Dynamics of Industrial Revolution in Improving the Quality of

Human Resources of College Graduates

Zainuddin

Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan

Keywords: Human Resources, Industrial Revolution, Graduates, Education Institution.

Abstract: Indonesia is a large country with an area of 5,455,675 km

, and a population approximately 265 million

people, occupying some 17,504 islands, consisting of 1,340 parts and using 742 languages. The progress of

a nation is determined by the quality of human resources of college graduates. At present, there are 4,498

higher education institutions, but the gross enrollment rate achieved is still very small, which is only 30%.

This means that the number of human resources of college graduates must be a concern, because 60% of

Indonesian workers are dominated by primary and secondary school graduates, so Indonesia is still

relatively poor. But the world has entered the Industrial Revolution 4.0, marked by technological advances

in cyber-physical systems where the industry began to enter human connectivity in the form of cyberspace,

known as the internet. Therefore, universities must be able to interact in an integrated curriculum with

instructional integrity. This means that educational institutions need to adjust to the advancement of science

and technology and the dynamic behavior of the industrial revolution in order to improve the quality of

human resources in the future.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is a large country with an area of

5,455,675 km

with a population of approximately

265 million people, occupying some 17,504 islands,

consisting of 1,340 tribes andusing 742 languages.

These islands stretch from east to west as far as

6,400 km

. Perimeter that surrounds the Indonesian

territory is along the approximately 81,000 km2, and

about 80% of the area is the sea. With the above

geographical span, Indonesia has a vast territory that

is 1.937 million km

land and 3.1 million km2

territorial sea, and the sea area EEZ (Exclusive

Economic Zone) 2.7 million km

This is why the Indonesian coastal and marine area

is known as a country with wealth and biological

diversity (biodiversity) in the world's largest ocean. The

comparison of Indonesian sea area which is larger than

the land area, of course, has an impact on the potential

of natural resources. The sea area that is so great causes

Indonesia to have a big enough potential of marine

natural resources. Indonesia is also known as a maritime

country with very wealthy maritime enormous

potentials.

Besides the natural resources, Indonesia also has

human resources that are not less greatness. Talking

about the issue of human resources is a problem that

is easy as well as difficult at the same time. As far as

it is concerned with theory, it seems that it is not

difficult, but in reality, it is very difficult to hold.

The problem of human resources is the concern of

all countries. Concern for human resources is very

important because humans are a very important

element in a country, in addition to other elements

because humans are the people who create

innovation and develop a country so that the country

becomes widely known by all countries.

The progress of a nation is determined by the quality

of human resources of college graduates. Currently,

there are 4,498 higher education institutions, but the

gross enrollment rate achieved is very small, amounting

to 31.5%. The Minister of Higher Education RI

(http://jateng.tribunnews.com/2018/06/27/) states

that the Gross Participation Ratio (GPR) Higher

Education in Indonesia is still low, even losing to

neighboring Malaysia. Currently, GPR Indonesia is

only around 31.5 percent, while in Malaysia it is

about 38 percent, even in Singapore, it reaches 78%

(https://geotimes.co.id/opini/2018/03/24).

This means that the number of human resources

from higher education graduates is a major concern,

because 60% of Indonesian workers are dominated

736

Zainuddin, .

Dynamics of Industrial Revolution in Improving the Quality of Human Resources of College Graduates.

DOI: 10.5220/0008893207360743

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 736-743

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

by elementary and junior high school graduates so

that Indonesia is still relatively poor. There are many

factors that cause GPR universities in Indonesia to

be low. Among the factors causing the low GPR of

higher education in Indonesia is the uneven quality

factor of higher education in Indonesia. Uneven

quality of higher education can be seen from the data

of private universities (PTS) that have been

accredited with A. Recorded 27 PTS under the

guidanceof Ministry of Research and Technology of

Higher Education have obtained accreditation

scores, but PTS accredited A is still concentrated in

Java (http://jateng.tribunnews .com/ 2018/6/27/).

