Advice
Imperative sentence as advice ask the
listener to take or do the speaker’s idea,
opinion or a plan given to somebody about
what the speaker should to do.
Imperatives as Prohibition
In prohibition, the speaker asks to the
listener not do something. It deals with
negative imperative form. The prohibition
always uses the marker “Don’t” or “No” before
the sentences. Prohibition is quite same to the
warning expression. Besides, prohibition is
also used for the short announcement and
signaled by no + gerund.
Imperative as Compulsion
In compulsion, the speaker commands the
listener to do something with emphasis. The
word ‘must’ usually indicate this function.
2.2.3 The Markers of English Imperatives
The markers in imperative sentence have essential
place. They will indicate the meaning of imperative
sentence to the listener. They also show whether the
speaker asks the listener politely or not. In the types
and functions of imperative sentence, the researcher
has written some markers or signals of imperative
sentence. For the politeness form, the markers can
be “please”, “will you”, “would you”, “could you”,
“do”, etc. While in the negative imperative sentence
as prohibition, the markers are “don’t”, “don’t be”,
and “no”
The imperative markers in command
In imperative command, there are no auxiliary
verbs except “do”, which must occur in negative
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commands and sometimes it also occur in
positive commands. It is common for using verb
base at the beginning of sentence.
The imperative markers in request
“Please” – It is used to form the politeness in
imperative sentence as request. It can be placed
not only before the imperative verb or after
imperative verb.
“Do” - It is a formula of politeness to form
imperative sentence as request. It is a speaker’s
entreaty to the listener (Frank, 1972:58).
“Will you‟ - It is used when the speaker asks the
listener politely. Its position is not only in the
beginning of sentence but also in the end of
sentence.
“Would you‟ - The marker of “would you‟ is
more polite than “will you‟. It is placed at the
beginning and the end of imperative verb.
“Would you mind” or “Do you mind” - These
are the other formulas of politeness for request.
It is followed by v-ing.
“Can you or “Could you” - The marker of “can
you‟ also indicates the imperative as request.
But, it is not as polite as “would you” and
“could you”. Both of “can you‟ and “could you‟
are used in informal request. They are applied
when the speaker knows well the addressee.
The imperative markers in invitation
“Won’t you” – The marker “won’t you‟ shows
that the speaker invites the addressee politely.
Its position can be at the beginning or at the end
of sentence.
“Would you like” - The use of this marker
indicates that speaker invites to the addressee.
The marker is followed by to infinitive or noun.
The imperative markers in suggestion
“Let’s” or “Let’s not” – “Let’s” has a function
that the speaker makes a suggestion for his/her
self and the addressee. While the marker “let’s
not” is used by speaker when he/she suggests
the listener not to do something
“Shall” – When there is a question that is used
“shall”, it shows that the speaker is suggesting
about something.
“You had better” – “You had better‟ also can
indicate that the speaker suggests the listener to
do what he/she says.
“Why don’t you‟ - This marker shows that the
speaker suggest something to the addressee.
The imperative markers in advice
The markers of imperative sentence as advice
can be “don’t”, “don’t be” and “be”
The imperative markers in prohibition
“Don’t” or “Don’t be” - These common markers
are applied in the prohibition form. The position
of “don’t” and “don’t be” are in front of the
imperative verbs.
“No” – The marker “no” must to be followed by
gerund when it forms a brief notice of
prohibition.
The imperative markers in compulsion
To show the compulsion in imperative sentence,
it uses the word “must”. This marker indicates
that the listener or addressee must do the
command.
2.3 Javanese Imperatives
Javanese Imperative has similar definition to the
English imperative. Sudaryanto (1992:139) says that
imperative sentence always involves the second
speaker as the person who “must‟ do the command
whether it is positive or negative. In simple words,
Nurhayati and Mulyani (2006:131) explain
imperative sentence has meaning which needs action
as respond. Thus, imperative sentence in Javanese
can be concluded as sentence which asks the listener
to do action from the speaker either in positive
command or negative command. It has similar
definition to the imperative sentence in English
.
3 METHOD
The writer uses a descriptive qualitative research
method. The data in this research are also qualitative
data. Qualitative is usually analyzed by subjecting to
some form of coding process. This technique is used
in many research organizations as a way of
classifying data. (Wilkinson, 2000: 79). The source
of the data in this research is English imperatives.
The writer uses the similar sentences of each English
imperatives types that would be translated into
Javanese by Google Translate. Documentary
technique was used to collect the data. Documentary
means “read all references”. The required
information was collected by reading, quoted the
English imperatives become the data, and classified
the English imperatives as many references as
possible related to the research.
There were some procedures in analyzing the
data. A descriptive analysis was applied by
analyzing the results of translation the English
imperatives into Javanese by Google Translate such
as first, classifying the English imperatives into are
six kinds of English imperatives: imperatives as
command, request, invitation, suggestion, advice,
The Translation Analysis of English Imperatives into Javanese by Google Translate
213

prohibition, and compulsion. Then, translating the
English imperatives into Javanese language by
inputting the data into Google Translate machine.
