'Batang' as a Domestic Space –

The Manifestation of Sustainability in

the Riverside Settlement Culture in Banjarmasin

Dahliani

, Purwantini Setijanti

, I. Soemarno

, Muhammad Faqih

, Arina Hayati

Doctoral Student in Department of Architecture, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya

Lecturer in Department of Architecture, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya

Keywords: The Use of Domestic Space, Batang, Riverside Culture

Abstract: Riverside settlement is the start of the development of river cities in Indonesia. At this time the cities’

growth has shifted from river-based to land-based. This condition raises the question of whether riverside

settlements still have connectedness to the river for daily activities as the manifestation of a riverside

culture. This research used a qualitative method with case studies on riverside settlements in Banjarmasin,

such as Panglima Batur and Kampung Kenanga settlements. The focus of the observations was on the daily

activities carried out by residents on some elements of the settlements, namely batang and its connection

with the dwellings. Based on this research, riverside functioned not only as a "looked-on space" but also a

"used space"; there was an active relationship between the river, settlement, and dwellers that materialized

from domestic activities. Daily activities conducted by the inhabitants were the most specific forms of

culture that could be seen in the built environment. In this case, the riverside culture was visible through the

existence of batang and its use. Through this batang, the sustainability of the riverside culture in riverside

settlements can be maintained.

1 INTRODUCTION

The city of Banjarmasin is known as the "City of

Thousand Rivers"; it is flowed by many rivers, large

and small. This natural condition of being

surrounded by many rivers created a culture of

living by the riverside. The riverside culture is a

form of daily life of people who depend on the river

for their way of life and behavior (Nurfansyah,

2006). According to Saleh (1984), this is triggered

by the existence of the river as a main transportation

route, so the population is concentrated along the

river. It can be seen from the existence of

settlements in the form of houses on stilts along the

river or in the form of lanting houses that float on

the river.

Different cultures will produce different

dwellings (Lawrence, 1983, Lang, 1987).

Residential place is the social-cultural expression

implied through its domestic activities. Activity is

the reflection of people's desires, attitudes, and

knowledge of the world as a place of residence

(Lang, 1987). Activities connect them (occupants)

with the environment to process and change the

nature in settling in an environment as a cultural

embodiment based on an understanding of what is

known, thought, and viewed by individuals about the

world and the values that are formed and developed

in the community (Sangalang and Adji, 2014).

Activities can be seen from the daily behavior of

residents interacting with their environment.

Behavior is one of the factors that influence the

relationship between residents and the environment

in which they live. In addition, there are also

influences from culture, environmental conditions,

and outside influences (Hirsan, 2011).

In order to achieve sustainable settlements, one

aspect that needs to be considered is culture. Culture

is an important part of human-centered development,

so culture is used as an aspect of the realization of

sustainable development (referring to the World

Commission on Culture and Development/WCCD,

1996). The most specific cultural breakdown is an

activity that can be studied through the built

environment (Rapoport, 2005). The values held by a

society and the material objects it uses are cultural

Dahliani, ., Setijanti, P., Soermarno, I., Faqih, M. and Hayati, A.

Batang’ as a Domestic Space – The Manifestation of Sustainability in the Riverside Settlement Culture in Banjarmasin.

DOI: 10.5220/0008904300002481

In Proceedings of the Built Environment, Science and Technology International Conference (BEST ICON 2018), pages 11-19

ISBN: 978-989-758-414-5

elements that embody its way of life (Knox and

Pinch, 2010). A culture that is realized through the

way of life of everyday residents as a community

can support the sustainability of settlements. This is

especially the case for the culture that can show the

relationship between residents and their environment

based on specific environmental conditions such as

the state of being on the banks of rivers.

The existence of a river will affect the use of

domestic space as a place for daily activities. One of

the elements of riverside settlements is batang. A

batang is a vernacular building built by a

community to accommodate daily activities directly

related to the river. A batang is a material object in

settlements as a cultural element of riverside. The

existence of batang in riverside settlements is

currently decreasing because it is considered by

some to provide a less attractive view of the

riverside. Therefore, through the study in this article,

it is hoped that it can contribute to the importance of

batang as a domestic space, which is a cultural

element in settlements that can manifest the cultural

sustainability of riverside settlements.