The researchers are triggered by this

apprehensive condition of the students in learning

English to find a new breakthrough in teaching

English. The short course program is also made

referred to HESD (Higher Education Sustainability

Development) program. Seatter, C.S & Ceulemans,

K (Seatter, C.S and Ceulemans, K . 2017) inferred

that HESD program has capacity in formal education

to promote transpormative learning. This program

allows the students to be active, creative, critical,

and transformative in learning. In this research, the

researchers tries to treat the Indonesian students

related to translating English verbal sentences by

giving short course to them. Therefore, the theory

dopted in this research is constructivist theory.

Constructivist theory is a mening-making theory

(Richardson,V, 1997). The theory suggests that the

students should be creative to get a new knowledge

with their own understanding by using their prior

knowledge and the new information of the new

knowledge. The reseachers would like to see the

effect of the short course to the students’ ability in

translating English verbal sentences. Therefore, the

research questions in this research are:

1. How does the short course affect the students’

ability in translating English verbal sentence?

2. Is the short course able to reduce the students’s

error in translating English verbal sentence?

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Discussion

2.1.1 Resource Potential to Improve the

Indonesian Public WelFare

The potential of Indonesia's natural wealth is from

the sea, land, and other natural resources contained

in Indonesia's earth.The wealth of natural resources

has been partially utilized to meet the needs of the

Indonesian people,and some other potentials have not

been exploited due to the various constraints such as

technological and economic capabilities. Natural

resource potential is so great that it can contribute not

only to the development of the state but also to the

welfare of the people, if it is well managed by the

government. Natural resource wealth itself includes

agriculture, forestry, marine, fisheries, livestock,

crops, and mining also energy.

Article 33 Paragraph (3) of the Law of the

Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 states that earth,

water, and natural resources therein shall be

controlled by the State and is in use for the greater

welfare of the people. The definition of “controlled

by the state” does not mean that the State itself

become entrepreneur. More precisely is that the state

has the authority to make regulations, and this is

intended to facilitate the economy, therefore the law

prohibits weak exploitation by those who have

capital (Hatta, 1977, p. 28).

In the Basic Agrarian Law Article 2 Paragraph 1,

it is explained that that "the earth, water and space,

including the natural resources contained in it at the

highest level controlled by the State, as the

organization's entire power of the people". The

meaning of "controlled" State here does not mean

"owned" by the State, but it implies that the state has

authority or power to:

a. Arrange and conduct allocation, use,

supplies and maintenance.

b. Determine and regulate the rights to possess

over (part of) the land, water and aerospace.

c. Determine and regulate legal relations

between the people and the legal acts

concerning the earth, water and space.

Figure 1: Resource Potential to Improve the Indonesian

Public WelFare.

According to Law No. 4 Year 2009 on Mineral

and Coal Mining, it is an activity in the context of

exploitation of mineral and coal covering the steps of

the activity:

Dynamics of Industrial Revolution in Improving the Quality of Human Resources of College Graduates

737

1. General Survey (Prospecting)

Prospecting is an investigation activity,

search, or the discovery of valuable mineral

deposits that aims to discover the existence

or indications of minerals that would

provide hope for further investigation.

2. Exploration

Exploration is an activity performed after a

prospecting or after the deposition of

minerals found and aims to gain certainty

about the deposition of minerals that

includes the shape, size, position location,

quality (levels) deposition of excavated

material as well as the physical

characteristics of the excavated materials

deposition.

3. Feasibility Study

The feasibility study is the final stage of a

series of previously conducted a preliminary

investigation as a determinant of whether

mining sediment of excavation material is

competent or not.

4. Construction

Preparation or construction are activities

undertaken to prepare the facility site prior

to mining operations.

5. Mining

Mining is part of mining business activities

to produce minerals and / or coal and

mineral descent.

6. Processing and refining

Processing and refining is a stage in which

minerals are mined was treated beforehand

with the aim to separate and then marketed.

7. Marketing

Minerals that have been through the treatment

process and subsequent purification will be

marketed to consumers.

8. Post-Mining (Reclamation).

Reclamation is an activity to rehabilitate the

environment that has been damaged,

whether as a result of mining or other

activities.

The Mining is basically grouped into two (2)

types, namely mineral and coal mining. With this

mining industry, the country can work together to

manage and exploit the wealth of natural resources

that the results are used entirely for the welfare of the

people.

