

The Effect of Interpersonal Communication on Marital Satisfaction

among Wives Who Married Early in Mandangin Islands

Irada Nur Anisa Wicaksono

and Herdina Indrijati

Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga

Keywords : Marital Satisfaction, Interpersonal Communication, Early Marriage

Abstract : According by UNICEF and BPS Indonesia the number of divorces increases along with the increasing number

of early marriages in various regions of Indonesia especially in remote area. In this case women are more

prone to experience the negative impact of early marriage. They were not ready to accept the new role in their

marriage, so vulnerable to experience dissatisfaction in marriage life and often lead to divorce. Divorce is one

of the phenomena that indicate marital dissatisfaction. Any research shows that main problem in couples who

get married early was communication. Effective interpersonal communication contributes to constructive

conflict resolution and a strong predictor of marital satisfaction. And the satisfaction of marriage decreases

along with the younger age at marriage. This research aims to know whether there are influence of

interpersonal communication to marital satisfaction among wives who married early. This type of research

was quantitative explanatory survey research conducted on 56 respondents. Data technique sampling used

non-probability sampling with snowballing technique. Data analysis using simple linear regression analysis

technique. The result of analysis shows that there was significant effect of interpersonal communication on

marital satisfaction among wives who married early. Subsequent research is expected to examine factors other

than interpersonal communication that affect marital satisfaction among wives who married early, and use

qualitative methods in order to get an in-depth result on the cultural context of research.

1 INTRODUCTION

Based on the report "Delayed Progress: Analysis of

Childhood Marriage Data in Indonesia" that since

2010 the number of divorces in Indonesia has

increased in line with the number of early marriages

in Indonesia. Early marriage was seen as one of the

main causes of continued increase in divorce rates on

a national scale. Early marriage is conducted through

civil, religious or customary law and with or without

official registration or consent where either or both

partners are children under the age of 18 (UNICEF &

BPS, 2015). For couples who marry early many of the

dynamics they go through because of various factors

such as age that is not ideal for marriage, immature

reproductive health, economic factors, and

psychosocial (Fadlyana & Larasaty, 2009). Couples

who marry at early age often do not know the rights

and duties of husband and wife well, causing conflict.

In addition, the immature age and minimum

knowledge of marital life make couples have not been

able to resolve the conflict faced well. So early

marriage certainly has an impact on the quality of

marriage life itself (Yulianti, 2010).

The purpose of this study is to know empirically,

whether or not the influence of interpersonal

communication to marital satisfaction married wife

early who live in Mandangin Island. Researcher take

hypothesis that there is influence of interpersonal

communication to marital satisfaction among wife

who married early in Mandangin Island. The results

of this study are expected to contribute to empirical

studies within the scope of developmental

psychology studies, especially on the influence of

interpersonal communication on marital satisfaction

of married wives early, as well as a reference for

further research of the same kind. In addition, it can

provide insight to married couples who married early

in Mandangin Island about the importance of

effective interpersonal communication in maintaining

marital satisfaction and family harmony. Ultimately

this research is expected to provide the basis for

government and natural practitioners to provide

curative interventions to married couples early.

Wicaksono, I. and Indrijati, H.

The Effect of Interpersonal Communication on Marital Satisfaction among Wives Who Married Early in Mandangin Islands.

DOI: 10.5220/0008586301330139

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings (ICP-HESOS 2018) - Improving Mental Health and Harmony in

Global Community, pages 133-139

ISBN: 978-989-758-435-0

133



1.1 Early Marriage

The National Population and Family Planning

Agency of Indonesia (BKKBN) notes that in 2015

cases of early marriage continue to increase and

proportional to the increasing divorce rate in

Indonesia. Early marriage is seen as one of the main

causes of continued increase in divorce rates on a

national scale. Then according to the Head of Youth

Section BKKBN East Java Province, the number of

early marriages on the island of Madura reached 60

percent of the total population, and most are residents

in remote areas.

