Family Well-being and Radicalism in Digital Era

Moh Khoerul Anwar and Muhammad Wildan

State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Family well-being, Radicalism, Digital Era

Abstract: Family well-being has an important role in preventing radicalism. Family is an important element in human

life, especially in the society. The advanced society is whose a good and prosperous family system. One of

them can be seen from parenting style provided by parents. This article aims at exploring the family well-

being and the role of parents with regard to the radicalism movement. Radicalism and violent extremism

could stems from the inability of parents in caring of their children; the family unwell-being could makes

children looking for other figures outside the parents and family. This makes the child could not be con-

trolled. Technological advances and the digital era provides great opportunities for children to access a vari-

ety of information without the control of anyone; children could learn from anywhere and they will find a

figure that suits their will and desire. Finally, this study identify that there is correlation between the family

low-level well-being and family parenting inability with the radical attitude of children in the digital era.

1 INTRODUCTION

Correlation between family well-being and radical-

ism in the digital era. Family well-being more im-

portant for human in the world. Family is a reflec-

tion of the child's life. Children who are in parental

affection will have many opportunities to grow fully

in personality. Dewantara (1961) states the family is

a collection of individuals who have a sense of self-

less devotion for the benefit of all individuals who

take shelter in it. Family welfare becomes a decisive

part in achieving Indonesia gold by 2045. Indonesia

will be experience the golden generation. The Gold

generation is an ideal generation capable of being a

locomotive of the development of society and nation

to escape from ignorance, poverty, and backward-

ness (Sukiman, 2016). When the community already

has a good psychological well-being, then those

ideals will come true. Thus, family welfare becomes

important to support and support the positive social

life and realize Indonesia gold 2045.

Based on data from the Health Research (Risk-

esdas in terms of Indonesia) in 2013 stated that 15-

30 percent of people experiencing mental-emotional

disorders, including anxiety disorders and major

depression. The highest prevalence monomania is

mature, the remaining 5.6% monomania already

experienced by teenagers at the age of 15 to 24 years

with the number of patients as much as 2,386,323.

Low contributors to emotional adolescent mental

health caused by lack of education, drug abuse, and

also engage in violent behaviour. The prevalence

provinces in Indonesia with mental-emotional disor-

ders is highest in Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi,

West Java, D.I.Yogyakarta, and followed by the

province of East Nusa Tenggara (Riskesdas, 2013) .

Based on above, Indonesia must behave as strategies

for an increase in family well being.

According to the National Agency for Counter

Terrorism (BNPT), radicalism is still a significant

threat for Indonesia (Yanuar, 2017). Barret in the

Soufan Center (2017) lists that there are about 600

Indonesians have gone to Syria, including women

and children, either to wage for jihad or just to ‘en-

joy’ the caliphate. In addition, some violent actions

Indonesia, such as Sarinah bombings (2016) and

Surabaya bombings (2018) has shown that the ultra-

conservative ideology exists and grows in Indonesia.

Some terrorists are suspected to be the outcome of

weak family welfare and social environment or resi-

dence. In such digital era, the family's psychological

well-being becomes an important discussion. Family

psychological well-being could be seen from the

level of economic development, health quality, and

education system (Wells, 2010). Further in our re-

view (Kieran and John Sweeney, 2011) of the exten-

sive literature on family well-being identified four

action areas which are known to improve the well-

142

Anwar, M. and Wildan, M.

Family Well-being and Radicalism in Digital Era.

DOI: 10.5220/0009017900002297

In Proceedings of the Borneo International Conference on Education and Social Sciences (BICESS 2018), pages 142-149

ISBN: 978-989-758-470-1

being of families. These are: (1) addressing child

poverty; (2) developing and delivering quality ser-

vices; (3) reducing family conflict and instability;

and (4) supporting marriages. Based on this, the

logical step to improve family welfare is based on

community or religious institutions.

This paper will be organized as follow: the sec-

tion 2 is an introduction to family well-being; sec-

tion 3 discusses related works; section 4 describes

the proposed framework research and research mod-

el; section 5 discusses experiment and results about

family low-level well-being and radicalism in the

digital era. While section 6 contains discussion of

proposed framework, evaluation of research and

other thoughts about conducted research, the last

section is a conclusion of presented framework and

achieved result.

