Behind Front Pembela Islam (FPI) Movement: Can Social Value

Orientation Influence Religious Prejudice?

Nur Alfi Maula Devi and Lusy Asa Akhrani

Faculty of Psychology, Brawijaya University

Keywords: Social Value Orientation, Religious Prejudice, Front Pembela Islam (FPI).

Abstrak: This research aims to identify the roles of social value orientation on religious prejudice in Front Pembela

Islam (FPI) towards others religious community. The sample was several members of Front Pembela Islam

(FPI) in East Java involving 113 people and it was collected by accidental sampling technique. Measure

instrument used was Social Value Orientation scale adopted from Akhrani (2016) with the theory of Eek

and Garling (2008), for Religious Prejudice scale was designed by Ahmadi (1991) theory. Reliability of

Social Value Orientation was 0.81 and Religious Prejudice was 0.94. The data was analyzed using dummy

variable in regression technique. The results of analysis show that social value orientation does not affect

the religious prejudice so that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) in this study is rejected. It can be seen from

coefficient of p value 0.83 (p>0.05). In addition, coefficient value between variables obtained can be

categorized as low (-0.02).

1 INTRODUCTION

Religious freedom and tolerance issues in Indonesia

are intriguing subject to be discussed, given the

status of Indonesia as the largest Muslim country in

the world (Republika, 2015). Unfortunately,

intolerance, discrimination, and violence in the name

of religion occur in Indonesia as stated by Setara

Institute (Halili and Naipospos, 2015), in which as

many as 122 cases of violation of religious or belief

freedom has been committed by non-state actor and

the Front Pembela Islam (FPI) is one of the

offenders.

According to Lee (2010, pp. 188), Front Pembela

Islam (FPI) is infamous for its radical actions on

institution or subject matter that is seen violating

Islamic law. A research report by Wahid Institute

(2014, pp. 27;89-91) assessed that FPI was being

anarchist during the protest of Basuki Tjahaya

Purnama (Ahok) inauguration as the Governor of

Special Capital Region of Jakarta substituting Joko

Widodo who was elected to be the President of

Indonesia. The momentum of 411 and 212

demonstrations in 2016 made FPI as the major

public spotlight at that time. The popularity and

news makers who initially lead by Ahok now has

shifted to FPI (CNN Indonesia, 2017).

The basis of FPI actions as Rosadi stated (2008,

pp. 171-173) it comes from two developing

categories of ma’ruf (good) and munkar (bad) to

understand, response, and interpret reality in social

environment. Their actions can be categorized as

discriminative act. Discriminative act is one of

negative attitude forms or known as prejudice

(Gerungan, 2010). Prejudice is caused by different

views in which information on particular group is

processed differently so the objects that are

prejudiced tend to get more attention (Baron and

Byrne, 2013). The differences appear in the level of

social status, value, personality, and religion (Myers,

2012). In this research, factor of differences appear

in the level of different religious community. Putra

(2014, pp. 576-578) explained that prejudice occurs

due to the influence of group. The group acts as a

prejudice mediator so that the individual thought

mostly based on what the group think about other

religious groups.

The important factor in seeing attitude and

prejudice is the individual personal characteristic or

knowing as value that can affect individual attitude

on particular object and situation (Kite and Whitley,

2016). Individual value has orientation namely self –

centered and social – centered (Akhrani, 2016).

Then, the value orientation is widely known as

Social Value Orientation. Research on social value

548

Devi, N. and Akhrani, L.

Behind Front Pembela Islam (FPI) Movement: Can Social Value Orientation Inﬂuence Religious Prejudice?.

DOI: 10.5220/0008591905480553

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings (ICP-HESOS 2018) - Improving Mental Health and Harmony in

Global Community, pages 548-553

ISBN: 978-989-758-435-0

orientation with prejudice was conducted by

Falanga, De Calori, and Sagone (2015, pp. 300-301)

and it explained that particular value orientation

plays role on the individual prejudice level. Values

play a role in the way individuals express and

discriminate against the objects that are prejudiced.

Other research conducted by Maulida, Dahlan, and

Misbach (2017, pp. 104) stated that personal value

plays role in shaping the individual prejudice.

