Comparison of Height, Body Mass Index, and Nutrient Adequacy

Ratio of the Nutritional Status of School-Age Children in Coastal

and Non-Coastal Areas in Aceh

Muhammad Iqbal S

, Kartini Hasballah

, Teuku Tahlil

Master of NursingScience, Faculty of Nursing, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh

Pharmacology Departement, Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh

Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh

Keywords: School-agechildren, Nutritional status, Anthropometry, Nutrient adequacy ratio

Abstract: Nutrition is one of the most common issues in several developing countries including Indonesia, which is

currently facing malnutrition. Indonesian’s coastal and non-coastal areas have different environments which

lead to differences in commodities and types of food affecting children's nutrition. This study aimed to

assess the nutritional status of school-age children based on height, bodymassindex, and nutrient adequacy

ratio in coastal and non-coastal areas in Aceh. The study used a descriptive comparative research design,

with a population of 226 children. A representative sample of 98 school-age children (49 from each area)

was selected by using the simple random sampling technique. The instrument of data collection was the

Food Recall 24 Hour. The methods employed were interview, and weight and height measurement forms.

The data were analyzed by using independent sample t-test. The results indicated that there were no

differences either in nutritional status of school-age children incoastal and non-coastal areas (ρ = .156), in

height (ρ = .155), in body mass index (ρ = .064), or in nutrient adequacy ratio (ρ = .188). It is suggested that

the Health Office pay more attention to and evaluate nutrition programs of school-age children at the

puskesmas level to improve the promotion of healthy living community movement in coastal and non-

coastal areas so that they are more aware of good nutrition, and also to provide training in the use of

nutritious food sources within the areas.

1 INTRODUCTION

Nutrition is one of the essential factors determining

the level of health and balance of one’s physical and

mental development. In the case of a child's growth

and development, nutritional adequacy is a crucial

issue that parents should pay close attention to

(Suryanto & Restuastuti, 2016). Nutritional

problems in elementary school children are still

relatively high. The World Health Organization

(2014) reported that in 2013, 17% (98 million) of

children in developing countries experienced

malnutrition, with the highest prevalence of 35.7%

was stunting in the Asian region. Indonesia, in fact,

is included in the five categories in the world in

terms of the number of stunting in children. One in

three (37.2%) Indonesian children, approximately,

suffered from stunting (World Food Programme,

2014). The Basic Health Research (2013) found that

the prevalence of stunting in children aged 5-12

years was 30.7%, malnutrition based on body mass

index (BMI) was 11.2%, and obesity categorized as

high with an incidence of 18.8%. In the case of

malnutrition, Aceh Province, Indonesia, ranked

seventh with a prevalence of 26.3% (Basic Health

Research, 2013).

The nutritional problems occuring in the

community are closely related to environmental

aspects as they have the largest impact on the level

of public health, such as differences in the types of

commodities, food produced and food available in

the environment (Umi, 2005). Malnutrition can be

triggered by several factors including food intake,

patterns of health care, and parenting (Burchi, 2012;

Meriska, 2014).

Based on the geographical condition, people in

coastal areas are very likely to consume more animal

protein sources from the sea such as fish and clams.

In contrast, most rural people tend to consume more

Iqbal S, M., Hasballah, K. and Tahlil, T.

Comparison of Height, Body Mass Index, and Nutrient Adequacy Ratio of the Nutr itional Status of School-Age Children in Coastal and Non-Coastal Areas in Aceh.

DOI: 10.5220/0008394400002442

In Proceedings of the Aceh International Nursing Conference (AINC 2018), pages 49-57

ISBN: 978-989-758-413-8

carbohydrate and vegetable protein sources

(Hamidah, Sartono, & Kusuma, 2017). A study by

Umi (2005) revealed that the level of energy intake

of children in coastal areas and mountainous areas

was significantly different (p = .05); the intake was

higher in coastal areas than in mountainous areas.

The level of energy intake of children in coastal

areas was quite fulfilled (77.09%) while that in

mountainous areas was fairly sufficient (51.43%).

On the other hand, the level of protein intake of

children in coastal areas and mountainous areas was

significantly different, in which the intake was better

in coastal areas. Further, Hamidah’s study (2016) on

the differences in consumption patterns of protein-

based foods in coastal areas, low landsand highlands

concluded that there were differences in terms of

diversity, frequency, and amount of food consumed

by families within the three areas.