Presently, the growth of Banjarmasin city has

shifted from river-based to land-based. The riverside

is more geared towards the development of a more

public riverfront. This condition raises the question

of whether riverside settlements still have

connectedness to the river for daily activities as the

embodiment of a river culture.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The Culture of Living

Culture concerning various ways of human life is

reflected in the patterns of action and behavior

(Poerwanto, 2008, Daeng, 2008). Culture can be

seen in three forms (Koentjaraningrat, 1985). First, it

can be seen in the form of complex ideas, values,

norms, rules, and so on. Second, it can be seen in the

form of complex patterned activities of human

beings in a society. Third, culture can also be seen in

the form of objects of human works; through this

form, culture can be studied architecturally as the

result of human relationships with the environment

in a built environment, including the use of space in

a settlement. In the use of domestic space, a

community’s values, the activities undertaken by

residents, and the buildings, spaces, and elements in

it as objects of human creation are observable.

Humans’ activities reflect the desires, attitudes,

and knowledge of their world as their place of

living, so how environment is addressed tends to be

different to every person. This is influenced by their

society and culture (Lang, 1987). Rapoport (2005)

describes in detail the relationship between culture

and activities that can be seen in a built

environment. He describes culture to be more

concrete, so it can be understood in the built

environment. Culture is defined as a way of life

consisting of values, ideals, images, schemata,

meanings, norms, standards, expectations, rules,

lifestyles, and activity systems. All aspects of culture

will be realized in the built environment in the form

of space organization, time, meaning, and

communication. Built environment is the

embodiment of a system of activities. It is a cultural

landscape. Built environment is composed of fixed

elements, semi-fixed elements, and non-fixed

elements. Through this explanation, the

implementation of culture in a built environment

becomes clearer and easier to study.

The processes of culture, environment, and

psychology take place in an interconnected system.

These three are related to mental activities (seeing,

hearing, smelling, interpreting, believing, and

behaving) and behavioral activities (what people do

and how they act) towards their environment

(Altman and Low, 1992). Culture is a process in

which people create meanings to give themselves a

sense of identity. Place is a manifestation of human

culture (Cohen, 1994 in Ujang and Zakariya, 2015).

Environmental variations can also reflect the cultural

complexity that distinguishes one group from

another. Ways of life, symbols, meanings and

cognitions, and sustainability are accepted as

specific norms to a particular group. In a pluralistic

society, culture plays an important role in

determining its identity that influences the character

and identity of the places it inhabits (Ujang and

Zakariya, 2015).

2.2 Domestic Space and Domestic

Activities

The word domestic comes from the Latin word

"domesticus", which means home and house or

household. Domestic space is found in home, house,

and yard for the relationships between human with

their residence, both inside and outside the house in

everyday contexts (Briganti and Mezei, 2012). The

existence of domestic space can be understood from

the existence of space elements in the form of

furniture, tools, and appliances arrangement as the

main marker (Schlyter, 1991, Hanson, 1998).

Equipment in this space can show the functions for

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everyday activities, for example, living room, dining

room, sleeping room, study room, and kitchen

(Oseland, 1999). Domestic activity indicates the

relationships between human and their living space

in everyday contexts (Monteiro, 1997; Collignon,

2010). Domestic space as a place of daily activities

directly responds to human needs and wants. Every

human being forms a domestic space in accordance

with his/her will to get the best conditions for his-

/herself.

Monteiro (1997) divides the activities in

domestic space into three groups: 1) integrated

activities, which are various activities that can be

done in one space; 2) rooted activities, which are

restricted and inflexible activities consisting of only

one type of activity function that depends on specific

equipment/furniture in the room, for example,

cooking in the kitchen, bathing in the bathroom; and

3) loose activities, which are activities that are

flexible—it can be done anywhere in the house and

can be associated with other activities. Residents

have the freedom to use the space to meet their

activity requirements. One space can be used for

various activities, and certain activities can take

place in any space.