When looking at the type of marriage, couples

who married early on Mandangin Island is a

traditional pair type. In traditional couples, especially

for women, the difficulty in communicating affects

the lack of openness of wives to husbands who lead

to conflicts and is significantly associated with

decreasing marital satisfaction (Taniguchi &

Kaufman, 2014). According to the Mandangin Island

Village Profile Booklet, Mandangin Island

community is a Madurese who embraces a patriarchal

culture in which Zainah, et al. (2012) explains that

traditional couples who embrace patriarchal culture

have problems in sexual and interpersonal aspects,

authority that seems to marginalize the women. Based

on interviews that the writer did to wife who got

married early in Mandangin Island got information

that wife less open in communicating with husband,

because assume husband as authority figure. In

addition, the conditions under which the majority of

husbands work as fishermen make communication

less effective. Conditions in which the wife is not

open in communicating result in less effective

communication and can affect marital satisfaction

(Vanover, 2016). When couples communicate openly

about issues of marriage, including sexual intercourse

then they will feel closer, increased sexual

satisfaction and reduce the effects of dissatisfaction in

their relationship (Litzinger & Gordon, 2007).

1.2 Marital Satisfaction

Qualified and satisfying marriage is a lovingly

compassionate marriage, far from dispute, and is

expected to have children of good character, as it

grows in a family of fun experiences from the

marriage life of their parents (Goode, 1991). The term

of marriage quality is usually constructed as the

happiness of marriage or marital satisfaction. Both

contain elements about a positive feeling that couples

have in marriage that mean wider than pleasure,

pleasure and joy. The difference between the two is

that marital happiness refers to affective evaluation

whereas marital satisfaction refers to cognitive

evaluation (Glenn, 2003). According to DeGenova

and Rice (2005), marital satisfaction is a subjective

evaluation felt by husband and wife to the life of her

marriage that is influenced by all aspects of the

married life, and raises the feeling of how satisfied the

individual to his married life. And according to

Fowers and Olson (1993) marital satisfaction is an

evaluation of the quality of marriage from various

aspects of communication, conflict resolution,

personality issues, leisure activities, financial

management, sexual relationships, family and

friends, equality of roles, religious orientation and

child and parenting. Then the results of research

Billingsley, et al., (2005) concluded nine factors

namely the stability of relationships, love, sexual,

same personality, religion, decision making,

intimacy, and the importance of effective husband

and wife communication.

Lee (1977) found that the age at marriage

positively associated with marital satisfaction. This

means that the increasing age at marriage, the

satisfaction of marriage will also increase well. In

contrast, it is known that the younger the married age

has adverse effects such as infidelity, jealousy and

other problems that can lead to divorce (Harris,

2005). In addition, sex is found as one of the factors

associated with marital satisfaction. In most societies

in the world, wives report experiencing lower marital

satisfaction than husbands. Because during the

interaction in her marriage, women use more

emotional decisions and become unhappy for longer

periods of time than men (Howe, 2012).

Although marital satisfaction is the main thing

every couple wants to achieve, conflicts within the

household remain unavoidable. Common conflicts in

couples are finances, sex, personality differences,

leisure use, communication, infidelity, in-laws and

parents, and children (Strong, DeVault, & Cohen,

2011). Conflict that is not immediately resolved

properly will make one partner experience

dissatisfaction marriage (Juhari, et al., 2013). If

married individuals experience dissatisfaction in their

marriage, then there is the possibility of prolonged

conflict, divorce and other unwanted things (Rini &

Retnaningsih, 2007). Huston's research, et al., (2001)

reported that low marital satisfaction encourages

individuals to consider divorce. The dissatisfaction in

marriage can lead to violence or harassment of both

physical and psychological partners, eliminating

intimacy, unable to perform life functions well, and

cannot resolve disputes even through mediation. This

causes the couple to be in a protracted conflict and

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

134



encourage them to make a divorce decision (Tegegne,

et al., 2015).

