Vegetation Composition and Structure under Mature Oil Palm

(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Stands

Yenni Asbur

, Yayuk Purwaningrum

and Mira Ariyanti

Departement of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University of North Sumatra, Jalan Karya Wisata Gedung

Johor, Medan 20144, Indonesia.

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, PadjadjaranUniversity. Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang km.21,

Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia

Keywords: Analysis of Vegetation, Composition, Structure, Oil Palm.

Abstract: Generally, vegetation under oil palmstands are still considered as weeds or disturbing plants that must be

controlled and the benefits are stillbelowestimations. It is necessary to conduct research concerning

identification of vegetation and structure composition under oil palmstands which can be used as cover crop

by considering its ecological value. The research was conducted in 9, 13, and 18 years old of mature oilpalm

plantation in PTPN VII, South Lampung, Indonesia. The study used squares method, measuring 1 mx 1

m,by systematic sampling. Each location used a 1 mx 1 m observation plot withtotal observationsplot is25

plots per location. At each square, it was recorded and counted the type and number of individual weed, and

then each type was separated, and dried to calculate the dominant value. The data obtained were analyzed

by calculating K, KR, F, FR, D, DR, INP, and SDR. The results showed that there were differences of

composition and vegetation type under9,13, and 18 years old of oil palmstandsand thebiodiversity was

classified as high to very high.

1 INTRODUCTION

Generally,matureoil palmestatewas characterized by

humid and sheltered environment. Legumeswhich

are usedas cover crops for young oil palm tree is

intolerant to shadeso that when the canopy begins to

cover each other, the legumes will be replaced

naturally by vegetation that is tolerant to shade and

low soil fertility, such as Asystasiagangetica,

Nephrolepisbiserrata, Mikaniamicrantha,

Axonopuscompressus, Cytococcum sp.,

Paspalumconjugatum and others.

Vegetation under tree stands is an important

component in forest and plantation ecosystems;

therefore, its role must be taken into account.

Vegetation under tree stands is a cover crops layer

that consists of herbs, shrubs, lianas and ferns. In the

forest ecology, basic vegetation is the strata that is

quite important to support the life of other plant

species (Manan, 1976).

Generally,in oil palm estate, vegetation under oil

palm stands is called weed; therefore, it must be

controlled. However, according to the principles and

criteria of Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)

and Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO),

especially in the sense of environmental

responsibility, natural resources conservation,

biodiversity as well as technical guidance

application of oil palmcultivation and processing

with respect to soil conservation and water

(PusatInformasiKelapaSawit, 2013), theweeds

underoil palm stands should be managed wisely by

utilizing them as cover crops,as part of soil and

water conservation.

Some researches indicate that vegetation under

oil palm stands have important roles in returning

nutrients to the soil, reducing surface erosion,

reducing nutrient losses, and increasing soil carbon

stocks. Maswar(Maswar,2009) shows that each

vegetation biomass under oil palmstands contribute

to return carbon to the soil as carbon stocks ranging

from 8.0-10.4 t C/ha.

Asburet al. (Asburet al.2014; 2016) and

Ariyantiet al. (Ariyanti et al.2017) showed that

Asystasiagangetica(L.) T. Anderson within 30 days

can be decomposed by 90.0% -96.6% and contained

several nutrients such as N, P, K, effectively reduce

erosion and N, P, K nutrient loss, and able to

254

Asbur, Y., Purwaningrum, Y. and Ariyanti, M.

Vegetation Composition and Structure under Mature Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Stands.

DOI: 10.5220/0008888302540260

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinar y Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 254-260

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

increase the availability of groundwater in the dry

season. Ariyantiet al. (Ariyanti et al.2016) also

shows that NephrolepisbiserrataKuntze effectively

reduces water loss due to percolation and runoff. In

addition, N. biserrata also effectively increases

water availability in oil palmplantation during the

dry season based on its water balance.

Generally, vegetation under oil palmstands are

still considered as weeds or disturbing plants that

must be controlled and the benefits arestill below

estimations. It is necessary to conduct research

concerning identification of vegetation and structure

composition under oil palmstands which can be used

as cover crop by considering its ecological value.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research was conducted on 9(TM-6), 13(TM-

10), and 18(TM-15) years old of mature oil palm

plantationat RejosariBusiness Unit, PTPN VII,Natar

District,South Lampung, Indonesia.

The study usesquares method, measuring 1 mx 1

m,by systematic sampling(Oosting, 1948). Each

location used a 1 mx 1 m observation plot withtotal

observationsplot is25 plots per location.