Domestic space as an area for domestic activity

shows the relationship between humans and their

environment. The existence of activities is

determined by four components: the existence of the

subject, the existence of activities, and the existence

of places in association with time. There are various

domestic activities that can be done indoors and

outdoors. The type of domestic activity to be used in

this study is based on the classification of activities

undertaken by Monteiro (1997), Ahrentzen (1989),

and Kisnarini (2015) as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Classification of Domestic Activities

Household Chores

Extended Chores

a. Washing clothes

b. Drying clothes

c. Ironing

d. Storing clothes

e. Cleaning/maintaining the

house

f. Cooking preparation

g. Cooking

h. Washing dishes

a. Shopping

b. Working

c. Playing with

children

Passive Leisure

Interactive Leisure

a. Watching TV

b. Reading books

c. Listening to music/radio

d. Relaxing

a. Talking

b. Receiving guests

c. Playing

d. Playing a musical

instrument

e. Doing a hobby

f. Going for a walk

Private Needs

Communal Needs

a. Bathing

b. Sleeping

c. Praying

d. Studying

e. Personal care

f. Childcare/babycare

g. Resting

a. Drinking together

b. Eating together

c. Togetherness with

family

d. Celebration

e. Religious

meetings

3 RESEARCH METHODS

This research used a qualitative research method

with a phenomenology approach, which looks at the

research object in the natural context.

Phenomenological research emphasizes, to a greater

extent, people's experience at where they are. The

focus of this research was the existence of residents

who used batang as domestic space.

The study was conducted in the city of

Banjarmasin in a settlement on the banks of

Martapura River. The selected locations were

Panglima Batur and Kampung Kenanga. Both

villages were categorized as old villages.

The data required were in the form of primary

data, which were data on batang types and

placement in the settlement, activities carried out in

the batang, semi-fixed and non-fixed supporting

elements, types of actors, time of activities, and

occupants’ reasons for using batang. Data collection

was carried out by in-depth interviews with batang

users and field observations, which were conducted

directly in the field where activities were carried out

by batang users.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Batang as a Vernacular Building on

a Riverside Settlement

Vernacular architecture is also called architecture

without architect. A vernacular building reflects the

habit of community life; it is built due to the desire

to adjust to natural conditions. The community has

the autonomy in construction to fulfill its functions.

The riverside community makes the batang adjusted

to the condition of the site where the building is

located, which is on the banks of the river.

Batang is an unroofed rectangular construction

located on the bank of a river. Its dimensions variy

from 1 m x 1 m to 3 m x 4 m. Based on the

construction, there are two types of batang, namely

Batang’ as a Domestic Space – The Manifestation of Sustainability in the Riverside Settlement Culture in Banjarmasin

batang lanting and batang panggung (platform).

Batang lanting has a floating construction made of

logs, bamboos, or plastic drums. Meanwhile, batang

panggung has a pole construction made of galam

wood or ironwood that is plugged into the ground.

The batang’s floor is made of sparsely-arranged

ironwood. The structure and materials of a batang

show that it is a vernacular construction.

Figure 1. Batang lanting with a floating bamboo

construction (1) and batang panggung with an ironwood

construction (2)

4.2 Placement of Batang at Dwelling

Subiyakto (2005) states that the characteristics of

riverside settlements in Banjarmasin are as follows:

“The house is built as a house on stilts rights on the

riverbank or some of the posts are in the water.

Sometimes it can be a lanting house floating on the

water on the riverbank. In the same case they also

built a places of worship such as mosque or langgar.

Aside from that, there are also lanting or batang for

bathing, washing and latrine. Lanting and batang

function like docks, a place to unload and upload

items from boats or ships. It is a place for people to

make sale transactions with boats peddlers. It is also

a place to tether boat.”

Historically, the above text indicates that

‘batang' is located on the bank of a river, stands

alone, and exists in a similar manner as other

dwellings that are located by the river (lanting

houses and houses on stilts). It serves as a bath,

laundry, and latrine, as well as a dock for boat and

passenger and a boat tether.

The laying of a batang in subsequent

developments is not only done along the bank of a

river as a stand-alone construction, but related to

dwellings on the riverside. The laying of a batang

can be seen in the following table 2.

Table 2. Placemnet of Batang at Dwelling

No.

Placement of Batang

Description

A. The batang panggung is situated in front of a group of dwellings after a

public titian (walkway). The dwellings on the riverside settlement are

grouped based on marital relationships called bubuhan (family cluster).

Each of these bubuhan will have a single communal batang.

Historically, batang has existed since the first house in the bubuhan

group was built (grandfather or great-grandfather) and has survived

until now.

B. The batang panggung is situated in front of the dwelling directly

connected to the terrace. This new batang is built to facilitate the

activity of the occupants. The inhabitants feel that it takes a great

distance to use the family batang (bubuhan). Except during low tide,

residents will use family-owned batang.