1.3 Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication is essential to

maintaining harmonious relationships and is a strong

foundation of marriage (Handayani, et al., 2008).

DeVito (1997) defines interpersonal communication

as messaging by individuals and the reception of

messages by other individuals or groups of people,

taking into account their impact and the opportunity

to provide immediate feedback. According to DeVito

(1997) for effective interpersonal communication, at

least the individual must have five general qualities

of empathy, supportiveness, positiveness, equality

and openness. One of the factors that affect the

quality of interpersonal communication is emotional

maturity (Aw, 2011). For couples who marry early

where age has not reached physical maturity,

psychological and emotionally susceptible to conflict

because it has not been able to control emotions well

(Fadlyana & Larasati, 2009).

The results of Muslimah (2014) study concluded

that interpersonal communication has a strong

relationship with marital satisfaction whereas when

interpersonal communication is high then the

satisfaction of marriage is also high and vice versa.

This is reinforced by Markman (1981) longitudinal

research that the quality of interpersonal

communication predicts both short-term and long-

term marital satisfaction. Clements, Stanley, and

Markman (2004) explain that the quality of

interpersonal communication contributes to

constructive conflict resolution and a strong predictor

of marital satisfaction. Interpersonal communication

is a medium for sharing experiences and feelings,

expressing love verbally, expressing forms of

appreciation during life together and discussing

various aspects and decision making in marriage

(Tavakolizadeh, et al., 2015).

Hawkins and Booth (2005) in their study found

that low marital satisfaction significantly had a

negative effect of decreased self-esteem, decreased

physical health, increased psychological pressure,

and low happiness and life satisfaction. In recent

times a number of studies have proven that the

absence of marital satisfaction in married couples

affects the development of childhood personality and

adaptation (Nagaraja, et al., 2012).

2 METHOD

2.1 Research Instruments

The data were collected using survey method and

using questionnaire in the form of Likert scale. The

subject is then asked to express their agreement or

disagreement to the statement consisting of four

choices: Strongly Agree (SS), Agree (S), Disagree

(SS), and Strongly Disagree (STS). The use of the

scale with the continuum 1 to 4 is intended to negate

the middle or hesitant answer. This research uses two

measuring tools that is scale of interpersonal

communication made by Praptaningtyas (2012). This

measuring instrument has 38 items that refer to the

interpersonal communication dimension by DeVito

(1997) and has tested its reliability of 0.95. And

marital satisfaction scale using ENRICH Marital

Satisfaction Scale (EMS) by Fowers and Olson

(1993) and has been adapted by Pamungkas (2016)

and has tested its reliability of 0.76.

2.2 Sample

The number of subjects in this study was 56 people.

In this research the sampling technique used is using

non-probability sampling technique. Then in

sampling the author using snowball sampling

technique.

Characteristics of the sample in this study are:

1. Wife who married early on Mandangin Island.

Limitation of early marriage according to BKKBN

and UNICEF Indonesia is where one or both married

couples under the age of 18 years.

2. Have at least 1 child. According to some studies,

the presence of children affects the satisfaction of

marriage both husband and wife related to the

expectation of the presence of the child (Hendrick &

Hendrick, 1992).

The process of determining the sample research

using snowball sampling technique that is first

selected one or two people but because with these two

people have not felt complete for research data, the

authors look for others who are considered more

know so as to complete the data provided by the

previous. And so on until the number of samples more

and more (Sugiyono, 2010). Then the process of data

retrieval is done directly every subject supervised by

researchers because of the variable that is very

personal and local cultural factors that need a deep

approach with the subject in order to understand each

item well.

