Physical Factor Analysis of Juata Laut Landfill’s Planning Location

in Tarakan City, North Kalimantan

Shinfi Wazna Auvaria

, Sarita Oktorina

, Widya Nilandita

and Sulistiya Nengse

Department of Environmental Engineering, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Keywords: Landfill Planning, Sanitary Landfill, Physical Factors, Juata Laut, Tarakan City

Abstract: The increasing amount of waste has an impact on the capacity of existing landfill in Tarakan City, North

Kalimantan. The land allotment is planned by the Regional Government of Tarakan City, covering an area of

40 Ha for the new landfill in Juata Laut sub-district, North Tarakan District. Juata Laut Landfill is planned to

use Sanitary Landfill system in accordance with Law No.18 of 2008, as well as an effort to minimize the

environmental impact and the realization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's) in solid waste sector.

The criteria for determining the location of the landfill consider the physical factors of landfill land planning

related to natural conditions. Physical factors analyzed in this study include climatology, geology, land type,

watershed, flood-prone areas, and topography (slope and land height). The methods used in this study are area

observation, collecting secondary data about the area of landfill planning, literature study, and making

comparisons with SNI 03-3241-1994. The analysis employed descriptive qualitative analysis. The results

indicate that the physical factors studied for Juata Laut Landfill are in accordance with the regulations and

provisions of the landfill planning with the sanitary landfill system.

1 INTRODUCTION

The increasing amount of solid waste in Tarakan City

has an impact on the existing landfill capacity that

cannot meet the needs for daily solid waste disposal.

Based on Tarakan City Spatial Plan No. 04 of 2012,

the TPA development is planned in Juata Laut Sub-

District, North Tarakan District. The Government of

Tarakan City provides a 40Ha landfill area.

New landfill that meets the standards of sanitary

landfill provisions is needed, because the existing

landfill still uses the Open Dumping system. Law No.

18 of 2008 requires all Landfills in Indonesia to be

managed by sanitary landfill. Sanitary landfill is a

system with lower environmental impacts compared

to other thermal processing (inseneration and

gasification), where gas produced from this system

can be used for fuel by controlling the emission

(Zaman, 2010). Environmental pollution from solid

waste can disrupt the comfort and health of the

community. Therefore, the planning of a new landfill

is important and urgently needed. Another goal of

planning is to manage solid waste disposed by the

population, as well as to achieve Sustainable

Development Goals (SDG's) in terms of solid waste.

The determination of landfill must follow the

terms and conditions set by the government. The

process of selecting landfill site consists of three

stages, namely the regional stage with decent and

unworthy regional outputs selected for the location of

the landfill, the selection screening stage determining

the most recommended location, and the

determination stage (Hasibuan, 2014).

Fulfillment of criteria to determine the location of

landfill should be able to minimize the impact of

environmental damage and pollution around the

landfill site because it considers many aspects of the

environment, health, and cleanliness, such as

geological conditions, springs, residential locations,

and locations of productive land (Maulidah, 2013). In

addition, the selection of landfill locations also takes

into account the physical factors of landfill planning

in relation to natural conditions (Rainda, 2017).

Natural conditions that are considered in the

physical factor analysis of landfill planning locations

include rainfall (climatology), geology, soil type,

watershed, flood-prone areas, and topography (land

slope and land height). The analysis of physical

factors can be used as a major consideration in

determining the location of the new landfill with a

Auvaria, S., Oktorina, S., Nilandita, W. and Nengse, S.

Physical Factor Analysis of Juata Laut Landﬁll’s Planning Location in Tarakan City, North Kalimantan.

DOI: 10.5220/0008907700002481

In Proceedings of the Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference (BEST ICON 2018), pages 219-225

ISBN: 978-989-758-414-5

219

sanitary landfill system in Juata Laut Sub-District,

North Tarakan District.

2. METHODS

There are some method can give the good result,

overall we can use basic step to get initial condition

2.1 Qualitative Analysis

The methods used in this study are area observation,

collecting secondary data about the area of landfill

planning, literature study, and comparison study

based on SNI 03-3241-1994. The analysis used is

qualitative analysis in the form of descriptive analysis

by describing the data obtained through the field

observations and outlining and interpreting the data.

In other words, qualitative analysis was very clear

with regard to the situation or phenomenon existing

in the study area.