Next, analyzing the results of Google by translate in
translating of English imperatives into Javanese, and
identifying the results, are there any changes of
meaning or structure in the results of translation by
Google Translate? After that, evaluating the
translation results translated by Google Translate. Is
it correct or not? Does “Google Translate” translate
the sentence based on the rules of translation? And
finally, making conclusion about the results of
translation
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 The Results and Analysis
Translation of English Imperatives
into Javanese by Google Translate
This chapter deals with the functions of English
imperatives and the results of Javanese translation
by Google Translate with respect to aspects of
imperatives already discussed previously.
English imperatives as command
Table 1. Translation of English Imperatives as Command
Into Javanese
English
imperatives
English
SL
Javanese
TL
as command - Take the
chalk!
- Open the
door!
- Close the
window!
- Njupuk
kapur!
- Bukak
lawang!
- Nutup
jendhela!
The results of translation in English imperative
as command into Javanese are almost correct. In
Javanese, a sentence as command are signaled by the
suffixes -a, -ana, -na and –en. Therefore, the word
“Njupuk”, “Bukak” and “Nutup” should be signaled
the suffixes –na or -en, become “Jupukna”,
“Bukakna” and “Tutupen” or Jupuken”, “Bukaken”
and “Tutupen”. In short, the suffixes -a, -ana, -na
and –en in Javanese could not be translated by this
machine.
English imperatives as request
Table 2. Translation of English Imperatives as Request
Into Javanese
English
imperatives
English
SL
Javanese
TL
as request - Pass the book,
please!
- Could you take
the pen, please!
- Can you take
the pen, please!
- Do you mind
walking to the
office!
- Would you
mind walking
to the office!
- Pass buku,
please!
- Apa
sampeyan
njupuk pals,
mangga!
- Bisa njupuk
pals, mangga!
- Apa
sampeyan
pikiran
lumampah
kanggo
kantor!
- Punapa atine
nyawang
kanggo
kantor!
This imperative sentence as request asks the
listener to do something but more politely than
command (Nurhayati and Mulyani, 2006:133). It
looks like a request but there is a command. In
English imperatives as request, all English sentences
couldn’t be translated into Javanese correctly by this
machine. When the speaker asks someone to do
something politely in Javanese, he/she uses krama in
the sentence. Therefore, this machine has not
detected appropriate krama in Javanese translation.
English imperatives as invitation
Table 3. Translation of English Imperatives as Invitation
Into Javanese
English
imperatives
English
SL
Javanese
TL
as invitation - Have a piece
of cake,
won’t you?
- Would you
like to come
to my
daughter’s
wedding
party?
- Please let
me know if
there is
anything else
you need.
- Nduwe Piece
saka jajan, ora
sampeyan?
- Punapa
panjenengan
kersa teka
wedding party
sandi putri
kang?
- Mangga mugi
kula ngerti yen
ana tindakan
liya sing perlu.
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In English imperatives as invitation, there were
some words that could not be translated into
Javanese such the word “piece”, “wedding”, “party”.
Also the question tag “won’t you” still could not be
translated by this machine. While the word “please”
was translated inappropriately. It should be
translated into “tulung” than “mangga”. However,
the use of “would you like” marker that indicates
that speaker invites to the addressee, could be
translated correctly into Javanese.
English imperatives as suggestion
Table 4. Translation of English Imperatives as Suggestion
Into Javanese
English
imperatives
English
SL
Javanese
TL
as suggestion
- Why don’t
you take
your
bicycle!
- Let’s not
waste your
time by
playing
game!
- You had
better stay
at home!
- Apa ora
sampeyan
njupuk pit
Panjenengan!
- Ayo dadi ora
sampah wektu
kanthi muter
game!
- Sampeyan
wis apik
Tetep ing
ngarep!
Antunsuhono (1956:37) explains imperative
sentence as suggestion seems to imperative sentence
as command, but listener is asked to do what
speaker’s said together. In this imperatives, all the
marks of English imperatives as suggestion such as
“Why don’t you”, “Let’s not“, “You had better”
could not be translated correctly so that the results of
translation were poor.
English imperatives as advice
Table 5. Translation of English Imperatives as Advice Into
Javanese
English
imperatives
English
SL
Javanese
TL
as advice - Be patient!
- Be careful!
- Be aware!
- Don’t be lazy
- Don’t go
- Get some rest!
- Take these
pills three
times a day!
- Sabar!
- Ati-ati!
- Bakal weruh!
- Aja keset
- Aja lunga
- Njaluk
sawetara
liyane!
- Njupuk pil telu
dina!
In English imperatives sentence marks as advice
that gives the message to the listener to do
something better or to avoid something. The word
markers “don’t” “don’t be” and “be” could be
translated into Javanese correctly. But in longer
sentences of English imperatives, this machine could
not translate them correctly.
English imperatives as prohibition
Table 6. Translation of English Imperatives as Prohibition
Into Javanese
English
imperatives
English
SL
Javanese
TL
as prohibition
- Don’t
smoke in
this room!
- No smoking
area!
- Cars must
not be
parked in
front of the
entrance!