The batang panggung is situated in front of the dwelling at the end of the

private titian. It is private, but can be used by neighbors. The dimensions of

the batang range from 1 m x 1 m to 1 m x 1.5 m. On the banks of the river

there are dwellings.

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The batang panggung is directly connected to the public titian (walkway).

Usually, this happens in areas that have abrasion, so it does not require a

long walkway to reach the water at low tide. It is private (owned by a house

on the land), but it can be used by others. The dimensions of the batang

range from 1 m x 1 m to 2 m x 3 m.

The batang panggung is directly connected to the riverbank behind a

dwelling (A) and next to another dwelling (B). It is a private property, but

the batang adjacent to the dwelling (B) can be accessed by neighbors in

need. The dimensions of the batang range from 1 m x 1 m to 2 m x 3 m.

The batang lanting is directly related to the public titian. It exists only in

Panglima Batur, with dimensions of 3 m x 4 m. It is used by some residents

together even though they are not of the same family group (bubuhan). The

group is based on RT limits.

The terrace of the lanting house is used as batang by residents and

neighbors around. The porch is 1 m wide. It is used by neighbors

during low tide as they cannot use the batang panggung, whereas

lanting house will follow the tides of river water.

The batang panggung is directly connected to the dock. It is

originally used to tether a boat, but it is also used by residents for

other activities.

Source: field observations

4.3 Batang as Domestic Space

The original function of batang is as a place for

bathing, washing, latrine, docking, and boat

tethering. Bathing and washing are the most

frequently performed domestic activities in the

batang. It is rarely used as latrine because the

residents already have toilets at their houses,

although some of the houses do not have any and the

owners must go to batang.

In subsequent developments, as an element of

riverside settlements, batang can also be used by

residents for a variety of domestic activities. This is

presented in the following table.

Batang’ as a Domestic Space – The Manifestation of Sustainability in the Riverside Settlement Culture in Banjarmasin

Table 3. The use of space for domestic activity on the batang

No.

Group of

Activity

Type of

Activity

Actors

Time

Photo

Household

Chores

Washing

clothes

Women

Young women

Men

05.00–10.00

16.00–18.00

According to the needs

At high tide

Washing

dishes

Women

Young women

Men

08.00–10.00

16.00–8.00

According to the needs

At high tide

Washing the

ingredients

Women

Young women

08.00–10.00

16.00–18.00

According to the needs

At high tide

Extended

Chores

Shopping

Women

Men

07.00–09.00

Passive

Leisure

Relaxing

Women

Men

Teens

Children

09.00–11.00

14.00–16.00

Interactive

Leisure

Chatting

Women

Men

Teens

05.00–11.00

16.00–18.00

Playing

Children

15.00–18.00

Doing

a hobby

(fishing)

Men

Young men

Children

09.00–13.00

Private

Needs

Bathing

Men

Women

Teens

Children

05.00–09.00

16.00–18.00

Source: field observations

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In the Panglima Batur area, there are batang

lanting that serve the public. The main thing that is

done by the residents is the domestic activity.

Occupants on land and riverside feel more

comfortable doing domestic activities such as

washing clothes and bathing in batang than at home

(even though they have already been connected to a

water supply network from PDAM). Often times,

they also wash food ingredients in the batang and

then rinse them with clean water at home. They

revealed that doing activity on the batang gives

them more space (3 m x 4 m for batang lanting and

1 m x 1.5 m to 2 m x 3 m for batang panggung). In

the batang they can use water more freely than they

can at home. In addition, they can meet their

neighbors, greet each other, and talk with each other

there. Batang lanting and batang panggung are not

only useful as domestic space, but also useful as a

socializing space between neighbors while doing

activities.

In the mid-morning and afternoon, the batang

lanting and batang panggung are quiet from the

service activity. At this time it is used by fathers for

fishing and by mothers for relaxing while

babysitting (bringing toddlers with them to see the

river). Users of the batang lanting and batang

panggung are not only residents who have a house

on the riverbank, but also residents who have homes

on the mainland. This indicates that the river has an

appeal to the domestic activity of the inhabitants, not

only for the water supply, but also for the cool

scenery.