Related to this research, FPI is a group carrying

Islam as the main identity. Front Pembela Islam

(FPI) consists of various individuals from diverse

background socially, economically and culturally.

Each individual is assumed to have different value

orientation. The different value orientation will also

play role on the individual choice to prejudice

different religious group or vice versa. This research

would like to identify the roles of social value

orientation on religious prejudice in Front Pembela

Islam (FPI).

2 METHOD

Population in this research was Front Pembela Islam

(FPI) members in East Java. The sample used was

several Front Pembela Islam (FPI) members in

Surabaya. The total of minimum sample was

determined using G*Power 3.1.9.2 software with

alpha error of 0.05 and medium effect size (0.15).

This research applied Social Value Orientation scale

and Religious Prejudice scale.

Social value orientation scale was adapted from

a scale developed by Akhrani (2016) with the theory

of Eek and Garling (2008) in the research on

political participation in East Java. This scale was

used to identify the individual value preference.

Religious prejudice scale was made by referring to

the explanation of Ahmadi (1991) on prejudice

aspects/dimensions. This scale was used to identify

the level of individual prejudice. The research data

was analyzed using dummy variables in regression

technique to prove alternative hypothesis (Ha):

social value orientation plays role on the religious

prejudice in Front Pembela Islam (FPI).

3 RESULT

Based on the analysis results using dummy variable

regression test, it showed that F value coefficient

was 0.04 and p value coefficient was 0.83 (p>0.05)

(see table 1)

Table 1 : F Test.

So, it can be concluded that social value

orientation does not play role on religious prejudice

of FPI, in which the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is

rejected and null hypothesis (Ho) is accepted. It was

obtained that coefficient value among variables of -

0.02 indicating that the effect between the two

variables was categorized as small (see table 2).

Table 2: Coefficient correlation among variables.

Regression in this research was made based on t

test and could be constructed as follows:

𝑌

𝑖

= 𝛽

+ 𝛽

𝐷

2𝑖

+ 𝛽

…

𝐷

…𝑖

+ 𝑢

𝑖

(1)

Description:

= Variable Y

𝛽

= Intercept

𝛽

2D2i

= Dummy variable 2

𝛽

…D…

= Dummy variable to - …

= Error varian

Table 3: T test.

Intercept Value

Coefficient

Dummy Variable

Sig

37,23

-0.41

-0.21

0.83

The value of determination coefficient obtained

in this research was 0.0003 meaning that about

0.03% of the total variable already had represented

the model made. The value of determination

coefficient also showed that social value orientation

provided effect of 0.03% on religious prejudice,

while the rest of 99.97% were affected by other

variables that were not investigated by the

researchers (Table 4).

= 37.23 – 0.41

(2)

Analysis Method

Sig

Dummy Variables Regression

0.04

0.83

Model

Variable

Religious

Prejudice

SVO

Pearson

Correlation

Religious

Prejudice

1,00

-0,02

SVO

-0,02

1,00

Behind Front Pembela Islam (FPI) Movement: Can Social Value Orientation Inﬂuence Religious Prejudice?

549

Table 4: Value of determination coefficient.

Regression Coefficient

(R)

Determination Coefficient (R

Square)

0.02

0.0003

3.1 Social Value Interaction

The subjects in this study were mostly in Prosocial

dimension with 75 subjects (see table 5 below).

Table 5: Research subject categorization.

3.2 Religious Prejudice

The subjects in this research were mostly at low

category with 72 subjects (see table 5).

4 DISCUSSION

4.1 Social Value Orientation

Social value orientation consists of two dimensions,

namely Proself and Prosocial that contradict each

other. The tendency of research subject results at

Prosocial dimension can not be separated from the

effect of cross culture values where Asia is

categorized as having more dominant collective and

hierarchy values (Fiske, Kitayama, Markus, and

Nisbett, 1998 cited in Hogg and Vaughan, 2014, p.

634). Collective and hierarchy values tend to have

greater levels of cooperation, social support,

equality, honesty, and dependencies to the group

(Hogg and Vaughan, 2014). The greater

dependencies to the group is considered as affecting

factor especially for the research subjects that have

become a part of a social group namely Front

Pembela Islam (FPI).