2 INTRODUCTION TO FAMILY

WELL-BEING

W The National Agency for Population and Family

Planning (BKKBN) stated that there are 8 family

functions namely religion, social culture, love, pro-

tection, reproduction, education, economy and envi-

ronment. This is also supported by the results of

Izzo et al showing that when parents and schools

collaborate effectively, students can behave and

demonstrate better achievement in school (Sukiman,

2016). In other words, the family is the source or

key of the happiness of society and the importance

of building the family's psychological well-being.

The well-being of families is fundamentally im-

portant to the well-being of individuals and society

(Kieran and John Sweeney, 2011).

2.1 Family Well-being

Health promotion has been an exciting study for

decades. Good health needs to be supported by good

psychological welfare as well. Therefore, the role of

health and psychological well-being becomes an

indivisible unity. Family welfare affects one's psy-

chological well-being. This welfare has different

meanings in different countries. Psychological well-

being is shown by the level of economic develop-

ment, health quality, and education system (Wells,

2010). Based on the facts that exist from them, the

health and quality of education conducted by family

members. This is because the healthy its self is not

only physical but extends to the psychological aspect

(Berry, J. W, et al, 2002).

In other words, the promotion of psychological

well-being has an important role in living life. The

higher the psychological well-being of the individu-

al, the better the life satisfaction the individual lives.

The higher the members of a prosperous family, the

more violent and radical attitude in the community

will be decreased.

Furthermore, the family's psychological well-

being is also linked to environmental aspects. Psy-

chological well-being relates to groups, cultures,

families, cross-cultural communities, and schools

(Leddy, 2006). Similarly, Bronfenbreneur sees that

innate characteristics and the ecosystem that sur-

rounds a person determine a person's development

and psychological well-being (Wells, 2010). In other

words, the residence will affect the culture, character

and development of family welfare. This can be a

foothold that radical attitudes can develop through

dwellings that lack the psychological well-being of

families.

Furthermore, Bronfenbreneur explains that the

well-being of child and adolescent psychology is

based on the quality of the social environment de-

termined by influencing factors of parent and adult

relationships, peers in neighbours and schools, and

teachers at school (Garbarin in Wells, 2010). Thus,

the most important education begins with parents.

Therefore the role of parents becomes important in

improving family welfare. In addition to parents,

residence or the environment (mesosystem) has a

strong influence in shaping the perceptions, culture,

behaviour, attitudes and individual characteristics.

This is in line with the concept of ecological coun-

seling in the form of mesosystem.

2.2 Ecological Counseling

The framework of ecological concepts in the digital

age has important functions and roles. Ecology pro-

vides a conceptual outlook that is up to the achieve-

ment strategy in improving family welfare. This

theory assumes that human development is based on

interaction or transactions between internal and

external forces and humans are considered relatively

influenced by the environment or the outside world.

Ecological counseling aims to help individuals de-

velop fulfilling, productive, and meaningful lives

through an understanding of how their lives are

rooted in diverse contexts, interactions with the

world around counselees, and the process of giving

meaning to life (Cook, 2012). These concepts and

objectives bring implications for counselors in carry-

ing out their professional practices in helping indi-

Family Well-being and Radicalism in Digital Era

143

viduals serve in promoting family psychological

well-being.

Ecological concepts based on issues are not only

seen as singular. Rather basing on all matters com-

prehensively and systemically. The ecological

framework offers a new perspective on human de-

velopment, the environment, and human and envi-

ronmental interactions (Bronfenbreneur, 1979).

Bronfenbrenner conceptualizes Lewin who holds

that B = f (P × E). B = f (P x E) is a key concept of

Lewin which means that human behaviour is a func-

tion of one's interaction with its environmental con-

text (Cook, 2012). Further, Bronfenbrenner also

explains the concept of Lewin that offers three im-

portant prepositions. The first preposition, human

behaviour is influenced by individual characteristics

and the context of the place of life. The second

preposition, human behaviour is the result of self-

interaction with the environment. The third preposi-

tion, human behaviour is formed through meaning.

This preposition presents a comprehensive frame-

work for professions that offer psychological ser-

vices such as a counselor.