The Effect of Interpersonal Communication on Marital Satisfaction among Wives Who Married Early in Mandangin Islands

135



2.3 Analysis Technique

This study aims to test whether there is influence of

interpersonal communication to marriage

satisfaction. Therefore, the statistical method used is

simple linear regression analysis technique. This

technique is used if there is only one independent

variable and one dependent variable. Simple

regression analysis is used to predict the magnitude

of the effect of independent variables on dependent

variables (Morissan, 2012).

3 RESULT

3.1 Descriptive Analysis Results

Table 1: Duration of Marriage

Table 2: Age at Married

Table 3: Analysis Descriptive

Interpersonal

Communication

Marital

Satisfaction

N 56 56

Mean 108.23 42.01

Standard

Deviation

8.85 4.67

Table 4: Categorization Based on Interpersonal

Communication Score

Category Norm Number

Sub

ects

Percentage

Low X <

99,4

9 16,07%

Average 99,4 ≤

X <

108,23

39 69,64%

High 108,23

≤ X

8 14,28%

Total 56 100%

Table 5: Categorization Based on Marital Satisfaction

Score

Category Norm Number

Sub

ects

Percentage

Low X <

37,34

11 19,64 %

Average 37,4 ≤

X <

46,7

34 60,71 %

High 46,7 ≤

11 19,64 %

Total 56 100%

3.2 Simple Linear Regression Test

Result

Based on the results of simple linear regression test

using SPSS 22 for Windows program obtained

information that the significance value of simple

regression test result is 0.035 so it can be said that

interpersonal communication variable has a

significant influence on marital satisfaction because it

has p (sig) <0.05.

The result of simple regression analysis gives

determinant coefficient to give information of the

influence of independent variable to dependent

variable. The determinant coefficient is a measure

that states the level of conformity of the regression

line of the research sample according to the data

formed in the regression equation. Obtained value of

determinant coefficient (R2) that is equal to 0,080 or

8%. The value provides information that the

magnitude of influence between interpersonal

Duration

Marria

Marital Satisfaction Number

Sub

ects

Low Average High

1-5 1 9 3 13

6-10 2 7 6 15

11-15 3 7 10

16-20 2 7 2 11

21-25 2 2 1 5

26-30 2 2

Total 56

Age at

Marrie

Marital Satisfaction Number of

Sub

ects

Low Avera

e Hi

10 1 1

12 1 1 2

13 1 1 2

14 2 3 5

15 2 3 3 8

16 3 16 4 22

17 3 10 2 15

18 1 1

Total 56

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

136



communication (independent variable) to the

dependent variable (marital satisfaction) is 8% and

92% influenced by other factors not examined in this

research.

In addition, simple linear regression analysis

yields linear line equations. The general equation of a

line is Y = a + bX. Based on the analysis results

obtained line financing Y = 25.84 + 0.14X. The above

linear regression equation gives information that if

there is no interpersonal communication variable, the

value of marital satisfaction is 25.84. The value of

regression coefficient X of 0.149 means that any

increase in the level of interpersonal communication

will increase the value of marital satisfaction

amounted to 0.14 units. The result of positive

regression coefficient indicates that correlation

between interpersonal communication and

satisfaction of marriage is positive, where if

interpersonal communication increase then marital

satisfaction will increase, and vice versa.

4 DISCUSION

Based on the categorization of subjects on the results

of research found that linear data where when

interpersonal communication is high then high

marital satisfaction. This is in line with research

Gottman (2004) which concluded that the higher the

quality of interpersonal communication then the

satisfaction of individual marriages will increase and

vice versa.

The majority of subjects who are in the range of

1-5 years of marriage duration have high marital

satisfaction. This is supported by the opinion of

Marker (2005) that marriage in the early five years

tend to have higher marital satisfaction than other

marriage age. Then the subjects who are at the age of

1-10 years marriage have medium and high

satisfaction categories of marriage. This is reinforced

by Baumeister (2007) which states that marital

satisfaction tends to be high in the first ten years.