2.2 Research site

This research was conducted in Tarakan City which

is located between 3.399 North Latitude and 117.560

East Longitude. Specifically, the landfill location was

planned to be in Juata Laut Sub-District, North

Tarakan District. The location of landfill area

provided by the local government of Tarakan City is

an area of 40 hectares. The planned area for the

development of Landfill location can be seen in figure

Figure 1: Plan for the Development of Landfill Locations

in Tarakan City

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Result and discussion will explain about all

condition on research.

3.1 Climatology

Weather condition is one of the factors that should be

considered in determining the location of the landfill.

Weather is a physical event that takes place in the

atmosphere at a certain time and place / space. The

weather will continue to change and differ between

other locations. This is influenced by several factors,

namely: altitude, latitude, spread of land and waters,

areas of high and low pressure, ocean currents,

atmospheric disturbances, or more weather and

climate (especially solar radiation) (Zetly, 2009)

Air temperature is determined by the height of the

place from the surface of the sea and the distance from

the beach. In general, Tarakan has a hot climate with

an average air temperature in 2015 reaching 24.8’C to

31.3’C. In addition, as a tropical climate, Tarakan

City has a relatively high average air humidity,

ranging from 56.0 percent to 98.0 percent throughout

2015. The lowest air humidity occurred in March

which only reached 47.0 percent. Meanwhile, the

highest air humidity occurred in June which reached

100 percent. The average air humidity throughout

2015 was recorded at 84.0 percent. Rainfall

somewhere is influenced by climatic conditions,

geographical conditions and velocity of air flow (BPS

Kota Tarakan,2017).

Therefore, the rainfall varies according to the

month and location of the observation station.

Rainfall in Tarakan City varies greatly from time to

time. The highest average rainfall which occurred in

November was 375.1 mm and the lowest average

rainfall was 197.4 mm which occurred in January.

The average rainfall during 2014 was recorded at

264.5 mm with an average rainy day of 20 days per

month. In addition to the climatological indicators

above, there are other indicators such as solar

radiation where the average in 2015 was 56.3 percent.

The highest air pressure in Tarakan City in March was

1,013.5 mb with an average of 1,011.7 mb (BPS Kota

Tarakan, 2017).

Rainfall analysis is very important in determining

the location of the landfill because it greatly

influences the risk of flooding. According to the SNI

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Decree, flood hazard parameters and rain intensity

parameters are different things. In the landfill site that

has relatively high rainfall, the likelihood of flooding

will be higher, so that it will cause solid waste to

move and cause landslides. Landfill location should

be placed in a low rainfall area, so that the lower the

better for landfill site (Maatuil and Fibriani, 2016).

Based on the BPS data of Tarakan City in 2017,

the average rainfall is relatively low, So, this could be

the reason for the construction of the landfill site. the

smaller the intensity of the rain, the better the

construction of the landfill site is (Antonius Arik

Rumbruren, 2012). This is because if the rain

intensity is high, the risk of flooding is also greater.

Therefore, the construction of landfill sites should be

carried out in locations with low rainfall.

3.2 Geology of landfill locations

Geology is basically the study of the earth and the

phenomena that occur. In science, the the results of

geological survey discuss the earth-forming material

and all the processes that will occur both within the

earth and above the surface of the earth. Therefore,

the description of the geological conditions in the

planned area of a construction that will be built,

including reviewing the dangers that will arise in the

development process, to provide information on the

level of security of the development results on a

construction and efficiency of costs will be used

during development takes place (Treman, 2014).

Most of Tarakan City consists of geological

elements in the form of units (TPQS) namely quartz

sandstone, clay stone, siltstone, lignite and

conglomerate. The composition of the geological

structure is spread in Tarakan City covering an area

of 16,058 Ha (64.03%) of the land area of Tarakan

City. Meanwhile, the rest is in the form of units (Qa),

namely mud, silt, sand, gravel and greed covering an

area of 9,022 Ha (35.97%) of Tarakan City’s land

area (BPS Kota Tarakan, 2017).

In general, the geological condition of Tarakan

City is in the form of hilly areas with wide lowlands.