In-Law No. 4 Year 2009 on Mineral and Coal

Mining, in Article 1 paragraph 4, it is explained that

mineral minings are mining collection in the form of

ore or rock, outside geothermal, oil and gas, and

groundwater. Whereas in Article 1 paragraph 5, it is

explained that the coal mining is mining deposition

of carbon contained in the earth, including shale, peat

and rock asphalt. Supramono (2012; 6) states simply

mining can be given a sense as an activity carried out

by digging into the ground (earth) to get something in

the form of mining (minerals, oil, natural gas, and

coal).

Figure 2:Oil Mining in Indonesia.

Mining activity is currently known as mining for

metallic mineral commodities, such as gold, copper,

nickel, bauxite and coal commodities. In addition to

the main mineral commodities and coal, rock

commodities also have an equally important role,

particularly in providing material support to

infrastructure development, such as the establishment

of road infrastructure, construction of residential and

office buildings.

Based on the Provincial Regulation on Spatial

Planning, there are several area allocated for mining

activities. Region Mining allotment is an area

intended for mining activities to the region that is

being, or will soon be carried out mining activities,

including the class of minerals A, B and C mining

materials (rocks). This area is expected to be a source

of income/ revenue funding for local governments

(revenue-sharing) as stipulated in Law No. 33 of

2004 On Financial Balance between the Central

Government and Local Government. It also functions

as Appropriation Mining Region which is expected

to generally be the welfare of Indonesian society

through the management and utilization of natural

resources as minerals

2.2 Sample

To detail the regulations of Law Number 4 of 2009

concerning Minerals and Coal which were later

reissued in the form of Government Regulations

(PP), one of which is Regulation Number 23 of 2010

concerning Implementation of Mineral and Coal

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

738

Mining, mining commodities are grouped into five

groups, namely:

1. Mineral, i.e. radioactive radium, thorium

uranium,

2. Mineral metals, i.e. gold, copper,

3. Mineral not metals, i.e. diamonds, bentonite,

4. Rock, i.e. andesite, clay, landfill, gravel

excavation of the hill, river gravel, sand

landfill,

5. Coal, i.e. rock asphalt, coal, peat

Empirical experience around the world has

proved, that progress, independence and prosperity of

a nation is determined by the mastery of science and

technology (Science and Technology) of the nation.

The countries that today are known as the developed

countries, such as the G7 (US, Japan, Germany,

France, Canada, the UK and Italy); Scandinavian

countries, Australia, South Korea and Singapore are

superior in mastery and application of science and

technology in almost all areas of life. The empirical

evidence of this kind is also true in the ability of

exploration and exploitation of marine resources, eg,

fisheries resources, as experienced by the people of

Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand, the

Scandinavian countries, Canada and Spain.

2.3 Instrument

The term industry 4.0 is derived from the idea of the

fourth industrial revolution. European Parliamentary

Research Service in Davies (European Parliamentary

Research Service,2015) stated that the industrial

revolution happened four times. The first industrial

revolution occurred in England in 1784 in which the

invention of the steam engine and mechanization began

to replace human work. The second revolution

occurred in the late 19th century in which the

production machines are powered by electricity used

for mass production. The use of computer technology

for the automation of manufacturing started in 1970 to

mark the third industrial revolution. Today, the rapid

development of sensor technology, interconnect, and

data analysis gave rise to the idea to integrate these

technologies into various industrial fields. This idea

was predicted to be the next industrial revolution. The

number four in terms Industry 4.0 refers to the fourth

revolution. Industry 4.0 is a phenomenon that is unique

if compared to the three that preceded the industrial

revolution. 4.0. Industry announced a priori because the

event has not happened and in fact still in the form of

ideas (Drath and Horch, 2014).

4.0 Industry term itself was officially born in

Germany precisely the time of the Hannover Fair in

2011 (Kagermann et al, 2011). Reich has a great

interest in this regard for Industry 4.0 becomes part of

the policy development plans called High-Tech

Strategy 2020. The policy aims to retain Germany in

order to always be in the forefront in the world of

manufacturing (Heng, 2014). Several other countries

also participated in the realization of the concept of

Industry 4.0, but using different terms such as Smart

Factories, Industrial Internet of Things, Smart

Industry, or the Advanced Manufacturing. Despite

having the mention different terms, all of them have the

same goal, that is to improve the competitiveness of the

industry of each country in the face of a highly

dynamic global market

2.4 Data Collection and Analysis

Fraunhofer, a research organization and technology in

Europe recommends another model called Fraunhofer

Industrie 4.0 layer models (Neugebauer et al, 2016). This

model is claimed more comprehensive because it puts

more tangible elements. The model is composed of the

extracted document researches and interview resultsto

the experts. As shown in Figure 2.9, this model is

composed of three main layers. The core layer

related to production is divided into ten sections of

core technologies, namely:

a. Engineering

b. Manufacturing technologies and

organization

c. Machines

d. Smart capabilities

e. Robotics and human-robot collaboration

f. Production planning control

g. Logistics

h. Work organization

i. Workplace design and assistance

j. Resource and energy efficiency,

The next layer is the aspect of information and

communication technology which enables the realization

of the concept of Industry 4.0. The outermost layer is

related to the company's transformation as a result of the

implementation of Industry 4.0 which includes business,

management and human resources.

This flow is certainly supported by the qualified

Indonesian human resources to implement the industrial

revolution. Qualified human resources provides

excellent effect when used with the best. The good

benefits are useful to society and the country itself.

Human resources is essential for developed and

developing countries. Human resources are also the

authorized capital of the wealth of a nation, because

humans asthe factors of production are actively raising

Dynamics of Industrial Revolution in Improving the Quality of Human Resources of College Graduates

739

capital, exploit natural resources, build social

organizations, economic, political and implement

national development.

To produce qualified human resources, the

education plays an important thing, and improving

the quality of human resources absolutely must be

done due to the qualified human resources can

provide a multiplier-effect on a country's

development, especially the development of the

economic sector. In general, education and health

levels can represent the quality of labor due to

educationincreases their skills.

With regard to supply-side issues, the quality of

labor and the population of workers in Indonesia is

still limited. Various efforts have been made by the

government or the private sector to produce quality

human resources through the establishment of

universities (PT), but the opening of the new PT

Indonesia on a large scale without being followed by

the provision of adequate infrastructure, even tend to

only seek profits, only will result in an increase in

the number of less qualified graduates.

In fact, the demand for skilled and educated

labor as one of the key global labor markets will be

more complex, due to the tendency of multi-

nationalization of efforts and production and

strategic alliances. The use of labor is also

increasingly exposed from all over the world in a

single business unit. This means that there will be

increasing labor migration between countries. This is

reinforced by various regional and international

agreements, including the industrial revolution and

the imposition of economic integration in the

ASEAN Economic Community which has been in

effect since the end of December 2015. In the

agreement, there are five core elements underlying

the AEC, including the free movement of skilled

workers. This means that skilled labor is

increasingly easy to fill the labor market in

Indonesia, whereas Indonesian skilled labor is also

relatively easier to fill the labor market in other

countries.

To achieve a quality standard of education,

quality improvement is focused not only on elements

of education staff or lecturers, but also on higher

education management, competency standards,

processes, graduate competencies, infrastructure,

management, financing and education evaluation;

which can be applied by standardization bodies,

guarantees and quality control of education(Article

35 paragraph 3 of Law No. 20 Year 2003).

Standardization group, assurance and quality

control of education must be prepared by the

government so that the quality of education always has

the minimum criteria that must be met by the manager

of education, local government and central

government. This strategy is usually associated with

the change so that a change of strategy regarding the

quality of education strategy must be changed into the

right strategy. Regarding the change of strategy

intended to allow organizations to become more

effective in achieving its objectives, it is necessary to

attempt to change the organization by taking into

account various relevant factors. Indrawijaya (1989:

28) points out, "The efforts of managers to improve or

change the organization during the past focused more

on the changes of: (1) subsystem technology; (2)

managerial subsystem; or (3) the human subsystem".

To change is not easy because it is necessary to

develop careful planning until the produced plans,

programs and policies are appropriate for further

consistent application. Elements that can be changed is

not always wholly to change; the only thing that can

be done means having to make changes; as

explained by Robbins (in Udaya, 1994 428) that

strategies tend to fall into one of the four categories,

namely human, structural, technological and

organizational processes. When there is a force that

makes a change, there is someone who accepts the

role as an agent of change, and has determined what

must be discarded, we need to consider how to

implement the change. We begin to see the steps in

the change process. Successful change requires

disbursing (not free) the status quo, moving

(moving) to a new state, and freezing (refreezing);

this change will become permanent. The process of

change requires steps through: (1) disbursement

(unfreezing) the status quo, i.e. domination must be

merged by applying rules; (2) transfer (move) to a

new state, i.e. the existence of the appropriate power

has been planned; and (3) refreezing of changes into

permanent ones, namely decision making.