Based on the data norms categorization of marital

satisfaction known that majority of subjects has

reached satisfaction in marriage, and please note that

all subjects had married under 18 years. Meanwhile,

according to Lamanna and Riedmann (2012) the ideal

age of marriage is the age of 22-25 years which tend

to have high marital satisfaction, stable and happy

than others. This is supported by the opinion of

Williams, Sawyer, & Wahlstrom (2006) in which

women who get married early feel not ready to accept

the role change in marriage, so vulnerable to

experience dissatisfaction in marriage life and often

lead to divorce. That opinion is not absolute and can

happen to the whole of society. We need to know that

the satisfaction of the marriage itself is a subjective

evaluation felt by husband and wife to his married life

that is influenced by all aspects of the marriage life

(DeGenova & Rice, 2005).

According to qualitative research results Wong

and Goodwin (2009) marital satisfaction is a culture-

influenced construction. In the context of an early

marriage in Mandangin Island, all subjects are ethnic

Madurese and uphold the religious and cultural

traditions of Madura. In a Madurese cultural

marriage, it is known to have a matrilocal residency

pattern but the kinship system adopted is bilateral

with patriarchal powers (Henfi, 2012, in Rakhmawati,

2015). The patriarchal culture attached to the local

wisdom of Madurese women is manifested in three

concepts: adhanden, arembhi and amasak which must

be done by Madurese women to devote their life to

husband and family. So, the duty of a married woman

is to obey her husband, to fully serve her husband, to

make her husband happy and to give whatever the

husband desires with respect and respect (Farida,

2012, in Rakhmawati, 2015).

Although the majority of wives who married early

in Mandangin Island have achieved marital

satisfaction, we could not rule out 11 subjects who are

in the low marital satisfaction category. This

illustrates that there are still married wives early in

Mandangin Island who feel not or not satisfied with

his marriage. Hawkins and Booth (2005) found that

low marital satisfaction has a negative effect over the

long term. These negative effects include low

welfare, low happiness, low self-esteem, poor

physical and mental health and increased

psychological pressure. In addition, low marital

satisfaction can lead to violence or abuse in both

physical and psychological partners, eliminating

intimacy, unable to carry out the functions of life

well, and unable to resolve disputes even through

mediation. This causes the couple to be in a protracted

conflict and encourage them to make a divorce

decision (Tegegne, et al., 2015).

In addition, it was found that subjects who have a

large number of children have lower marital

satisfaction. This is supported by the opinion of

Ghahremani, et al., (2017) who examines the number

of children and the sex of the child on the marital

satisfaction of the wife. The results showed that the

number of children was negatively related to marital

satisfaction. This means that when the number of

children increases the wife's satisfaction will

decrease.

The Effect of Interpersonal Communication on Marital Satisfaction among Wives Who Married Early in Mandangin Islands

137



Although the majority of wives who marry early

in Mandangin Island have interpersonal

communication in the medium and high category, we

cannot rule out 9 subjects with low interpersonal

communication. This shows that there are still

married wives early in Mandangin Island who have

not conducted effective interpersonal

communication. A thick patriarchal culture that

makes a wife in Mandangin Island has a tendency to

harbor and save herself every problem in her life, and

have the fear to express her wishes. It is worth noting

because interpersonal communication is an important

aspect related to almost all aspects of married life.

Effective interpersonal communication is essential to

maintain long-term marital relationships because

effective and quality interpersonal communication is

the foundation of strong marital satisfaction (Strong,

DeVault, and Cohen, 2011).

5 CONLUSION

For married wives early is expected to develop the

quality of effective interpersonal communication to

achieve high marital satisfaction. For further research

on similar topics, it is hoped to consider other factors

besides interpersonal communication that can affect

marital satisfaction. Then look at cultural factors in

the context under study, further research is expected

to use interview method in order to obtain more in-

depth data.

REFERENCES

Archives of Mandangin Island Village data. (2016). The

profile book of Mandangin Island village. Sampang:

Mandangin Island Village.