Geological layers that exist in the city of Tarakan

generally are in the form of clay stones and are

followed by sandstone, coal, quarter sediment,

conglomerates, lemung montmorillonite, and clay

sand. The landfill area is an area with a land type in

the form of a conglomerate area (BPS Kota Tarakan,

2017)

Conglomerate rocks are one type of sedimentary

rocks formed from small particles that form

sedimentation. The conglomerate rocks are rough and

large textured. The composition of conglomerate

stones is derived from sand, gravel and soil. Besides

that, it also comes from weathering of rocks from

conglomerate rocks. Basically, conglomerate rocks

are not strong rock types. So, they cannot be used as

the foundation or structure of a building. However, if

the conglomerate rocks are destroyed, they can be

used as a support for the building. The geological

condition of Tarakan City can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Geological Conditions of Tarakan City

Geological location with soil conditions that are

quite hard are very desirable for Landfill. Usually,

clay or other compact rocks are considered feasible

for landfill locations. Hard/cracked or permeable hard

rocks will increase the potential for leachate that

spread outside landfill area (Damanhuri, 2008). It

means that geological condition in Tarakan City has

fulfilled the criteria for landfill location.

3.3 Soil type on landfill location

The condition of soil types is one of important factors

in the study of landfill planning. Land is a basic

material that is very important as the foundation

structure of buildings, highways, and others.

Damages of roads, buildings, and bumpy road

Physical Factor Analysis of Juata Laut Landﬁll’s Planning Location in Tarakan City, North Kalimantan

221

Aluvial

LEGEND

Latosol

Podsolik

Landfill

Location

surfaces are commonly caused by problems related to

the soil under the structure of a building (Gunarso

et.al., 2017).

Formation of land involves many processes, but

in general it can be divided into four parts, namely the

addition of material into the soil, loss of material from

the soil, changes in shape and displacement in solum

(from the top soil layer to the soil layer) (Iskandar,

et.al., 2017).

The dominant soil type in Tarakan City is the

latosol soil type in the central part of the island with

a few podzolic soil types, and the most abundant part

is the alluvial soil type. The landfill area is an area

with podsolic soil type (BPS Kota Tarakan, 2017).

Podolic soil is a soil that has an argillic B horizon,

having a base kill. Podolic soil has the broadest

distribution in Indonesia compared to other types of

soil. Podsolic soil is part of ultisol soil. According to

the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture),

ultisol is soil that has been washed.

One of the characteristics of podzolic soil is that

it has a very low nutrient storage capacity so that it is

not suitable for agriculture. Thus, it is classified as

infertile soil, both physically and chemically (Basuki,

2009).

In addition, there are several factors that affect

land conditions, including land productivity and land

status. The more unproductive the land, the better it is

in doing the development, such as landfill (Zetly,

2009).

The land area of Tarakan City with an area of

25,080 Ha is largely unused and is still in the form of

thickets (34%). The next largest land use is a mixture

of shrubs with agricultural cultivation in the form of

lading and moor (31.79%). Meanwhile, the urban

built area is only 6.1% of the total land area of

Tarakan City which is an area of 1.376 Ha. This

shows that the soil conditions in Tarakan City include

unproductive soil conditions (BPS Kota Tarakan,

2017).

The soil types of landfill location in Tarakan City

are shown in figure 3. From figure 3, it can be seen

that most of Tarakan City is dominated by Latosol.

The second largest area is Podsolik, followed by

Aluvial type.

Assessment criteria according to SNI 03-3241-

1994 based on the productivity aspects of landfill

land, the lower the productivity of the land, the better

the land is used for landfill. It means that based on the

soil criteria, this area is good for landfill site.

3.4 Watershed

There are twenty-four watersheds in Tarakan City

area, with 2 types of rivers, namely large rivers and

small rivers. The watershed in Tarakan City is very

crucial because the river is a source of raw water for

freshwater in Tarakan City. Map of the location of the

watershed (Watershed) of Tarakan City can be seen

in figure 4.

Figure 3: Land Type of Tarakan City

Landfill

Location

Figure 4: Map of Watershed in Tarakan City

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Based on Figure 4. the location of Juata Laut

landfill is in Baru Watershed. The distance of Juata

Laut Landfill to the nearest river is the small river

flow towards the sea. It is quite close to the landfill

site area. This must be considered, though this river is

not used as a water source. That was considered,

because landfill location should not be close to water

source (Maatuil and Fibriani, 2016). In landfill

location, there is also a flooded swamp source. This

must be considered in developing the landfill later.

3.5 Flood Risk Area

Some areas in Tarakan City are identified as flood-

prone areas, and there is a possibility that this flood

disaster will have an impact on the solid waste

collection process, so that transportation engineering

on solid waste is needed. The landfill plan area is safe

from the threat of flooding. Map of the potential

locations of flood disaster in Tarakan City can be seen

in figure 5.

