Evaluation of the Operational and Structural Design of

Sewage Treatment Plant of Muara Fajar (IPLT Muara Fajar)

Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia

Ida Munfarida

, Arqowi Pribadi

, Teguh Taruna Utama

, Yusrianti

Environmental Engineering Departement, Faculty of Science and Technology,

UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Keywords: Evaluation, Performance, Sewage Treatment Plant, Structural Design

Abstract: Sewage Treatment Plant of Muara Fajar (IPLT Muara Fajar) was conventional and biofilter system designed

to treat municipal sewage from Pekanbaru City. The system was built in 2006 and has been operated for 2

years. Today the system was no longer operating due to lack of maintenance and the high operational cost.

Implementation of sewage treatment plant was urgently required to treat municipal sewage, thus the plant was

evaluated. The performance of the plant was evaluated for three months. Evaluation of IPLT includes

calculation of a number of population, Actual BOD Load, Operation Efficiency, and Evaluation of Structural

Design. Laboratory Results from influent concentrations of BOD, COD and TSS were 3.500 mg/L, 5.300

mg/L and 100 mg/L respectively. Design calculation compares to Indonesian National Standard. Design

calculation showed that two-stage anaerobic unit with dimension @ 7 x 3 x 3,3 m

can be operated by re-

painting the unit, aerobic biofilter with the dimension 9,6 x 4 x 2 can be operated by replacing new media and

re-painting the unit, two-stage facultative basin with the dimension 35 x 19 x 1,5 m

must be re-built on the

second basin due to hard damage in the building structure. Meanwhile maturation basin with the dimension

17 x 5 x 1 m

must be re-built due to heavy damage to the building structure. With these volumes, the IPLT

system can treat municipal sewage with capacity of 40 m

/day from selected areas in Pekanbaru City, that are

Rumbai District and Senapelan District, with the population about 21,900 inhabitants.

1 INTRODUCTION

In general, municipal waste from households that do

not have access to wastewater treatment plant is a

major source of environmental pollution which can

cause serious impacts because it can easily enter the

water body or seep into the soil body. Every year, the

average citizen of a developed country produces

about half a tonne of waste (Jouhara, 2017).

Without a good system of wastewater

management, it will have an impact on environmental

pollution and a decrease in the quality of water, such

as rivers, reservoirs, and others.

This will cause a number of problems, such as

damage to the ecological balance in the river flow,

health problems leading to increasing mortality from

water-related infectious diseases (such as dysentery

and cholera) (William and Henry, 2007), from

Norovirus in wastewater (Shinobu, et.al, 2015), and

from chemical and microbiological risks in River

Rurh (Martin, et.al, 2016).

One of the domestic wastewater is sewage sludge.

Most urban communities have equipped their homes

with septic tanks. The community paradigm considers

that septic tanks are the last treatment of their

wastewater so that they are not carried out regularly.

This approach is not a sustainable use of septic tanks.

The city of Pekanbaru has a Sewage Treatment

Plant (here in after referred as IPLT). IPLT Muara

Fajar was conventional and biofilter system designed

to treat municipal sewage from Pekanbaru City. The

system was built in 2006 and had been operated for 2

years. Today the system was no longer operating due

to lack of maintenance and the high operational cost.

Implementation of sewage treatment plant is urgently

required to treat municipal sewage, thus the plant was

evaluated.

206

Munfarida, I., Pribadi, A., Utama, T. and Yusrianti, .

Evaluation of the Operational and Structural Design of Sewage Treatment Plant of Muara Fajar (IPLT Muara Fajar) Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0008905200002481

In Proceedings of the Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference (BEST ICON 2018), pages 206-212

ISBN: 978-989-758-414-5

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The performance of the plant was evaluated for three

months. Evaluation of existing IPLT includes

evaluation of Building Structure, Actual BOD Load,

Actual Volumetric Load, and Operation Efficiency.

Here are several steps of the research:

A. Determination of the Area Service

IPLT planning depends on determining the area of the

service. For this purpose data collection and review

of the master plan for handling the wastewater system

in the relevant area and other data was explained

previously. IPLT only processes sludge that comes

from residential area and does not process liquid

waste from industries, hospitals, or laboratory waste.

B. Determination of IPLT capacity

The capacity of the IPLT can be determined by

calculating the number of septic tank facilities in the

area. This data can be obtained from health centres.

Furthermore, the calculation of IPLT capacity also

requires information on the estimated number of

occupants or users of the septic tank and the period of

drainage of the sludge from the septic tank.