Measurement of abiotic environment was

conducted before vegetation analysis. Such

measurement is light intensity, temperature and

humidity in each experimental site using multimeter

tool (modified by AgungYogaswara).Such

preliminary observation was conducted to collect the

general description of the research site and the

oilpalm plantation.

At each square, it was recorded and counted the

type and number of individuals weed, then each type

was separated, and dried to calculate the dominant

value. The data obtained were analyzed by

calculating the density (K), relative density (KR),

frequency (F), relative frequency (FR), dominance

(D), relative dominance (DR), Important Value

Index (INP), and Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR).

The formula is as follow:

K =

Number of individu

Sampling Area

(1)

KR =

Density of a Type

Density of All Type

x 100%

(2)

F =

Number of observation plot for a type

Total Observation Plot

(3)

FR =

Frequency of a type

Frequency of All Type

x 100%

(4)

D =

Dry weight of a type

Individul number of a type

(5)

DR =

Dominance of a type

Dominance of All type

x 100%

(6)

INP = KR + FR + DR

(7)

SDR =

INP

(8)

Diversity and stability of each area can be

calculated using the Shannon Diversity Index.

Shannon's diversity index can be calculated using

the Ludwig and Reynold equation (Ludwig and

Reynold,1988):

Hʹ=−

(

)

(9)

Where: H': Diversity Index; Pi: INP / N; INP:

Important Value Index Type i; N: Number of

Important Value Indexes of All Types.

Data on weed vegetation structure were analyzed

quantitatively among three age groups (9, 13, and 18

years).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

According to the result of vegetation analysis on 9,

13 and 18 years old of oil palm plantation, it is

known that the vegetation composition is not much

different (Table 2).

Table 2 shows that there is a difference in

vegetation composition under 9, 13 and 18 years old

of oil palmstands.In 9 years old, there are 5 types of

ferns, 15 species of broadleaf, 11 species of grasses

and 1 type of nutgrass. In 13 years old, there are 7

types of ferns, 24 species of broadleaf, 16 types of

grasses and 1 type of nutgrass. In 18yearold oil

palm, there are 9 types of ferns, 25 broadleaf

species, 13 species of grasses and 1 type of nutgrass.

However, the similarities of all ages are the

dominance of broadleaf species.Soenarsono and

Sarangih (Soenarsono and Sarangih,1988) stated that

common vegetation found under oil palmstands is

mixed vegetation of ferns, broadleaves, grasses, and

nutgrass, but dominated by broadleaves species.

According toAfrianti et al. (Afrianti et al.2015),

broad-leaved vegetationis found dominant in3-7

years old of oilpalm estate in Rokan Hulu.

However,Adriadiet al. (Adriadiet al.2012); Putrie

and Praman (Putrie and Praman,2017) found that in

8-yearold of oil palmestate in Kilangan,

MuaroBulian, BatangHari and in Petai village,

SingingiHilir, KuantanSingingi, the dominant

species are grasses.

In these 9, 13, and 18 years of oil palm estate, the

most dominant vegetation is

NephrolepisbiserrataKuntze of ferns type with

density 23.5 individuals/m

, 24.4 individuals/m

, and

Vegetation Composition and Structure under Mature Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Stands

255

40.7 individuals/m

respectively. Other dominant

species are broadleaves speciesofAsystasiagangetica

(L.) T. Anderson, namely 28.8 individuals/m

, 17.2

individuals/m

, and 18.8 individuals/m

respectively. Other dominantspecies

arePaspalumconjugatum Berg with a density of 15.0

individual/m

, 24.9 individual/m

, 30.9

individual/m

respectively.

N. biserrata is a fernspecies originating from

Tropical Asia (Old World Tropics) (Burkill, 1966).

This plant has a smooth and scaly leaf surface, 2 cm

length and width of 1 cm. The leaf shape pushes and

the end is split, while the leaf edge is serrated. The

size of the fertile leaves (spore) is larger than the

sterile leaves (nospore). In Indonesia, N. biserrata is

easy to find in plantations, especially in oil palm.

This plant is easy to adapt because epiphytic, and it

has dry resistance and creeping rhizome (Putri,

2012).N. biserrata can also be found in highlands,

dry areas such as deserts, watery or swampy areas

and shady forests (Efendi, 2009).

BesidesN. biserrata, the other dominant

vegetation, is Asystasiagangetica (L.) T. Anderson.

A. gangeticais a perennial plant originating from

Africa, Arabia (Adetula, 2004), India (Holm et al.,

1977) and first introduced to Malaysia in 1876 and

1923 as ornamental plants (Wiart, 2000). In contrast

to N. biserrata, A. gangeticais invasive weeds in oil

palm plantationdue to its ability to produce large

quantities of seeds, which are estimated 27 million

seeds per hectare (Priwiratama, 2011), catapulted as

far as 6 m (Adetula, 2004), and easy to germinate

that itcan quickly dominate the land. New plants can

also grow from the stem base when touching the

ground (Priwiratama, 2011), and within 6 weeks

already flowering and produce seeds (Adetula,

2004).