Value is formed by individual and social factors

affected by group, social category, and culture that

are constructed as well as familiarized in social life

(Hogg and Vaughan, 2014). The values in FPI are

religious values (Islam), social values, and political

values, which are indirectly take part in intervening

the value of the subject. From the three values, the

researchers found linkages between religious value

and social value, in which both of them teach

individual to always care about the environment and

maintain tolerance among other religious people.

Religious and political value cannot be equated.

Based on the purpose, the two values are different.

Religious value aims to teach kindness and

prohibition in human life, while the political value

aims to realize personal desires and interests through

human relation. Personal intervention in the political

value will cause intolerance within the individual

because politics legalize the matter of friends and

foes. The subjects that were mostly at Prosocial

dimension could be explained by the effect of

religious value and social value, but could not be

explained by political value.

Another factor that may have an effect is

deindividuation. Deindividuation is situation in a

group in which individuals act beyond normal (loss

of self-awareness) and forget their individual

identity, so that they become more responsive to the

norm in the group (Myers and Twenge, 2017).

Deindividuation makes the individuals act not based

on their will or choice (Harmaini, Agung and

Munthe, 2016). In line with the statement, research

by Ed Diener (1980), Steven Prentice – Dunn

(1980), and Ronald Rogers (1989) stated that in the

terms of value, individuals having deindividuation

tends to act without considering their personal value

in responding a situation (Myers and Twenge, 2017,

p. 180).

Front Pembela Islam (FPI) with many total

members spreading across Indonesia can be said as a

large community organization. The large scope of

this organization makes the group members perceive

their action as group action and encourage

anonymity. This anonymous condition causes the

loss of self-awareness that is an indicator of

deindividuation (Harmaini, Agung and Munthe,

2016). Deindividuation factor plays a major role in

generating Prosocial dimension in Social Value

Orientation variable on Front Pembela Islam (FPI)

members. As the subject personal value will tend to

merge with the group value, it is not easy to reveal

Social Value Orientation aspects with the Front

Pembela Islam (FPI) members as the research

subject.

Variable

Category

Subject

Percentage

Social

Interaction

Low

4.42%

Medium

29.20%

High

66.37%

∑

113

100%

Religious

Prejudice

Low

63.72%

Medium

36.28%

High

∑

113

100%

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

550

4.2 Religious Prejudice

The prejudice discussed in this research comes from

the existence of religious differences. So that in

discussing the research results, it will not be

separated from the characteristics of research

subject, namely Muslim. The result of religious

prejudice measurement that mostly was on low

category, it is more or less will be affected by the

concept and idealism differences of every religion in

viewing others religious community. As a result, the

prejudice of every religion (in this case is individual)

will vary each other (Nelson, 2016). This is

certainly related to the Islamic values role in the

Front Pembela Islam (FPI). For instance, according

to FPI, Islam is kamil (perfect) and syamil

(comprehensive), and regulates problems as well as

etiquette of human life in general and specific

situation (Rosadi, 2008). The effect of religious

value cause the Front Pembela Islam (FPI) members

to prioritize the religious values in viewing social

realities including the views on others religious

community. The statement was supported by Nelson

(2016, pp. 369) who revealed that individuals who

involve their religion in everyday life tend to have

low level of prejudice, therefore contributing to the

low levels of religious prejudice in this research.

The role of organizational doctrine is certainly

indispensable in shaping the way group members

behave. It can be explained using social domination

theory. This theory explains the extension of

ideology or social issues within a group in which

individual may accept or reject a subject matter as

well as permit the existence of position/level and

difference, or similarity and justice, as long as it is in

the group setting (Sidanius and Pratto, 1999 cited in

Hogg and Vaughan, 2014, p. 393).The low level of

religious prejudice in this research is affected by

kafir harbi and kafir dzimmi concept, familiarized by

the FPI members. Kafir harbi literally means that

non-Muslim community or infidel may be fought

(harb: war) (Malik, 2017). However, kafir dzimmi

literally means that non-Muslim community actually

lives under the protection of Muslims (Thohir,

2011).