Children who experience malnutritionare highly

likely to grow small, thin, and short. Poor nutrition

will have an adverse impact on the children’s

cognitive ability or intelligence, and decline the

productivity of the children's performance in

everyday life (Indonesian Ministry of Health, 2014).

There should be efforts taken to increase the

availability of quality food to help improve the

children's nutrition (Almatsier, 2009).

Pidie is one of the districts in the Aceh Province,

ranked second after East Aceh for people with

malnutrition. The number of children suffering from

malnutrition reached 32 cases and the number of

malnourished patients reached 488 people (Bakri,

2015). Data on Pidie District Nutrition Status

Monitoring Report (2014) showed that the

prevalence of short stature children was 30.8% and

very short stature of 8.35%, within the work area of

Muara Tiga Puskesmas (community health center).

There was also an increase in the prevalence of

stunting among infants from 2013 to 2014 (Ariyanti,

2015).

Nutritional deficiencies in school-age children

will result in a long-term effect until adulthood, such

as growth failure, if parents neglect the patterns of

feeding with insufficient nutritional values.

Therefore, the District Health Office should concern

more on the nutritional problems of school-age

children in order for the community to have more

awareness in evaluating the nutrition of these

children.

The preliminary study has shown that there were

children aged 6-12 years with low body weight in

the coastal areas in Pidie District. To make ends

meet, the local people have been working as

fishermen. 85% of the children stated that they

consumed rice and fish obtained from fishing daily,

often consumed processed salted fish, rarely ate

fruits, and only had common side dishes brought by

their parents. Every week the children would be

served with vegetables such as kale, corn, potatoes,

spinach, mustard greens, and eggplants, and during

their parents fishing periods, they would prepare

their own meals. In non-coastal areas in Pidie

District, on the contrary, the people’s livelihoods

included paddy farming, livestock farming, and

vegetable gardening as these areas are far from

urban or shopping centers. There were also children

aged 6-12 years who were underweight. The results

of interviews showed that out of 10 children, 80% of

of them mentioned that every day they would

consume rice and processed foods from their parents'

gardening, including side dishes (i.e., vegetable

beans, beans, eggplants, melinjo leaves, melinjo

fruit, sweet potato leaves, bananas, kale, mustard

greens, spinach, gambas fruit, pumpkin, lime leaves,

celery, reed starfruit, fern leaves, papaya leaves,

mustard leaves, coconuts, and peanut shells), and

fruit (i.e., papaya, cucumber, banana, mango, guava,

and watermelon).

From the aforementioned findings, it can be

further stated that there is a difference in the daily

consumption of children either in coastal or non-

coastal areas. As such, community nurses need to

make efforts to improve community nutrition

through a socio-cultural approach towards the eating

culture of coastal and non-coastal communities, one

of which is by organizing the Family Nutrition

Awareness Program (KADARZI). The approach that

may be taken is by teaching families on the

nutritional values of food (i.e., contents of proteins,

calories, and carbohydrates), and by teaching

families in the preparation of healthy and balanced

diets from any potential food within the coastal and

non-coastal areas. With the involvement of parents,

Puskesmas, cadres Posyandu, cadres of nutrition

health, and PKK (Family Welfare Empowerment)

women, there should be a significant impact in

achieving good nutrition for children.

The differences in food commodities and types

have made it obvious that there is an influence of the

quality or quantity of nutrition in food dishes

consumed by children, especially on children's

physical growth. Therefore, the study sought to

assess the nutritional status of school-age children

incoastal and non-coastal areas, by comparing their

height, body mass index (BMI), and nutrient

adequacy ratio.

AINC 2018 - Aceh International Nursing Conference

2 METHODS

This study employed a comparative research design

intending to obtain differences in the nutritional

status of school-age children in coastal and non-

coastal areas. Population in this study were 226

children aged 6-12 years living in one village, Sigli

Sub-district and one village, Mutiara Sub-district, in

Pidie District, Aceh Province. A representative

sample of 98 children, with 49 children selected in

each village, was taken by using the simple random

sampling (lottery) technique.

The measuring instruments used included a Food

Recall 24 Hour form, a height gauge of Gea Medical

Brand microtoise with a capacity of 200 cm, and a

weight gauge with a tread needle scale of Gea

Medical Brand with a capacity of 120 kg. The scale

has been calibrated in the Metrology UPTD

(regional technical implementation unit) of Banda

Aceh City.