Paspalumconjugatum is a weed-grass found in

plantation, and as animportant weed on some crops

(Adriadiet al., 2012).P. conjugatum is perennial

grass, spread rapidly above ground level with a

distance of 5-15 cm, each plant produces roots and

leaf buds with a height up to 30 cm. Such grass has

a soft, deep green bar with a width of 1 cm and a

length up to 20 cm, hairy on both surfaces, and

wrinkled edges. There is a ligula, that is a very short

membrane with a length of less than 1 mm with a

long rim of hair behind it. According to Holm et al.

(Holm et al. 1977), an individual P. conjugatum can

produce 1,500 seeds that spread easily and

germinate immediately. The original habitat is

forests and forest edges in humid tropics, but now

found in many plantations and other annual

croplands. P. conjugatumis grown well in full

sunlight and tolerant to partial shade, as well as

tolerance to poor acid soils (Cabi, 2018).

The data analysis showsvegetation structure

under oil palm stands based on relative density

(KR), relative frequency (FR), relative dominance

(DR), important value index (INP) and Summed

Dominance Ratio (SDR) of the 10 dominant

vegetation types for each year of oil palm(Table 3).

In the 9, 13, and 18 years old of oilpalm

plantation, there are two vegetation types with the

highest SDR values namely

NephrolepisbiserrataKuntze (19.6%, 18.7%, and

25.9%), and Asystasiagangetica (L.) T. Anderson

(16.5%, 9.2%, and 8.9%), respectively.Vegetation

with the lowest SDR values is different from each

age of palmoil. In the 9 year old of oil palm, the

lowest SDR values were Mucunacochinsinensis

(0.1%), while in 13 years old is Hyptisrhomboidea

Mart. and Gal. (0.2%), and 18 years old is

Urenalobata L. and Passiflorafoetida L. (0.3%).

This shows that N. biserrata and A. gangetica are

most dominant among other species in this oil palm

plantation.

In the three different ages, N. biserrata and A.

gangeticahas higher relative density, relative

frequencies and relatively dominance than other

vegetation, because the twospecies have the largest

number of individuals and always found in every

plot and its wide spread. In turn, N. biserrata and A.

gangetica have the highest INP and SDR.

BesidesN. biserrata and A. gangetica, other

vegetations that havehigh relative density, relative

frequencies and relatively dominance in each of oil

palm plantationareS. indica., P. conjugatum, A.

compressus, S. spontaneum, S. plicata, A. cuneatum,

A. tenerum, and E. hirtaat 9yearold oil palm

plantation; S. indica, O. compositus, A. compressus,

B. mutica, S. spontaneum, E. hirta, andC. hirtaat 13

years old; and P. conjugatum, S. indica, C.

oxyphyllum, S. spontaneum, C. hirta, A. compressus,

O. nodosa, andO. barrelieriat 18 yearsold.

Shannon diversity index is divided into several

criteria, namely H> 3.0 (very high), H = 1.5-3.0

(high), H = 1.0-1.5 (moderate), and H <1 (low)

(Margurran, 2004). Accordingly, the biodiversity

index (H') in 18 and 13 years old of oil palm

plantationfor all weeds is 3.1 and 3.2 (very high),

and 2.9 (high) in 9 years old. Adriadi et al. (2012)

confirm such a finding for oil palmplantation in

Kilangan, MuaroBulian, Batang Hari which shows

the index of biodiversityis also high, ie 3.14.

Thebiodiversity value of an organism depends on the

large number of individuals found in the community

(Odum, 1996).

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

256

Abiotic environmental factors in different ages of

palm oil estate are presented in Table 1. The

diversity of vegetation species grown in palm oil is

influenced by the growing environment.

Sastroutomo (1990) explains that vegetation species

that grow in one place and another place will be

different, either on the same or different plantation,

because the vegetation will adapt to the appropriate

environmental conditions for its growth.

Table 1: Measurement data of abiotic environmental

factors in different ages of oil palmlplantation,

RejosariBusiness Unit, PTPN VII,Natar District, Regency

of South Lampung.