Aw, Suranto. (2011). Interpersonal communication.

Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.

Azwar, S. (2013). Methodology research. Yogyakarta:

Pustaka Pelajar.

BKKBN (Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana

Nasional / National Population and Family Planning

Agency). (2012). Early marriage in several provinces in

Indonesia: the root of the problem and the role of

institutions in the region. Jakarta: BKKBN.

Billingsley, S., Mee-Gaik Lim, Caron, J., Harris, A., &

Canada, R. (2005). Historical overview of criteria for

marital and family success. Family Therapy: The

Journal of the California Graduate School of Family

Psychology, 32(1), 1-14.

Clements, M. L., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2004).

Before they said “I do”: Discrimination among marital

outcomes over 13 years. Journal of Marriage and

Family, 66, 613-626.

DeGenova, M. and Rice, F. (2005). Intimate relationships,

marriages, and families. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Devito, J.A. (1997). Interpersonal Communication: basic

lecture (5

Edition). Jakarta: Proffesional Books.

Dush, C. M. K., Taylor, M. G., & Kroeger, R. A. (2008).

Marital happiness and psychological well-being across

the life course. Family Relations, 57(2), 211-226.

Fadlyana, E., & Larasaty, S. (2009). Early marriage and its

problems. Pediatri Series, 11(2):136-140.

Fowers, B. J., & Olson, D. H. (1993). Enrich marital

satisfaction scale: A brief research and clinical tool.

Journal of Family Psychology. 7 (2). 176-185.

Glenn, N.D. (2003). Marital quality. In James J. Ponzettu,

Jr. (Ed) International Encyclopedia of Marriage and

Family, 1070-1078.

Goode, W. (1991). Family Sociology. Jakarta: Bumi

Aksara.

Hardjana, A. M. (2003). Intrapersonal and interpersonal

communication. Yogyakarta: Kanisius Publisher.

Handayani, M. M., Suminar, D. R., Hendriani, W., Alfian,

I. N., & Hartini, N. (2008). Family psychology.

Surabaya: Research and Publication Unit of

Psychology Faculty of Psychology Universitas

Airlangga.

Harris, S. S. (2005). Marital commitment and religiousity

in a sample of adults in Utah. All Graduate Theses and

Dissertations. Paper 2851.

http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2851

Hawkins, D. A., & Booth, A. (2005). Unhappily ever after:

Effects of long-term, low-quality marriages on well-

being. Social Forces, 84, 445-464.

Hendrick, S & Hendrick, C. (1992). Liking, loving &

relating (2

Edition). California: Brooks/ Cole

Publishing Company Pacific Grove.

Howe, T. R. (2012). Marriages and families in the 21

century: A bioecological approach. UK: Blackwell

Publishing.

Huston, T. L., Caughlin, J. P., Hourts, R. M., Amith, S. E.,

& George, L. J. (2001). The connubial crucible:

Newlyweed years as predictors of marital delight,

distress, and divorce. Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 80(2), 237-252.

Juhari, R., Yaacob, S. N., & Talib, M. A. (2013). Father

involvement among muslims in Malaysia. Journal of

Family Issues, 34(2), 210-229.

Lamanna, M. A., & Riedmann, A. (2012). Marriages,

families, and relationship: Making choice in a diverse

a society (11

Ed). Belmont, CA: Wardworsth,

Cengage Learning.

Lee, G. R. (1977). Age at marriage and marital satisfaction:

A multivariate analysis with implications for marital

stability. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 39(3),

493-504.

Litzinger, S., & Gordon, K. C. (2007). Exploring

relationships among communication, sexual

satisfaction, and marital satisfaction. Journal of Sex &

Marital Therapy, 31, 400-424.

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

138



Markman, H. J. (1981). Prediction of marital distress: a 5

year follow up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical

Psychology, 49, 760-762.