Then, this concept is supported by aswaja

madhhab (school of thought) embraced by Front

Pembela Islam (FPI) as stated by Rosadi (2008, pp.

94-95), in which a Muslim is considered as infidel if

commit violations in beliefs, deeds, and words such

as insulting the Quran (denying a piece or all of its

contents), believing in prophet after Muhammad,

propagating themselves to be prophets, as well as

other violation forms. It becomes the basis of Front

Pembela Islam (FPI) to enforcing ma’ruf and

munkar according to the version they believe as true.

The Front Pembela Islam (FPI) members do not

simply classify other individuals in ma’ruf or

munkar but they go through careful consideration.

This also make them difficult to prejudice

individuals or groups from other religion.

Aswaja madhhab (as organizational doctrine) can

be accepted by the Front Pembela Islam (FPI)

members as time goes by. Associated with the

theory of social domination, the higher the level of

individual social dominance, the higher of desire to

be more dominant and superior groups compared

with other groups. The high level of social

dominance will encourage the individuals to legalize

social hierarchy and discrimination so that it also

affects the high tendency of individuals to prejudice

(Hogg and Vaughan, 2014). Front Pembela Islam

(FPI) has low social dominance, therefore it was

assumed to provide effect on the result of measuring

religious prejudice that tend to be low.

The existence of bias factors cannot be separated

from the factors affecting the low level of individual

religious prejudice to other groups. Bias in this

research is assumed due to the existence of stigma.

The stigma here belongs to hidden stigma, in which

the affiliate factor in a particular religion allows the

individuals to avoid the experience from the

prejudice (Steele and Aronson, 1995). Individual

prejudice experience mention in this research is

experience to prejudice other people and being

prejudiced by other people.

The relation to this research is the FPI member

become the object that is too often being prejudiced

by other individuals or groups as well as the

discourse of anti-Pancasila community organization

dissolution in connection with the issue of

Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of

2017 on Community Organization (Metro TV News,

2017). Individual position in this group as

stigmatized individuals are certainly very sensitive,

remembering that individuals will become more

vigilant on how others treat them (Crocker and

Major, 1989). In addition, the hidden stigma has

consequences because individuals will not be honest

and become very vigilant just to make sure that their

stigma to other group becomes invisible. The hidden

stigma is not directly affect the low level of

individual religious prejudice to other religious

community.

Behind Front Pembela Islam (FPI) Movement: Can Social Value Orientation Inﬂuence Religious Prejudice?

551

5 CONCLUSSION

Based on the research results and discussion that had

been conducted, the researchers conclude that social

value orientation does not play role on religious

prejudice of Front Pembela Islam (FPI). The results

were seen from the significance value of 0.83 (p>

0.005) and the coefficient value of among variables

of -0.02. It means that the two variables in this

research have small coefficient. These results are

affected by various things in each variable such as

deindividuation, social dominance, and stigma. This

variable can be used as the moderator variable or

alternative variable for the future research.

Although there are no significance result for

social value orientation and religious prejudice,

researchers found that in others research with same

subject, religious prejudice has evidence to influence

other variable. That variable we try to mention are

religious tolerance and religious conflict. Religious

prejudice affected religious tolerance and also has

negative connection. It means that the lower

religious prejudice appeared, the highest religious

tolerance exist at FPI East java (Rumadjak, 2017).

For religious conflict, the higher religious prejudice

appeared then the higher religious prejudice will be

affected at FPI member too (Rahmadiah, 2018).

These two result indicated that in same case,

research baseline begin with religious prejudice

variable. It also mean that no problem found to use

religious prejudice variable. For social value

orientation variable, researchers found it hard to to

find other research in group context setting. Mostly

other researcher using these variable to look

individual factor beside of group factor. Those

limitation can be used as a baseline for the next

research.

The future research is expected to consider

statement in scale particularly if the selected subject

is a group/community. The future researchers can

modify statement in scale in order to make it

appropriate to the subject characteristics. The next

researcher who conducts research in similar topic on

these two variables is expected to make the Front

Pembela Islam (FPI) as the object, so that the

difference of the result and the psychological

dynamics can be identified.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research received no specific grant from any

funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit

sectors.

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