From an ecological perspective, counselors have

an important role as individuals who are able to

redesign the behaviours that occur in individuals and

communities. This is in line with Sue's (Campbell,

Vance and Dong, 2017) comments that tripartite

models are used in counseling training aimed at

three critical characteristics of multicultural counse-

lors namely awareness, skill, and knowledge. Thus,

the counselor is able to redesign the behaviour of

individuals and communities through an ecological

approach that provides knowledge and awareness

and provides basic counseling skills for individuals

in the community. In addition, the counselor is able

to direct and guide in order to improve the welfare

of the family so as to reduce the attitude or radical

behaviour in the community.

3 RELATED WORKS

The concept of ecological counseling is in line with

the concept of counseling in general, the concept of

ecological counseling emphasizes the context in

which individuals live their lives. In other words,

ecological counseling considers that the neighbour-

hood has an important role in shaping the attitude

and character of the individual. Furthermore, ecolog-

ical counseling aims to help individuals develop a

fulfilling, productive, and meaningful life through an

understanding of how their lives are rooted in di-

verse contexts, interactions with the world around

counseling, and the process of giving meaning to life

(Cook, 2012: 8). These concepts and goals bring

implications to the individual that residence, loca-

tion, and environment play an important role in

shaping individual attitudes and character. This is in

line with the services offered by the group of pro-

jects such as neighbourhood, education, religion,

culture, and community (Wuthnow and Evans in

Cook, 2012).

In line with the above concept, Cook (2012) says

that the diagnosis of the things faced by the counsel

that comes from the self of the counselee himself,

the problems that arise from the environment, and

the problems arising from the interaction between

the two. In other words, the emergence of a radical-

ism or terrorist attitude is based on the interaction

individuals have made with their place of residence

and social environment. Therefore, what needs to be

done is to analyze the behaviour that comes from

within the counselee and analyze the problems that

occur in the residence and environment.

4 APPROACH

This research will undertake quantitative and quali-

tative methods using questionnaire and in-depth

interview. The questionnaire is used for collecting

data of social background, economic background

and radicalism. This is a longitudinal survey design

which involves the survey procedure of collecting

data about trends with the same population, change

in the cohort group or subpopulation, or changes in a

panel group of same individuals over time (John. W

Creswell. 2012). For qualitative data, it will be ana-

lyzed by descriptive qualitative.

Fraenkel and Wallen (2008) mention that the

correlation research included in the study description

because the research is a study trying to describe the

conditions that have occurred in the field. This re-

search can be done in various fields such as educa-

tion, social, and economics. This research is only

limited to the interpretation of relationships between

the variables is not up to the relationship causality,

but this research can be used as reference for further

research In this study, researchers trying to describe

the present condition in the quantitative context

reflected in the variable.

4.1 Framework Research

The framework of this study is categorized into 3

stages, i.e.,

BICESS 2018 - Borneo International Conference On Education And Social

144

 Preparation of instrument questionnaires

 Data collection

 Data analysis

The instrument used is a questionnaire that has

been tested for validity and reliability. The question-

naire used is a social background questionnaire and

radicalism. Indicators that appear in the question-

naire of social background in the form of religion,

residence, primary needs, and secondary needs.

While the indicator questionnaire radicalism in the

form of friends, worship, associate with people of

different religions or westerners and jihad.

Data collection was conducted at Senior High

School or Madrasah Aliyah in the Special Region of

Yogyakarta. The schools are taken as many as 20

schools with the number per district of the city as

many as 5 schools. The all respondents in this study

as many as 802 respondents.

Data analysis used in the form of quantitative

and qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis or

correlational analysis is used to determine the effect

between low-level well-being families and radical-

ism levels. While qualitative analysis used as sup-

porting data of research.

5 EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS

W This section discusses experiments and results in

the context of validation and testing implemented

framework. There are three things that are obtained

related to the research framework that are

 The existence of influence between religion

and residence with a radical attitude

 The absence of influence between the ful-

filment of family needs with radical attitude

 The influence of radicalism with the digital

age

5.1 Family Low Well-being in the Digital

Era

The family have significant roles to fulfil save the

environment, enjoyment, social welfare and spiritual

needs (Kathryn Geldard and David Geldard, 2011).

Every family has different parenting style to educate

their kids. Culture, ethnicity and the way they learn

from the ancestor are the important factors to deter-

mine the parenting styles. Diana Baumrind (1966)

explains that there are three types of parenting

styles: authoritarian, permissive, and democratic.