IPLT Capacity can be determined by the equation

below:

Capacity (m

/day) =

The number of population x sludge volume (1)

C. Criteria of Design

Actual BOD Load can be determined by the equation

below:

Actual BOD load =

Influent concentration of BODxWWTP capacity

WWTP volume (2)

Actual Volumetric Load can be determined by the

standard which is about: 40 – 60 gram BOD/m

.day

D. Structural Evaluation

There are several forms of testing methods that can be

used, including local tests that are non-destructive

such as ultrasonic and hammer tests, and tests that are

semi-destructive to the overall components of the

building being tested in the form of loading tests.

Non-Destructive Test is a material testing technique

without damaging the test object. This test is carried

out to ensure that the material we use is still safe and

has not exceeded the damage tolerance limit.

3 RESULTS

IPLT Muara Fajar, in Pekanbaru City was built in

2006, with a capacity of 40 m

/day. Location of the

IPLT is in Muara Fajar Village, Rumbai Sub-district,

Pekanbaru City, with Coordinates: 0 ° 38'43 "N 101 °

26'31" E (BPS, 2016).

Figure 1. IPLT Muara Fajar Location

Figure 2. IPLT Muara Fajar Situation

This system of treatment plant was used a series

of ponds; anaerobic pond, facultative pond,

maturation pond and sludge drying bed. The

anaerobic process at IPLT Muara Fajar was in the

form of two enclosed anaerobic ponds built in 2012.

These were the first processing units.

Evaluation of the Operational and Structural Design of Sewage Treatment Plant of Muara Fajar (IPLT Muara Fajar) Pekanbaru City, Riau

Province, Indonesia

207

Figure 3. Anaerobic pond

Sewage treatment by high-rate anaerobic

processes has been widely reported over the last

decades as an attractive method for providing a good

quality effluent. Anaerobic treatment owes to

attractive advantages of energy saving, biogas

recovery, and lower sludge production (Valentina &

Maria, 2018). Another substrate for anaerobic co-

digestion with sewage sludge may increase biogas

production (Richard et.al, 2018). One of the most

important factors which influence the sludge

degradation efficiency of an anaerobic pond is the

local climatic conditions (Mende, et.al, 1995).

Temperature, in particular, plays a key role in the

performance of such a system, since physicochemical

and biological processes are greatly dependent on it.It

is generally accepted that very little anaerobic

degradation occurs at temperatures below 15

since, at such temperatures, bacterial growth and

metabolism are reduced (Tebbut, 1992; Lens, et.al,

2001). The types of bacteria involved in the anaerobic

processes, namely the acidogenic and methanogenic

bacteria, become more active under warm

conditions.The optimum temperature range for

mesophilic anaerobic degradation is considered to be

between 30

C and 35

C (Tchobanoglous &

Schroeder, 1987).

The aerobic process at IPLT Muara Fajar is in the

form of an enclosed aerobic pond with an aerator to

supply oxygen and is equipped with wasp nests as a

medium for bacteria. Bacteria may live in wastewater

and use wastewater for their nutrient for living and

degrading the wastewater or sewage sludge. The

bacterial diversity in landfill leachate showed the

presence of Planctomycetales, Verrucomicrobiales,

some Desulfovibionaceae sulfate-reducing bacteria

and Pseudomonas sp (Heloisa et.al, 2012). Bacteria

will be capable to store energy compounds if there is

a proper feast in aerobic granular sludge reactors

(Santo, et.al, 2016).

Figure 4. Aerobic pond

Facultative ponds function to decompose and

reduce the concentration of organic matter in the

treated wastes in anaerobic ponds. The process that

occurs in this pond is a mixture of anaerobic and

aerobic processes. In general, the facultative pond is

stratified into three zones that have different

degradation conditions and processes.

Figure 5. Facultative pond

The maturation pond is used to treat wastewater

from facultative ponds and is usually referred to as

maturation ponds. This pond is the final step of

aerobic process of sewage so that it can reduce

suspended solids (TSS) and BOD that remain from

the previous processing unit.

The maturation pond results in dried sewage

sludge that can be reused as compost. Sewage sludge

is a by-product generated during wastewater

treatment. Due to its high content of organic matter

(OM) and plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.),

sewage sludge can be considered as a soil modifier or

fertilizer (Dorota and Sandra, 2018).

BEST ICON 2018 - Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference 2018

208

Figure 6. Maturation pond

A. Analysis of IPLT Muara Fajar Service Area

The population of Pekanbaru City and its projections

can be calculated with three general methods of

analysis of population growth. They are arithmetic

method, geometric method and least square method.