Data collection was conducted from July 16 to

23, 2018, after receiving permission for research at

both sites. The selected respondents were given an

explanation of the procedural research and also the

informed consent to be signed by both the

respondents and their families/guardians prior to

data collection. Data on height and BMI were

obtained from direct measurements on the

respondents, which then calculated by using the Z-

score of the 2005 WHO Anthroplus application.

Meanwhile, the nutrient adequacy ratios was gained

from the interviews with Food Recall 24 Hour, and

were later measured for energy and protein adequacy

ratios. The calculation of the nutrient adequacy

ratios were manually referred to the Food

Composition List to consult for the contents of the

nutritional values and weights of food in each food

consumed by children. Appropriate univariate and

bivariate analyses (independent sample t-test) were

conducted in the data analysis.

3 FINDINGS

3.1 Demographic Characteristics

The characteristics of the respondents are described

in table 1. The average age of primary school

children in coastal areas was 9 years and 9 months

old while that in non-coastal areas was 8 years and 8

months old. However, in terms of birth weight, the

respondents of both areas had a relatively similar

weight of 3kg. The average respondents’ education

in coastal areas was Grade 4 while that in non-

coastal areas was Grade 2. Further, both coastal and

non-coastal areas were predominantly females. For

the past three years, the children in coastal and non-

coastal areas were mosly had a history of fever. In

terms of parents’ livelihoods, in coastal areas, the

fathers have been working as fishermen and the

mothers as housewives, whereas in non-coastal

areas, both fathers and mothers were farmers. The

parents living in coastal and non-coastal areas had

generally primary school educational background,

with the average family income under the Aceh

government’s minimum wage (Rp. 2,700,000).

3.2 Nutritional Status of Children in

Coastal and Non-Coastal Areas

The nutritional status of the respondents in coastal

and non-coastal areas is depicted in Table 2. The

table shows that the nutritional status of school-age

children in these two areas was mostly categorized

as malnourished, in which 25 (51%) respondents in

coastal areas had an average nutritional value of 176

(SD 52.33) while in non-coastal areas, 28 (57.1%)

respondents had an average nutrition of 159 (SD

62.95).

3.3 Height-based Nutritional Status

Therespondents’nutritional status based on height in

coastal and non-coastal areas is shown in Table 2.

Overall, the nutritional status of school-age children

in both areas was generally in the normal stature

category, where in 40 (81.6%) respondents in coastal

areas had an average z-score of -1.24 (SD 1.014) and

31 (63.3%) respondents in non-coastal areas had an

average z-score of 1.50 (SD 1.091).

3.4 Body Mass Index of Children in

Coastal and Non-Coastal Areas

Table 2 provides BMI of the respondents in coastal

and non-coastal areas, in which the BMI was mostly

normal in both areas, with 43 (87.8%) respondents

in coastal areas had an average z-score of -.37 (SD

1.183) and 30 (61.2%) respondents in non-coastal

areas of -.64 (SD 1.908).

3.5 Nutritient Adequacy Ratio of Children

in Coastal and Non-Coastal Areas

Figures on the nutrient adequacy ratios of the

respondents in coastal and non-coastal areas are

Comparison of Height, Body Mass Index, and Nutrient Adequacy Ratio of the Nutritional Status of School-Age Children in Coastal and

Non-Coastal Areas in Aceh

reported in Table 2. In general, the nutritional status

of school-age children based on the nutrient

adequacy ratios was low in both areas, with 25

(51%) respondents had an average value of 177 (SD

52.18) in coastal areas and 27 (55.1%) respondents

had an average of 162 (SD 64.26) in non-coastal

areas.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of school-age children incoastal and non-coastal areas (n=98).

Demography

Coastal area (n=49)

Non-coastal area (n=49)

Children

Age, mean (SD)

9.11 (1.79)

8.60 (1.70)

Birth Weight, mean (SD)

3:00 (.48)

3:00 (.75)

Sex, f (%)

Boys

23 (47)

21 (43)

Girls

26 (53)

28 (57)

Current Education, f (%)

Grade 1 of elementary school

7 (14.3)

6 (12.2)

Grade 2 of elementary school

6 (12.2)

13 (26.5)

Grade 3 of elementary school

6 (12.2)

10 (20.4)

Grade 4 of elementary school

11 (22.4)

2 (4.1)

Grade 5 of elementary school

7 (14.3)

9 (18.4)

Grade 6 of elementary school

12 (24.5)

9 (18.4)

History of Diseases, f (%)

Fever

46 (94)

Itchiness

1 (2)

0(0)