Which, again according to Maccoby and Martin

(1983) indicating four parenting styles: Authoritative

(high on both responsiveness and demandingness),

authoritarian (low responsiveness, high demanding-

ness), permissive/ indulgent (high responsiveness,

low demandingness) and disengaged (low respon-

siveness, low demandingness). Based on the text, the

indicators of parenting styles are disengaged, author-

itarian, permissive, and democratic.

Parenting styles are thus associated with the rela-

tional qualities with which parents treat their off-

spring (Jon Ivar Elstad and Kari Stefansen, 2014).

Essential elements of parenting styles are the suc-

cessful socialization of children into the dominant

culture (Darling, N., and Steinberg, L, 1993). The

parent involvement in education is the important

resource for kids’ success (Mido Chang, et al, 2009).

Family low well being will always be related to

parenting. Five domains of family well-being were

identified: family relationships, economic situation,

health and safety, community relationship and reli-

gion/ spirituality. Involves a balanced development

of individuals and families in terms of the physical,

spiritual, economic, and social (Families Australia

2006; Martinez et al. 2003).

Further Noor, Noraini et al (2014: 279) identifies

that Indicator of the family well being are resiliency,

safety, savings, healthy lifestyle, time with family,

work-family balance, importance of religion, num-

ber of bedrooms at home, debt and child care. Based

on these indicators can be known level of family

well-being someone. In this regard, the digital age

has an important role in supporting family welfare.

The digital age makes people connected to all ele-

ments of the world in both political, economic and

social environments. The digital age makes people

unlimited in order to communicate with all parties.

There are some pretty dangerous principles in the

digital age that are important is even if life is limited

or important has internet quota even if it does not

eat. When it develops and parents have no control

over the child, it is certain that the child will be

dragged into an unstoppable digital stream. There-

fore, family welfare becomes important in the face

of a free and open digital era.

Zubrick et al (2000) asserts that family well be-

ing emphasizes access to basic needs and facilities

such as adequate shelter, health care, and a safe

environment. Relationships between family commu-

nication, solving problems, coping, and parenting,

are also. In other words, the environment becomes

an important part in supporting family welfare. A

positive environment will support a positive family,

an accomplished environment will also support to

achieve. Especially with the digital era, the envi-

ronment is not only the environment but the envi-

Family Well-being and Radicalism in Digital Era

145

ronment within a smartphone or environment in

digital. It has an important role in influencing the

social level of individuals and the well-being of

individual families. In accordance with the results of

Parcel research, Toby L. and Menaghan, Elizabeth

G. (1997: 116) showed that the existence of the

significance of home environments for the intellec-

tual and emotional development and considers how

home surroundings change when mothers begin jobs

that are more rewarding or less rewarding. With

regard to digital generation challenges, different

family approaches are used. In more detail, as shown

in table 1.

Table 1. Family Trend

Family

Trend

Structural Ap-

proach

Digital Approach

Family

communi-

cation

patterns

Mothers have a

major role in

communicating

with family and

absolute father

orders

Parents and children

have a pattern of

two-way communi-

cation, lack of

command but the

discussion

Family

closeness

Parenting is deliv-

ered to the moth-

er, the child's

closeness to the

mother

Parenting is done

jointly, child's

closeness to parents

Cultural

Transmis-

sion

The process of

impairment is

done by the moth-

The process of

impairment is done

by parents, family

and the environment

Disclosure

Children

The openness of

the child to the

mother more

freely and more

comfortable

Awakening of the

child's openness to

parents both father

and mother

Parenting

Style

Parenting is more

dominant in the

mother

Parenting is the

cooperation be-

tween father and

mother

Gender

Roles

Mother has a role

in educating

children, the

father plays a

living

Father and mother

have their respec-

tive roles according

to circumstances

Religious

education

Confirmation of

religious educa-

tion conducted by

the father

Affirmation of

religious education

jointly by parents

and family

Based on table 1, the family trend through digital

approach can be done together between father,

mother and family. The pattern of family communi-

cation, family closeness, cultural transmission, child

openness, parental parenting, gender roles and reli-

gious education are the digital family trends that can

be done with technology tools. Digital era without

limiting the time and place, because everything can

be done anywhere, anytime and by anyone.