Based on the results of a linear regression analysis of

the three methods, the projection approach of

population growth was geometrical with the

correlation coefficient R2, which was 0.94. This is the

basis of the population calculation until 2022, then the

results will be the basis for calculating the intake of

sewage waste for the IPLT Muara Fajar.

Based on the wastewater map in the city of

Pekanbaru, the service area with of IPLT Muara Fajar

covers a radius of 10-15 km from the IPLT facility

itself. However, the service area must be described

again to obtain the number of potential customers that

can be served by the IPLT Muara Fajar. The

following is an analysis of the area using the

calculation method through satellite imagery with a

radius limit starting from 0 - 5 kilometers then it is

continued to a service area calculation with radius of

5-10 km.

Table 4. The number of potential customers based on

the IPLT distance radius

No.

Distance from

IPLT (km)

Consumers

0 – 1

139

1 - 2

200

2 - 3

542

3 - 4

660

4 - 5

835

5 - 6

1045

6 - 7

794

7 - 8

530

8 - 9

887

9 - 10

1154

Total

6786

We found that the number of potential customers

based on the IPLT distance radius were 6,786

inhabitants, then these numbers were calculated to

determine the IPLT capacity.

B. Determination of IPLT capacity

IPLT Capacity can be determined by the equation

below:

Capacity =

The number of population x sludge volume (1)

Capacity = 6,786 x 2 m

/day

3 year x 365 day/year

= 12.39 m

/day

The IPLT capacity of 12.39 m

/day can be used to

treat municipal waste from potential costumers (see

Table 4). Meanwhile, the initial IPLT Capacity was

40 m

/day, so the population can be added to this

IPLT, yielding 21,900 inhabitants.

Capacity = 21,900 x 2 m

/day

3 year x 365 day/year

= 40 m

/day

C. Criteria of Design

Laboratory Results of influent concentration BOD,

COD and TSS were 3,500 mg/L, 5,300 mg/L and 100

mg/L respectively. From the Criteria of Design

calculation, we found the appropriate dimension for

these IPLT (table 5).

Table 5. Dimension of IPLT

Unit

Long

)

Wide

)

Deep

)

First-stage anaerobic

3.3

Two-stage anaerobic

3.3

Aerobic biofilter

9.4

First-stage facultative

basin

1.5

Two-stage facultative

basin

1.5

Maturation basin

On table 6 we can see the result of laboratory test

of inlet sludge :

Evaluation of the Operational and Structural Design of Sewage Treatment Plant of Muara Fajar (IPLT Muara Fajar) Pekanbaru City, Riau

Province, Indonesia

209

Table 6. Laboratory Result

Parameters

Unit

Result

Methods

Physical

Temperature

SNI-06-6989-

23-2005

BOD

Mg/L

3,500

APHA 5210 B-

2012

COD

Mg/L

5,300

APHA 5210 B-

2012

TSS

Mg/L

100

APHA 2540 D-

2012

Chemical

Cadmium

Mg/L

<0.0001

APHA 311 B &

3030 F-2012

Chromium

Hexavalent

Mg/L

0.0001

APHA 3500-Cr-

B-2012

5.9

APHA 4500 H

B-2012

Source : Health Agency of Pekanbaru City, 2016

Previous study showed that an effective first stage

treatment process in waste stabilization ponds (WSP)

systems is the low-rate anaerobic one in deep ponds

with average hydraulic retention time of 1–4 days.

The main advantage of a WSP system with a deep

anaerobic pond is that it takes less area than systems

without one, resulting in a considerable reduction in

project expenditure (Loeh, 1974; Mara,et.al,197;

Pecsod, 192). In the anaerobic pond, part of the

suspended solids (SS) settles to the bottom, thus

forming a sludge zone where it undergoes anaerobic

degradation (Saqqar & Pescod, 1995).

D. Structural Evaluation

Design calculation showed that two-stage anaerobic

unit with dimension of 7 x 3 x 3.3 m

can be operated

by re-painting the unit, aerobic biofilter with the

dimension of 9.6 x 4 x 2 can be operated by replacing

new media and re-painting the unit. Two-stage

facultative basin with the dimension of 35 x 19 x 1.5

must be re-built on the second basin due to heavy

damage in the building structure. Meanwhile,

maturation basin with the dimension of 17 x 5 x 1 m

must be re-built also due to heavy damage to the

building structure. Based on the Criteria of Design

calculation and Evaluation of the IPLT System, here

are the designs of New IPLT of Muara Fajar:

Figure 9. Lay Out of IPLT Muara Fajar

Figure 10. Anaerobic Pond

Figure 11. Aerobic Pond

BEST ICON 2018 - Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference 2018

210

Figure 12. Facultative Basin

Figure 13. Maturation Basin

4 CONCLUSIONS

Design calculation showed that two-stage anaerobic

unit with dimension of 7 x 3 x 3.3 m

can be operated

by re-painting the unit, aerobic biofilter with the

dimension of 9.6 x 4 x 2 can be operated by replacing

new media and re-painting the unit. Two-stage

facultative basin with the dimension of 35 x 19 x 1.5

must be re-built on the second basin due to heavy

damage in the building structure. Meanwhile,

maturation basin with the dimension of 17 x 5 x 1 m

must be re-built also due to heavy damage on the

building structure.