Urinary tract infection

1 (2)

0(0)

Polyp

1 (2)

0(0)

Down syndrome

0(0)

1 (2)

Asthma

0(0)

1 (2)

Fracture

0(0)

1 (2)

Father's occupation, f (%)

Fisherman

33 (67)

0(0)

Farmer

0(0)

35 (72)

Trader

9 (19)

2 (4)

Civil Servant

3 (6)

1 (2)

Entrepreneur

4 (8)

11 (22)

Mother's Occupation, f (%)

Housewife

35 (72)

17 (35)

Farmer

0(0)

28 (57)

Weaver

6 (12)

0(0)

Trader

6 (12)

0(0)

Labor

2 (4)

0(0)

Entrepreneur

0(0)

3 (6)

Teacher

0(0)

1 (2)

Father's Education, f (%)

Primary

37 (76)

39 (80)

Secondary

11 (22)

10 (20)

Higher Education

1 (2)

Mother’s Education, f (%)

Primary

33 (67)

Secondary

14 (29)

Higher Education

2 (4)

Parent Income, f (%)

Under Aceh minimum rate

48 (98)

49 (100)

Above Aceh minimum rate

1 (2)

0(0)

AINC 2018 - Aceh International Nursing Conference

3.6 Comparison of the Nutritional Status

of School-Age Children inCoastal and

Non-Coastal Areas

Table 3 summarizes the comparison of the

nutritional status of school-age children in coastal

and non-coastal areas. The table shows that there

were no significant differences between the

nutritional status (p-value = .156), between height

(p-value = .155), between BMI (p-value = .064), and

between nutrient adequacy ratios (p-value = .188) of

school-age children in both areas.

Table 2. Nutritional status, height, body mass index, nutrient adequacy ratio of school-age children in coastal and non-

coastal areas (n=98).

Variables

Percentage

Mean

Nutritional Status

Coastal areas

Good

176.1

52.33

Poor

Non-coastal areas

Good

42.9

159.3

62.95

Poor

57.1

Height

Coastal areas

Normal

81.6

1.27

1.014

Short

18.4

Non-coastal areas

Normal

63.3

Short

36.7

1.57

1.091

Body Mass Index

Coastal areas

Normal

87.8

-.40

1.183

Thin

4.1

Very thin

2.0

Fat

4.1

Obese

2.0

Non-coastal areas

Normal

61.2

-1.00

1.908

Thin

12.2

Very thin

16.3

Fat

6.1

Obese

4.1

Nutrient Adequacy Ratio

Coastal areas

Normal

26.5

177.6

52.58

Low

51.0

High

22.4

Non-coastal areas

Normal

42.9

162.0

64.26

Low

55.1

High

2.0

Comparison of Height, Body Mass Index, and Nutrient Adequacy Ratio of the Nutritional Status of School-Age Children in Coastal and

Non-Coastal Areas in Aceh

Table 3. Comparison of nutritional status of school-age children in coastal and non-coastal areas (n=98).

Measure Results

Mean

95% CI

Sig.

(2-tailed)

Lower

Upper

Nutritional Status

Coast

176.1

-6.5

39.9

.156

Non-coast

159.3

Height

Coast

-1.3

-.1

.155

Non-coast

-1.6

Body Mass Index

Coast

-.4

1.2

.064

Non-coast

-1.0

Nutrient Adequacy Ratio

Coast

177.6

-7.8

39.2

.188

Non-coast

162.0

4 DISCUSSION

Nutrition is the key pillar of health and well-being

throughout one’s life cycle (Rohaedi, Julia&

Gunawan, 2014). Therefore, nutritional deficiencies

may yield to growth and development failures which

can continue into adulthood if not addressed early

(Rahmad, 2017). To determine one’s good

nutritional status, the availability of nutrients in the

body cells should be in sufficient amount. In

principle, however, one’s nutritional status is

directly affected by food consumption and disease

infection (Saputri, 2010).

Further, mother's knowledge of nutritional intake

and parenting methods are also closely related to

maternal education and food habits in the family and

community. The demography of this present study

reported that the family heads worked either as

fishermen or farmers with the income below the

minimum wage of Aceh workers. In addition, the

average maternal education in these two areas was

elementary school education, making it

understandable that the awareness of mothers in the

maintenance and modification of food concerning its

nutritional values was very lacking, which

subsequently had an impact on their children's

nutrition.