5.2 Radicalism in Digital Era

The radical movement has progressed from time to

time. The development of radical movements can

harm the State itself. The radical movement in the

digital age has a harmful effect on the individual.

Because every individual can be influenced by tech-

nology, without meeting directly with the person.

Some examples that have occurred are the individu-

als are taught various ways to not recognize the

State, demonstrating, and terrorizing. The learning

process is sourced from digital namely the internet,

youtube, social media or other.

Terrorist threats continue to plague Indonesia has

been exemplified in early 2016 by the terrorist at-

tacks in Jakarta on 14 January. 8 people (including

four attackers) have been killed and 23 wounded in

explosions and shootings. Islamic State (IS) claimed

responsibility for the attack, the first such incident

since the 2009 suicide bombings in Jakarta. There

were several attacks and plots again until the end of

the year. Forces Detachment 88 anti-terrorism plan

IS to attack the police station in West Java on New

Year's Eve, two deaths and play dead people who

resisted arrest during a raid (Soeriaatmadja, 2016 in

Arianti and Taufiqurrohman, 2017: 14). A few days

earlier, three people who play the militants were

killed in the attack, the police found six bombs; they

are also to issue a police post (Arianti and Taufiqur-

rohman, 2017: 14).

Some of the above events show that the existence

of attacks by radical groups in Indonesia. Such at-

tacks or threats may potentially interfere with the

state's security if it is not dealt with further. In line

with that, Greg Fealy (2004: 108) states that many

radical groups see the enforcement of shari'a as

inextricably linked to the creation of an Islamic state

in Indonesia. They argue that only in an Islamic state

can God's law be applied in full. Most are also not

formally opposed to the Unitary Republic of Indone-

sia (NKRI) but they want its basis changed from the

religiously neutral Pancasila to Islam.

Some of the radical groups of Indonesia are Da-

rul Islam (DI) and Negara Islam Indonesia (NII),

Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia

(MMI), Front Pembela Islam (FPI), Forum Komu-

nikasi Ahlu Sunnah wal Jamaah and Laskar Jihad

(FKAWJ/ LJ), and Hizbut Tahrir (HT) (Greg Fealy,

BICESS 2018 - Borneo International Conference On Education And Social

146

2004:108). Further from the results of a survey con-

ducted Baran, Starr and Cornell (2006: 19-29)

showed that the Asian radical groups such as Hiz-

but-Tahrir al Islamiyya (The Islamic Party of Libera-

tion), Akramiya, Hizbun-Nusrat, The Islamic

Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), The Islamic

Movement of Central Asia (IMCA), Tabligh Jamaat

(TJ), Jeyshullah, and The North Caucasus Militant

Network.

The attitude of radical group are comprehensive

shari'a, Islamic state, caliphate, and not democracy.

In more detail, as shown in the following table.

Table 2. The attitude of Radical Group

Group Comprehen-

sive

Syari’a

Islamic

State

Cali-

phate

De-

moc

racy

DI/ NII Yes Yes No* No*

JI Yes Yes Yes No

MMI Yes Yes Yes No

FPI Yes No No Yes

FKAWJ

/ LJ

Yes No No No

HT Yes Yes Yes No

Sources: Greg Fealy (2004:107)

Note: The items marked with an asterisk (*) indicate

that are contradictory positions within the group on this

issue. Nonetheless, the majority view would appear to

be as indicated here.

Based on the above table can be seen that the

radical group has the symbols and characteristics of

each according to the ideology in the following. In

other words, radical attitudes can be categorized into

four categories namely conservative (comprehensive

Shari'a), militant (Islamic State), extreme (Caliphate)

and terrorist (Anti Democracy).

5.3 Identified That the Influence of

Family Low-level Well-being and

Family Inability with the Attitude

of Radicalism in Children in the

Digital Era

The family has an important role in shaping the

character and attitude of the child. Parental stability

plays an important role in helping the child's psycho-

logical development. Similarly, the psychological

well-being of parents will have an impact on chil-

dren's attitudes and behaviours. The results show

that there is a correlation between religion and pa-

rental residence with violent or radical behaviour.

This is as shown in the following table.