In relation to the quality of education, in fact

those who receive attention are not only qualified

and qualified lecturers, but also other aspects, such

as standard content, processes, graduate

competencies, infrastructure, management,

financing, and educational needs assessment. Those

aspects must also be constructed in such a way so

that they are relevant with the organizational context

to be more effective and efficient.

The majority of Higher Educations (PT) are

located in Java and Sumatra Island. Carrying more

than 70 percent of the total PT on both densely

populated region. This condition shows that the

distribution of PT in Indonesia has not been evenly

distributed. Going forward, the government has a

commitment to support the development of higher

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

740

education in order to create equitable access to higher

education, particularly in some areas outermost, and

left of Nusantara in the context of the dynamics of

the industrial revolution

3 RESULT

The first aspect is horizontal integration, which

means integrating CPS technology into business

strategies and corporate collaboration networks

including partners, vendors, customers and other

parties. Cps vertical integration is the matters

relating to how to apply technology to the

manufacturing/ production systems that exist in the

company so that it can be flexible and modular. The

third aspect involves the application of cps

technology in the end-to-end engineering value

chain. Value chain engineering involves the process

of adding product value from the design process,

production planning, manufacturing to product use

services. Integration of these aspects requires eight

actions, namely: (1) standardization, (2) complex

system modeling, (3) provision of communication

network infrastructure, (4) guarantee of safety and

security, (5) organizational design and work, (6)

training of human resources, (7) certainty of the

legal framework and (8) resource efficiency.

Bitkom, vdma and zvei (vdi/ vde-gesellschaft mess-

und automatisierungstechnik,2015) has developed

another model called rami4.0.

Figure 3: Rami 4.0.

The vertical axis RAMI 4.0 consists of six layers

showing various aspects of the industry viewpoint of

the Industry 4.0. These include the viewpoint of the

market/business, function, information,

communication and perceptions regarding the

integration capabilities of the components (assets of

the company). The horizontal axis to the left shows

the flow of the product life cycle or the current value

added in the production process in the industry

coupled with the implementation of digitization. The

horizontal axis to the right explains the hierarchy of

control systems ranging from product production,

equipment on the production floor to the enterprise

level and the outside world. According Zezulka et al

(2016), these models do not support the technical

solutions necessary to realize the hardware and

software implementation of Industry 4.0

4 ANALYSIS

Most opinions regarding the potential benefits of

Industry 4.0 are about increasing production speed

flexibility, improving customer service, and

increasing revenue. Realization of potential benefits

will have a positive effect on the economy of a

country.

Industry 4.0 offers not only benefits but also

challenges to face. Drath and Horch (2014) argue

that the challenges faced by a country when

implementing Industry 4.0 is the emergence of

resistance to changes in demographics and social

aspects, instability of the political situation, lack of

resources, natural disaster risks and demands from

the application of environmentally friendly

technologies. According to Qin Jian et al (2016),

there is a wide gap between the current

technological conditions of the industrial world and

the expected conditions of Industry 4.0. The research

conducted by Balasingham (2016) also shows an

unwillingness to apply Industry 4.0 due to concerns

about the uncertainty of its benefits.

Based on some of these explanations in accordance

with the submitted by Zhou et al (2015), in general,

there are five major challenges to be faced is the aspect

of knowledge, technological, economic, social, and

political. To answer these challenges, it takes a great

effort, planned and well positioned on the side of the

regulator (government), academics and practitioners.

Kagermann et al (2013) convey the necessary

involvement of academics in the form of research and

development to realize the Industry 4.0. According to

Qin Jian et al (2016), the realization of the technology

development roadmap Industry 4.0 is still not focused.