Figure 5: Map of the potential locations of flood

disaster in Tarakan City

The assessment criteria from the aspect of

flooding is that landfill land which has a low risk of

flood is considered better than landfill land that has a

high risk of flood. This is related to the landfill

operational process, water pollution by leachate and

the possibility of solid waste that is being washed

away by the flood. This flood protection is carried out

up to a 25-year flood period.

Based on the condition of the landfill land, the

potential for flooding is relatively small. It can be

seen from the relatively hilly area and there is no

puddle area in this landfill land.

3.6 Topography

Tarakan City has flat to hilly topographic conditions.

There are hills longitudinal curved in Northwest –

Southeast direction with an altitude of about 110

meters above sea level.

The height of Tarakan City is classified into four

classes, namely 0-7 m asl, 7-25 m above sea level, 25-

100 m asl and > 100 - 110 m asl. Most of Tarakan

City is a flat area with an altitude of 25-100 m above

sea level with an area of 13,092 ha (52.20% of the

total area of Tarakan City). In height classification 7

- 25 m asl as wide as 8,940 Ha (35.65% from Tarakan

City).

3.6.1 Land slope

Almost 80% of Tarakan City area has a slope in steep

conditions. This condition must be taken into

consideration in planning the location of the landfill

because the topography of the landfill is steep. Land

slope is one of the main factors to determine possible

locations for landfill. The slope is closely related to

the ease of construction work and Landfill operations.

More steep area will result in difficulties in

activities/work of construction and operation (Irawan

dan Yudono, 2014).

Land use for functional areas such as built areas

requires land with a slope below 15%, while the land

with slope above 15% will be very suitable for the use

of plantations, tree crops and forests. Tarakan City

area has a dominant land slope from 0 - 5%, so that it

is quite good for landfill area. Map of the land slope

of Tarakan City is shown in figure 6.

Physical Factor Analysis of Juata Laut Landﬁll’s Planning Location in Tarakan City, North Kalimantan

223

Figure 6: the land slope map of Tarakan City

The assessment criterion of the slope aspect of

landfill area is that landfill land that has a sloping

slope is considered better than land that has steep

slopes. The constructed landfill is also expected not

to be located in areas that has landslide potential or in

high soil movement vulnerability zones. This is

closely related to the protection against the possibility

of land sliding or landslides. The permissible

tolerance of slope is between the range 0-5%, 5 - 10%

and 10 - 20%, or the slope of the zone must be less

than 20%. Juata Laut landfill has a relatively steep

slope, because of the shape of the landfill site which

has a height difference that is relatively large and

steep.

3.6.2 Land Height

Tarakan city has a flat land contour pattern, where the

highest area in Tarakan City only has a height of ±

87.5 meters above sea level and the lowest area is 0-

25 masl. The landfill plan has an elevation of 50-90

masl. The height of Tarakan City area can be seen in

Figure 7. The land height in Tarakan City (plan area)

is quite good for landfill site, considering its location

which is far from residential area.

Figure 7: Height Map of Tarakan City

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of the analysis of physical factors

from the location of Juata Laut landfill plan area,

several point can be concluded

1. The climatology factors in Tarakan City quite

vary. Considering the temperature (24,8-31,3

Celcius degree) and average rainfall (264,5mm),

the landfill area is still possible to be developed in

this area.

2. Tarakan City is in the form of hilly areas with

wide lowlands. The The distance of Juata Laut

Landfill to the nearest river is the small river (not

used as a water source) that flows towards the sea.

It is quite close to the landfill site area.

3. landfill area is an area with a land type in the form

of a conglomerate area.

4. Landfill area is an area with polycolic soil type

and soil conditions in Tarakan City including

unproductive soil conditions.

5. The potential for flooding is relatively small,

which can be seen from the relatively hilly area

and there is no puddle area in this landfill land

6. Juata Laut landfill has a relatively steep slope,

because of the shape of the landfill site which has

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a height difference that is relatively large and

steep. It has flat land contour pattern, where the

highest area in Tarakan City only has a height of

± 87.5 meters above sea level and the lowest area

is 0-25 masl. The landfill plan has an elevation of

50-90 masl.

7. The results of the analysis show that the aspects

of physical factors for Juata Laut Landfill are in

accordance with the regulations and provisions on

the landfill planning with the sanitary landfill

system.

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