Table 3. The results show that there is a correlation between religion and parental residence with violent or radical behav-

iour

Conservative Militant Extreme Terrorist

Religion Pearson Correla-

tion

-.368 -.166 -.318 -.215

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000

N 802 802 802 802

Residence Pearson Correla-

tion

.172 .231 .208 .259

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000

N 802 802 802 802

primary

needs

Pearson Correla-

tion

.079 .051 .076 .049

Sig. (2-tailed) .026 .145 .030 .170

N 802 802 802 802

Family

needs

Pearson Correla-

tion

.036 -.037 .005 -.042

Sig. (2-tailed) .313 .295 .890 .241

N 802 802 802 802

Based on the table, it can be seen that there is a

correlation between religion and resident to radical

attitude. The results show that religion and residence

have a very significant relationship. Sig (2tailed)

0.000 score in both conservative, militant, extreme

and terrorist attitudes. In other words, religion and

residents have an important role in the radical atti-

tude of the child.

Another case with the primary needs and family

needs. Both of these have no significant effect on

radical attitudes on children. The results showed that

the sig (2tailed) scores of primary and family needs

above 0.1 except in the aspect of primary needs have

correlation to radical attitudes in the form of con-

servative and extreme. There is no more significant

relationship. In other words, people who have eco-

Family Well-being and Radicalism in Digital Era

147

nomic weakness or are unable to make ends meet

have no effect on radical attitudes and vice versa.

6 DISCUSSION

Indonesia has prevented at least 15 attacks in 2016

and arrested more than 150 suspected militants (Al-

lard and Kapoor 2016). The National Agency for

Counter Terrorism (BNPT) and many Civil Society

Organizations (CSOs) continues organize many

programs and initiatives in the framework of pre-

venting/counter violent extremism (P/CVE). The

initiatives include for the terrorists inmates to disen-

gage form their previous network, ex-terrorist pris-

oners to integrate into the society, and also the youth

as the most vulnerable entity in order not to be influ-

ence with ultra-conservative ideology (Sumpter

2017; Chalmers 2017).

Indonesian radical groups differ significantly in

the way in which they pursue their goals. Nearly all

groups claim to undertake preaching with the prima-

ry intention of making Muslims more pious (which,

in this context, generally means bringing them to a

conservative position). Many groups also have a

variety of educational activities ranging from semi-

nars, conferences and workshops for the dissemina-

tion of their teachings to running schools and colleg-

es (Greg Fealy, 2004:109).

Countering violent extremism (CVE) cannot be

the sole responsibility of the government. All ele-

ments of society must work together in CVE efforts:

ordinary people, Muslim organizations, political

parties and intellectual Muslims should participate

(Haris, 2006:159). Another alternative may be used

to counter extremist ideology in Islam. In Indonesian

context, approaches related to cultural, educational,

ideological, psychological, political, and military

should be explored.

Obviously, family well-being has an important

role in shaping the child's attitude. Child develop-

ment process can be done through education, par-

ents, residential environment and culture.

7 CONCLUSIONS

As radicalism does not arise from a vacuum, radical

attitudes could not also manifest from nothing. But

radical attitude is shaped by the environment of

residence. A child is the social successor and the life

of his parents. Parents who have a harmonious, car-

ing and comfortable relationship will have a positive

impact on the child's psychological development.

The digital age does not limit parents and children to

communicate with each other anywhere or anytime.

The digital age provides a new understanding of the

importance of parent-child closeness, parent and

child's cultural transmission, gender roles and reli-

gious education.

When the child has closeness, comfort, attach-

ment and harmony with the family, then the child

happens the psychological well-being of the family.

This family's psychological welfare will have an

impact on the child's development. Children having

parents and family figures could be well-controlled

by families and parents, and they will be exposed to

the problems they experience.

Conversely, when parents could not nurture and

educate their children, they will look for other fig-

ures outside parents and family. This can be poten-

tial for the children to be out of control and even

radical, especially with the advancement of technol-

ogy and digital era. This can provide a great oppor-

tunity for children to access a variety of information

without anyone’s control; children can learn from

anywhere and anybody so that they will find a figure

that is in accordance with his will and desire. In

other words, there is a great influence on the child

between the psychological well-being of the family

and the radical attitude in this digital age.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research is supported by the Institutes for Re-

search and Community Engagement of State Islamic

University of Sunan Kalijaga (LPPM UIN Sunan

Kalijaga, Yogyakarta). Many thanks also for the

anonymous reviewers for their good suggestions to

improve this paper.

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