In the Kampung Kenanga area, the batang are

positioned along the walkway (titian). Each batang

is owned by a house on the opposite side of the titian

parallel to the batang. This house is the main house,

then several houses are developed to the left, right,

front, and back of the main house. These houses are

inhabited by children, grandchildren, and relatives

(one family cluster/bubuhan), so one batang is used

by one family cluster. Residents use the batang

panggung for domestic activities based on family

ownership. Usually, at high tide, one family cluster

will use the batang together for bathing and

washing, but other people (not the same bubuhan)

may use this batang.

4.4 The Cultural Manifestation of the

River on the Batang

Daily activities reflect the way of life as a cultural

manifestation. Domestic activities carried out daily

by occupants in riverside settlements embody the

culture of riverside communities. This domestic

activity is related to household activities carried out

inside and outside of a dwelling. Batang is a fixed

element contained inside and outside the dwelling.

In this batang various domestic activities are carried

out, including not only household core activities

such as washing clothes, washing dishes, and

cleaning food, but also other domestic activities like

passive recreational activities such as leisure, active

recreational activities (e.g., talking, playing, doing

hobbies (fishing)) and private activities (e.g.,

bathing).

Domestic activities carried out on the riverside

are not only those directly related to the river itself

in the form of domestic service activities (bathing

and washing), but also those related to the

atmosphere of the riverbank. Activities can include

sitting for relaxing while looking at the river,

chatting, fishing, and playing. The existence of a

river supports the residents to use riverside batang

as their activity space. This indicates that the

riverside is not just a "used space", but also a

"looked-on space". There is an active relationship

between the river, inhabitants, and activities. River

functioned as a site with batang as a place of activity

for the residents of riverside settlements.

The domestic activities carried out in the batang

are not performed alone. Usually they are performed

together with other residents (neighbors) while they

are greeting and talking with each other. In this way

relationships are established. One domestic space in

the neighborhood is used together and alternated by

all residents of the settlement. As Koentjaraningrat

(1979) points out, most Indonesians engage in

activities outside the dwelling while talking with

neighbors and enjoying the atmosphere, and they do

not covet a life of solitude (privacy). If bathing and

relaxing are a private activity in the Western culture,

it is not the case in the culture of riverside

settlements. Communal life and togetherness in

conducting domestic activities become the main

characteristics of the society. The community

members appreciating the way of life together,

engage in interactions largely, and cooperate with

their neighbors (Kontjaraningrat, 1979).

The private batang on the riverbank (limited by

the public titian) have been experiencing a shift in

meaning. Based on the historic and settlement

patterns of the riverbanks, the riverbanks are

occupied by houses on the land facing the river and

parallel to the batang. Batang serve as docks and

areas for conducting domestic services (bathing,

washing dishes, and washing clothes). Every house

has this batang. In the present development, these

batang are legally private property, but in perception

Batang’ as a Domestic Space – The Manifestation of Sustainability in the Riverside Settlement Culture in Banjarmasin

of other occupants, they are public property. Owners

give freedom for anyone to use it. They are used by

not only the neighbors by the riverbanks, but also by

residents on land.

It is similar with personal batang located in front

of the house (side by side with the house or side by

side with private titian). It can be used by anyone

who needs it without the permission of the owner.

The private batang is changed to public property.

Residents do not give restrictions, so anyone can use

it. The value of "basamaan" (sharing) adhered to by

settlers is strong, so there is no conflict in the use of

domestic space together, especially in the domestic

space associated with the river.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Batang is a riverside settlement element that

supports the domestic activities of residents. Based

on the construction, batang are divided into two

types: batang lanting (floating construction) and

batang panggung (pole construction). Based on its

relation to shelter, batang panggung are divided into

4 (four) types, namely 1) batang located in front of

family cluster (bubuhan) adjacent to the public titian

(walkway), 2) batang located in front of the

dwelling at the end of the private titian or in front of

the terrace, 3) batang that are directly adjacent to the

public titian, and 4) batang that are directly related

to dwellings, situated in the back or side of the

dwelling. There is another type of batang that is

directly related to the dock. Batang lanting are

divided into 2 (two) types, namely 1) batang lanting

that is connected to the public titian and 2) terrace

lanting houses that serve as a batang.

The cultural manifestation through domestic

activities in the batang shows the following:

a. active connection between rivers, occupants, and

activity;

b. riverbank functions as a “used space” and a

“looked-on space”; and

c. the value of “basamaan” (togetherness) held by

residents of riverside settlements when

conducting domestic activities.

This research indicates that the existence of the

batang is indispensable in the sustainability of

riverside culture in riverside settlements.

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