Environmental

factors

Age (Year)

Temperature

(˚C)

25.2-30.0

25.4-27.3

25.2-29.1

Light intensity

(lux)

926.1-

1054.0

974.2-

985.4

675.4-

843.1

Air humidity

(%)

59.2-70.4

71.4-77.1

60.2-62.0

Soil humidity

(%)

51.2-55.3

55.1-60.0

51.3-58.1

Table 1 shows that the abiotic environment in the

palm oil plantation is already shaded with humidity

above 50% and low light intensity. This shows that

N. biserrata and A. gangetica are shade tolerant

vegetation, because higher SDR values than other

vegetation (Table 3).

Abiotic environmental conditions are also

associated with optimum growingrequirement for

vegetation that grows well at such conditions,

including A. gangetica. According to vegetation

analysis in Table 2,A. gangetica is a vegetation that

grows well in mature oilpalmstands, either 9, 13, and

18 years old. Although the density of A. gangetica is

the highest in the stands of 9 year old, A. gangetica

is still able to grow well in oil palm stands aged 13

and 18 years. This indicates that A. gangetica is able

to grow well in a shaded condition. Such a character

makes A. gangeticaable to be used as cover crop in

matureoil palm plantations.

4 CONCLUSIONS

There is different vegetation composition under 9,

13, and 18 years old of oil palmstands but dominated

by broadleaves vegetation.

According to SDR value, the vegetation structure

under 9, 13 and 18 years old of oil palm stands is

dominated by Nephrolepis biserrata Kuntze,

Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson, Paspalum

conjugatum Berg., Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl.,

Saccarum spontaneum, andAxonopus compressus.

The biodiversity of vegetation under 9, 13 and 18

years old of palm oil stands is fall in high to very

high (2.93-3.23).

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Efendi., 2009. Tumbuhan Paku :Nephrolepisbiserrata.

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APPENDIX

Table 2: Vegetation composition under different age of oil palmstand,Rejosari business unit, PTPN VII, Natar district,

Regency of South Lampung.

No.

Family

Species

Density per m

9years

13 years

18years

……..……individu/m

……..……

Ferns

Nephrosidaceae

Nephrolepis biserrata Kuntze

23.5

24.4

40.7

Athryoideae

Diplazium esculentum

0.2

1.0

Licopodiaceae

Licopodium seanum

1.1

Athryoideae

Diplazium asperum

1.2

Thelypteridaceae

Cyclosorus aridus

0.8

1.3

0.9

Ophioglossaceae

Ophioglossum reticulatum

0.5

0.9

0.6

Gleicheniace

Dicranapteris linearis

1.2

Woodsiaceae

Atryrium sorzogonense

0.5

Dicksoniaceae

Dicksonia blumei

0.2

0.7

Adiantaceae

Cheilanthes tennifolia

0.3

Adiantum tenerum

3.1

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium cuneatum

1.8

0.2

Broadleaf

Acanthaceae

Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson

28.8

17.2

18.8

Emilia sonchifolia L.

0.5

Asteraceae

Chromolaena odorata (L.)

0.6

2.0

Mikania micrantha

2.1

1.9

2.1

Elephantopus tomentosus L.

0.2

Clibadium surinamense L.

0.3

Ageratum conyzoides L.

4.3

3.5

Crassocephalum crepidioides

0.2

Verbenaceae

Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl.

10.4

12.0

6.2

Lantana camara L.

0.5

0.6

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

258

No.

Family

Species

Density per m

9years

13 years

18years

……..……individu/m

……..……

Euphorbiaceae

Croton hirtus L. Herrit

0.8

0.6

1.7

Euphorbia hirta L.

2.2

5.0

2.2

Phyllanthus niruri L

0.4

0.8

Euphorbia heterophylla Jacq

0.7

1.0

Convolvulaceae

Ipomoea spp

1.2

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis barrelieri L.

1.4

2.4

3.3

Melastromataceae

Clidemia hirta Don.

3.4

4.8

6.2

Leguminoceae

Pueraria triloba

0.4

Mucuna bracteata

1.8

1.1

Mucuna cochinsinensis

0.1

Pueraria javanica

0.4

Rubiaceae

Borreria latifolia

0.7

0.8

Borreria laevis (Lamk) Griseb.

1.0

0.6

0.4

Labiatae

Hyptis brevipes Poit.

0.4

Hyptis rhomboidea Mart. & Gal.

0.2

Passifloraceae

Passiflora foetida L.

0.7

0.3

Capparidaceae

Cleome rutidosperma DC.

2.5

0.7

2.1

Mimosaceae

Mimosa pudica Linn.

0.2

0.6

Mimosa invisa Mart.

0.1

Malvaceae

Sida rhombifolia L.

0.2

Urena lobata L.

0.2

Semaian liar kelapa sawit/tukulan

0.8

Melastomaceae

Melastoma malabathricum L.