Morrisan. (2012). Survey research method. Jakarta:

Kencana.

Mulyana, D. (2000). Communication science in

introduction. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya

Muslimah, A. I. (2014). Satisfaction of marriage in terms of

interpersonal communication skills. Journal of Soul,

7(2), 15-21.

Nagaraja, A., Rajamna, N. M., S. Viswanatha Reddy.

(2012). Effect of parents’ marital satisfaction, marital

life period and type of family on their children mental

health status. Journal of Psychology, 3(2), 66-70.

Neuman, W. L. (2007). Basic of social research:

Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Boston:

Perason Education Inc.

Olson, D. H., DeFrain , J., & Skogrand, L. (2011).

Marriages and families intimacy, diversity, and

strength (7

Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Osakinle, E. O., & Okafor, V. C. (2013). Lack of effective

communication among couples in Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Asian Journal of Education and e-Learning, 1(5), 300-

305.

Pamungkas, A. R. T. (2016). The relationship between

religiosity and marital satisfaction in married couples

during adolescence in Pasuruan. Undergraduate

Theses. Faculty of Psychology Universitas Airlangga.

Papalia, D. E., Olds., S. W., & Feldman, R. D. (2008).

Human development (9

Edition). Jakarta: Prenada

Media Grup.

Praptaningtyas, K. E. (2012). The relationship between

interpersonal communication skills and the quality of

marriage on members of the Navy in Perum TNI AL

Sugihwaras Village, Candi, Sidoajo. Undergraduate

Theses. Faculty of Psychology Universitas Airlangga.

Rakhmawati, F. N. (2015). Madura’s Women: "Being"

Amid the Strip of Matrilocal Culture and Patriarchal

Powers. Madura: Society, Culture, Media, and Politics.

Bangkalan: Center of Public Relation of Universitas

Trunojoyo Madura associated with Elmatera Publisher.

Rini, Q. K., & Retnaningsih. (2007). Contribution of self

disclosure to the satisfaction of early adult male

marriage. Journal of Research in Faculty of Psychology

Universitas Gunadarma, 2(12), 157-163.

Strong, B., DeVault, C., & Cohen, T. F. (2011). The

marriage and family experience: Intimate relationships

in a changing society (11

Edition). Belmont, CA:

Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Sugiyono. (2010). Quantitative, qualitative methodology

research and R & D. Bandung: Penerbit Alfabeta.

Taniguchi, H., & Kaufman, G. (2014). Gender role

attitudes, troubles talk, and marital satisfaction in

Japan. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,

31(7), 975-994.

Tavakolizadeh, J., Nejatian, M., & Ahmad, S. (2015). The

effectiveness of communication skills training on

marital conflicts and its different aspects in women.

Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 171, 214-

221.

Tegegne, A., Molla, A., Wonde, D., & Nega, J. (2015).

Marital dissatisfaction, coping mechanism, and the

likelihood of divorce among selected districts of Jimma

Zone, South Western Ethiopia. Global Journal of

Human Social Science, 15(1), 23-30.

UNICEF Indonesia., & Badan Pusat Statistik (Central

Bureau of Statistics of Indonesia). (2015). Pending

Progress: Analysis of marriage-age data of children in

Indonesia. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik (Central

Bureau of Statistics).

Vanover, Bradley. (2016). Importance factors in marital

success and satisfaction: marriage counselors’

perspective. Master of Social Work Clinical Research

Paper, Paper 685. Had been access from

http://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/685

Yulianti, R. (2010). The impact of early marriage. Pamator,

3(1), 1-5.

Zainah, A. Z., Nasir, R., Ruzy, S. H., & Noraini, M. Y.

(2012). Effects of demographic variables on marital

satisfaction. Asian Social Sciences, 8(9), 46-49.

The Effect of Interpersonal Communication on Marital Satisfaction among Wives Who Married Early in Mandangin Islands

139