With these volumes, the system can treat municipal

sewage with capacity of 40 m

/day from selected

areas in Pekanbaru City, that are Rumbai District and

Senapelan District with the population about 21,900

inhabitants.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This reported work was conducted as part of the

“Review Design of IPLT of Muara Fajar in

Pekanbaru City”. Project was funded by Ministry of

Public Works and People’s Housing.

REFERENCES

Badan Pusat Statistik, 2016. Riau Dalam Angka. Badan

Pusat Statistik.

Dorota, K., & Sandra, S., 2018. Effect of barley straw and

coniferous bark on humification process during sewage

sludge composting. Waste Management. Elsevier.

Heloísa, F., Aline, V., Claudia, L.M., Regina,V.A., Rejane,

H.R.C., 2012. Microbial and chemical profile of a

ponds system for the treatment of landfill leachate.

Waste Management. Elsevier.

Jouhara, H. , Czajczyńska, D., Ghazal, H., Krzyżyńska, R.,

Anguilano, L., Reynolds, A.J., Spencer, N., 2017.

Municipal waste management systems for domestic

use. Energy.

Lens, P., Zeeman, G., Lettinga, G., 2001. Decentralized

sanitation and reuse. Concepts, systems and

implementation.UK:IWA.

Loeh R., 1974. Agricultural waste management. NY:

Academic Press.

Mara, D., Pearson, H., Alabaster, G., Mills, S., 1997. An

evaluation of waste stabilization ponds in Kenya.

Research Monographs No.11. Department of Civil

Engineering. University of Leeds. UK.

Martin, S., Marina, H., Christoph, K., Uta, G., Jost, W.,

2016. The River Ruhr – an urban river under particular

interest for recreational use and as a raw water source

for drinking water: The collaborative research project

“Safe Ruhr” – microbiological aspects. International

Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.

Elsevier.

Mende, B., Nascimento, M., Pereira, M., Baily, G., Lapa,

N., Morais, J., Oliveira, J., 1995. Efficiency of removal

in stabilization ponds I. Influence of climate. Water Sci

Technol.

Pescod, M.,1992. Wastewater Treatment. Use in

Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 47.

Rome.

Richard, W., Sihuang, X., Brendan, G., Heriberto, B., Long,

D. N., 2018. Anaerobic digestion of soft drink beverage

waste and sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology.

Elsevier.

Santo, F. C., Alessandro, di B., Tanner, R..D., Giulio, M.,

Michele, T., Jan, A. O., 2016. Effect of extended famine

conditions on aerobic granular sludge stability in the

Evaluation of the Operational and Structural Design of Sewage Treatment Plant of Muara Fajar (IPLT Muara Fajar) Pekanbaru City, Riau

Province, Indonesia

211

treatment of brewery wastewater. Bioresource

Technology. Elsevier.

Saqqar ,M., & Pescod, M., 1995. Modelling the

performance of anaerobic wastewater stabilization

ponds.Water Sci Technol.

Shinobu, K., Yoshifumi, M., Kentaro, T., Nao, S.,

Toshifumi, I., Akira, S., Xiaofang, L., Mayuko, S.,

Hitoshi, O., Tatsuo, O.,2015. Temporal dynamics of

norovirus determined through monitoring of municipal

wastewater by pyrosequencing and virological

surveillance of gastroenteritis cases. Water Research.

Elsevier.

Tchobanoglous, G., & Schroeder, E., 1987. Water quality.

Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.

Tebbut, T., 1992. Principles of water quality control. 4th

ed.New York: Pergamon Press.

Valentina, S., Maria, C. T., 2018. Enhancing anaerobic

treatment of domestic wastewater: State of the art,

innovative technologies and future perspectives.

Science of The Total Environment. Elsevier.

William, A..J. & Henry, J. V., The Emerging Global Water

Crisis: Managing Scarcity and Conflict Between Water

Users. Advances in Agronomy. Elsevier.

BEST ICON 2018 - Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference 2018

212