1.7

2.4

Grass

Gramineae

Ottochloanodosa (Kunth.) Dandy

3.5

3.6

8.1

Saccarumspontaneum

7.0

11.0

14.2

Cyrtococcumacrescens (Trin.) Stapf

3.5

3.4

CyrtococcumoxyphyllumStapf

4.4

17.7

Oplismenuscompositus (L.) Beauv.

20.9

1.2

Axonopuscompressus (Swartz) Beauv.

12.8

12.4

7.1

Paspalumconjugatum Berg.

15.0

24.9

30.9

Digitariaadscendens (HBK) Henr.

1.5

Digitariasetigera

0.8

Setariaplicata (Lamk) T.Cooke

7.0

11.1

1.7

Setariabarbata(Lam.) Kunth.

0.4

0.5

Sporobolusdiander(Retz.) Beauv.

0.3

PaspalumcommersoniiLamk

0.9

2.1

Brachiarapaspaloides

0.7

Brachiariamutica

9.6

BrachiariadistachyaLinn.

1.7

6.9

Cynodondactylon (L.) Pers.

0.5

0.2

3.0

Dactylocteniumaegyptium(L.) Richt.

0.2

Eleusineindica (L.) Gaertn.

1.0

1.4

Imperatacylindrica L.

4.5

Chentothecalappacea(L.) Desv.

5.1

Nutgrass

Cyperaceae

CyperuskyllingiaEndl.

2.6

4.2

6.7

Vegetation Composition and Structure under Mature Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Stands

259

Table 3: Ten vegetation species with high SDR (Summed Dominance Ratio) under different age of oil palmstand,Rejosari

business unit, PTPN VII, Natar district, Regency of South Lampung.

No.

Species

KR (%)

FR (%)

DR (%)

INP (%)

SDR (%)

9 Years

NephrolepisbiserrataKuntze

15.4

5.5

37.9

58.9

19.6

Asystasiagangetica (L.) T. Anderson

18.9

5.3

25.2

49.5

16.5

Stachytarphetaindica (L.) Vahl.

6.8

5.0

8.5

20.3

6.8

Paspalumconjugatum Berg.

9.8

4.8

1.8

16.4

5.5

Axonopuscompressus

8.4

4.1

3.3

15.8

5.3

Saccarumspontaneum

4.6

4.8

0.6

10.0

3.3

Setariaplicata (Lamk) T.Cooke

4.6

0.4

9.6

3.2

Aspleniumcuneatum

1.2

3.6

4.3

9.1

3.0

Adiantumtenerum

2.1

3.1

3.2

8.3

2.8

Euphorbia hirtaL.

1.4

4.3

2.2

7.9

2.6

Diversity Index (H′) = 3.1 (very high)

13 Years

NephrolepisbiserrataKuntze

12.1

4.3

39.7

56.1

18.7

Asystasiagangetica (L.) T. Anderson

8.5

4.1

15.1

27.7

9.2

Stachytarphetaindica (L.) Vahl.

5.9

3.7

9.9

19.6

6.5

Paspalumconjugatum Berg.

12.4

3.9

3.0

19.3

6.4

Oplismenuscompositus (L.) Beauv.

10.4

4.1

1.6

16.1

5.4

Axonopuscompressus

6.2

3.9

3.2

13.3

4.4

Brachiariamutica

4.7

3.4

2.9

11.0

3.7

Saccarumspontaneum

5.5

3.5

0.9

9.9

3.3

Euphorbia hirtaL.

2.5

2.2

4.0

8.7

2.9

ClidemiahirtaDon.

2.4

3.7

2.3

8.4

2.8

Diversity Index (H′) = 3.2 (very high)

18 Years

NephrolepisbiserrataKuntze

20.3

4.1

53.2

77.6

25.9

Asystasiagangetica (L.) T. Anderson

9.4

4.1

13.4

26.8

8.9

Paspalumconjugatum Berg.

15.4

4.1

3.0

22.5

7.5

CyrtococcumoxyphyllumStapf

8.8

3.9

0.6

13.3

4.4

Saccarumspontaneum

7.1

3.5

0.9

11.5

3.8

Clidemiahirta Don.

3.1

3.9

2.5

9.4

3.1

Stachytarphetaindica (L.) Vahl.

3.1

4.1

2.1

9.3

3.1

Axonopuscompressus (Swartz) Beauv.

3.6

3.7

1.5

8.7

2.9

Ottochloanodosa (Kunth.) Dandy

4.1

3.0

0.3

7.4

2.5

Oxalis barrelieriL.

1.6

3.3

1.7

6.6

2.2

Diversity Index (H′) = 2.9 (high)

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