This happens because the Industry 4.0 which is still a

concrete manifestation of this idea has not been clear in

terms of all its aspects in order to bring the various

possible directions of development. Kagermann et al

(2013) in the final report of the working group 4.0

industry sponsored by the german ministry of education

and research provide recommendations skeleton model

industry 4.0

Dynamics of Industrial Revolution in Improving the Quality of Human Resources of College Graduates

741

5 CONCLUSION

1. Empirical experience around the world has

proved that progress, independence and

prosperity of a nation is determined by the

mastery of science and technology (Science and

Technology) of the nation. The Countries that

today are known as the developed countries, such

as the G7 (US, Japan, Germany, France, Canada,

the UK and Italy); Scandinavian countries,

Australia, South Korea and Singapore are

superior in mastery and application of science

and technology in almost all areas of life. The

empirical evidence of this kind is also true in the

ability of exploration and exploitation of marine

resources, e.g. fisheries resources, as experienced

by the people of Japan, Taiwan, South Korea,

Thailand, the Scandinavian countries, Canada

and Spain. Instead, even though a country has

abundant marine resources,if it ignores the

nation's science and technology in harnessing

and managing these resources development, it

will be relatively considered a small nation.

Marine and fisheries sector development in

Indonesia still face many constraints and

problems. Performance marine construction has

not contributed much toGDP (Gros Domestic

Product) and still leaves the poorest communities

in the country that has a great maritime potential.

One cause of this problem is the inability of the

people and nation of Indonesia to utilize

available resources, and if it is pursued further, it

is because of the mastery of science and

technology and marine information is still very

weak. Therefore, it will be very precise and

strategic if governments from now on start

strengthening research and technological

development strategies of marine resources. This

is very reasonable since Indonesia is an

archipelagic country and Maritime (Archipelagic

State) in the world. Indonesia is one of the

maritime worlds, the geographical characteristics

of Indonesia as well as the structure and typology

of ocean ecosystems dominated have made

Indonesia as Mega-Biodiversity spread across

the world. Marine resources are natural resources

that have the potential lucrative opportunities

utilized as an effective resource in Indonesia is

the

nation building.

2. The low gross enrollment rate (GER) of higher

education in Indonesia is only 31 percent when

compared with other Asean countries such as

Malaysia, which reached 38 percent and

Singapore at 78 percent due to many factors.

Among the factors causing the low of GER higer

education in Indonesia is the factor of uneven

quality of higher education in Indonesia. The

uneven quality of higher education can be seen

from the data of private universities (PTS),

which have been accredited with an A. Recorded

27 Private Higher Educations under the guidance

of Ministy of Research and Technology

Directorace of Higher Education already obtain

the value of accreditation, but Private Higher

Educationswith A accreditaon are still

concentrated in Java. Another factor that causes

the lack of skills of higher education graduates in

Indonesia is that vocational or skills-based higher

education is still lower than academic education.

The Industrial Revolution 4.0 requires people to

have skills at work. However, this is a dilemma,

especially if the university is providing more

academic-based education services than the

education sector that gives birth to skilled human

beings in the field of work they will do in the

industrial field. In general, there are five main

challenges that must be faced in the

revolutionary industry 4.0, namely aspects of

knowledge, technology, economics, social and

politics.

6 RECOMMENDATION

The next layer is the aspect of information and

communication technology which enables the realization

of the concept of Industry 4.0. The outermost layer is

related to the company's transformation as a result of the

implementation of Industry 4.0,including business,

management and human resources.

This of course flows and is supported by the

quality of Indonesia's qualified human resources to

implement the industrial revolution. Qualified

human resources have amazing effects when used

with the best. The benefits are beneficial not only to

the community but also to the country itself. Human

resources are very important for developed and

developing countries since they are also the official

capital of a nation's wealth. Human resources are the

impoftant factors of production that actively collect

capital, exploit natural resources, build social,

economic, political organizations and carry out

national development.

To produce qualified human resources, the

education plays imprtant role, and improving the

quality of human resources absolutely must be done

due to the quality of qualified human resources can

provide a multiplier-effect on a country's

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

742

development, especially the development of the

economic sector. In general, education andhealth

levels can become the indicators of the quality of

labor. Besides, it is undeniable that one's education

will affect his skills.

Related to the issue from the supply side, the

quality of labor and the population of workers in

Indonesia is still limited. Various efforts have been

made by the government or the private sector to

produce qualified human resources through the

establishment of universities (PT).

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