- Don’t be
noisy
- Ora
nglanggar
ing kamar
iki!
- Ora area
udud!
- Cars ora
kudu
diparkir ing
ngarep
ngleboke!
- Aja rame
Imperative sentence as prohibition means that
the speaker prohibits the addressee to do something.
It has similar meaning to the imperative sentence in
English. Antunsuhono (1956:36) writes the
prohibition in Javanese imperative sentence can be
signaled by aja, ora, and sampun (in Krama). The
word marker “Don’t”, “No”, and “Must not” could
not be translated correctly by this machine.
However, the marker “Don’t be” was translated
correctly. There was inconsistency of the results of
translation of the word marker “Don’t” and “Don’t
be”.
English imperatives as compulsion
Table 7. Translation of English Imperatives as
Compulsion Into Javanese
English
imperatives
English
SL
Javanese
TL
as compulsion - You must
go now!
- You must
bring
much food
tomorrow!
- You must
walk by
yourself!
- Sampeyan kudu
lunga saiki!
- Sampeyan kudu
nggawa akeh
pangan sesuk!
- Sampeyan kudu
lumaku dening
dhewe!
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215

In compulsion, the listener has to do what the
speaker says. If he/she does not do it, he/she will get
a punishment or sanction. There is an emphasis to
the listener. Based on the results of translation on the
table above, it’s surprising that the machine could
translate them correctly and appropriately. The word
marker ‘must’ was translated into ‘kudu’ followed
by the verb base.
4.2 The Discussions on Translation of
English Imperatives into Javanese
by Google Translate
Google Translate, like other automatic translation
tools, has some limitations. The service limits the
number of paragraphs and the range of technical
terms that can be translated, and while it can help the
reader to understand the general content of a foreign
language text. Google Translate does not always
deliver accurate translations and most times, it tends
to repeat verbatim the same word it's expected to
translate. It only translated the English imperative
sentence into word for word, and it is observed from
the structure of source language (SL) into target
language (TL). To solve the error problems, the
translator or the people who use the Google translate
should read the results of the translation again. They
have to be familiar with the word markers of the TL.
The different functions and types of imperative
sentences in English, there would be different
interpretation in meaning and translation.
Google Translate also does not
apply grammatical rules, since its algorithms are
based on statistical analysis rather than traditional
rule-based analysis. The writer found out the errors
of the function word and miss-selection of words
markers with similar meaning. The writer also found
out any structure-shifts occur that made by Google
Translate while doing translation of English
imperatives into Javanese. This is because of the
differences of the categories, function, and markers
of English imperatives and Javanese.
5 CONCLUSIONS AND
SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
This research focused on the imperative sentences in
English into Javanese used to give a command,
request, invitation, prohibition, advice, suggestion,
and compulsion. The results of translation of English
imperatives functions into Javanese by Google
Translate were generally inappropriate and incorrect.
There were some inconsistency translations of
English markers into Javanese. First, the results of
translation in English imperative as commands were
almost correct, but the suffixes a, ana, na and en in
Javanese could not be translated by this machine.
Second, all sentences in English imperatives as
request could not be translated into Javanese
correctly. Third, there were some words and
question tags expression in English imperatives as
invitation that could not be translated into Javanese.
Also the word please was translated inappropriately.
However, the use of would you like marker that
indicates that speaker invites to the addressee, could
be translated correctly. Fourth, all the marks of
English imperatives as suggestion such as why do
not you, Let us not, and you had better could not be
translated correctly into Javanese. Fifth, in English
imperatives as advice, most of them could not be
translated well into Javanese. The word markers do
not, do not be, and be followed by adjective could be
translated correctly. But in longer sentences of
English imperatives, this machine could not translate
them correctly. Sixth, in English imperatives as
prohibition, the word markers do not, no, and must
not could not be translated correctly by this machine,
but the marker do not be was translated correctly.
There also were inconsistency of the results of
translation of the word marker do not and do not be
in Javanese. Seventh, in English imperatives
sentences as compulsion, it is surprising that the
machine could translate the word must correctly and
appropriately into Javanese.
5.2 Suggestion
In this research, the author suggests if someone
wants to use the machine translate especially Google
Translate, they should concentrate and read the
results again, before they trust and input the results
to their write. Even though, sometimes the results of
Google Translate translated is correct. This machine
is based on something called "statistical machine
translation". This means that they gather as much
text as they can find that seems to be parallel
between two languages, and then they crunch their
data to find the likelihood that something in
Language A correspond to something in Language B
with predictably unintelligible results.
The other way that you could say Google
Translate "works" is that it often meets its users'
expectations. However, if you feed something into
the program, you are not expecting to get a perfect
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translation. You are expecting to get something that
will clue you in to the intent of the original. Since
you are getting something for free that gives you
better understanding than you would have had
otherwise, the translation often "works" for you.
Translation is not only about changing the language
a text into another language, there is more to it. The
basic requirement in translation is indeed to acquire
the two or more languages and know the similarity
and differences between the languages. If this
requirement is not met, the translation is out of the
contest of sentences.
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