Adequacy of nutrient intake plays a crucial role

in children's nutritional needs. The role of mothers

and parenting is influential in achieving proper

children’ nutrition. Engle, Menon & Hadad (1997 in

Pratiwi, 2016) emphasize that three important

components, food, health, and psychosocial stimuli,

significantly contribute to the optimal growth of

children. At the basic stage, food is highly necessary

as it is the main element in the formation of

children's nutrition, allowing them to grow properly

according to their age. This is in line with the

research conducted by Nti and Lartey (2007) on the

effect of nutritional status care practices on children

in Ghanaian on 100 mothers of infants aged 6-12

months. Their results indicated that care givers who

practiced better nutritional care would have children

with good nutritional status. Another study by Isnida

(2016) concerning the relationship of socio-

demographic factors to the nutritional status of

children of SD Negeri 1 South Pringsewu found that

there was a relationship between maternal education

level (p-value < .001), father's type of work (p-value

< .001), and family income level (p-value < .001)

with the children’s nutritional status.

In this study, however, there was no difference in

the nutritional status of school-age children in

coastal and non-coastal coastal areas. It is highly

likely that low proportion of children’s nutrition

overall with a difference of 4.1%, normal body mass

index with a difference of 26.6%, normal stature

height with a difference of 18.3%, and low nutrient

adequacy ratios in average with a difference of 2.1%

have caused no signicant difference between two

studied areas. The low average of energy and protein

intake in children’s food consumption have led to

the lack of children’s nutritional status in coastal and

non-coastal areas. The findings of this study have

suggested that the low average of children’s

nutrition in the two areas may create a risk in the

children’s long-term growth and development.A

slightly similar study by Aulia (2015) on the

nutritional status profile of children based on the

topography of the residential area of Jepara District,

AINC 2018 - Aceh International Nursing Conference

surveying 30 coastal-area toddlers and 30 hillside

toddlers, also claimed that there was no difference in

the nutritional status (p-value = . 59), energy

consumption level (p-value = .51), energy efficiency

level (p-value = .25), and the availability level of (p-

value = .02) between the coastal area and the

hillside.

As nutrition is important in balancing children’s

physical and mental development, parents should be

more attentive to their children during parenting

(Ningsih, Suryanto & Restuastuti, 2016).

Differences in geographical environments will also

lead to differences in children’s growth and

development, particularly in height. A child’s height

is influenced not only by genetic traits, but also by

environmental factors. Sindiaga (2008) studied the

children’s height in terms of genetic and

environmental factors within the Batak Toba tribe

with a sample of 100 children in rural areas and 100

in urban areas aged 8-10 years. His study showed

that the rural children’s height was more correlated

with the fathers’ genetic factors while that in urban

areas was more correlated with child feeding.

In this study, however, there was no difference

between the nutritional status of school-age children

with their height in both areas. The study found that

the nutritional status was equally normal, with a

slight difference of 18.3%, in the two areas. The

anthropometric measurements reported that the

school-age children in coastal areas had an average

height of 126.7 cm while that in non-coastal area of

123.11 cm, indicating that the two regions had an

ideal height and thus, the children did not experience

a difference in their nutritional status. Additionally,

the children’s birth weight had an average of 3 kg in

both regions, and the normal growth of height

inschool-age children in the two areas was closely

related to the parents’ height. It was observed during

data collection that the average height of families

accompanying the respondents was generally in

good stature, suggesting that their children’s would

also be alike in the future.

In terms of the energy adequacy level consumed

by children, the coastal areas had an average of

65.3% while the non-coastal areas of 65.7%. Despite

being under the nutritional needs standard, some

children showed good energy intake which helped

them to burn the calories during activities and to

optimize their growth. Likewise, in terms of the

protein content, the children of the coastal areas had

an average protein of 114.5% and non-coastal areas

of 95.14%. Such a better protein intake also

contributes highly in developing the muscle cells

and body tissues, in repairing tissue damage, and in

maintaining a proper body height of children.

Sufficient nutrition will gradually improve the

growth and development of children; therefore,

malnourished children tend to grow small, thin and

short. Poor nutrition in children will also result in

the low cognitive ability or intelligence and decline

the children's productivity (Indonesian Ministry of

Health, 2014).

Malnutrition can occur due to a number of

factors, one of which is the lack of nutrient intake

and quality food (i.e., varied, as needed, clean, and

safe) consumed by children (Oktavia & Widajanti,

2017; Indonesian Ministry of Health,

2010).Changesin nutritional status can take place

because of a change (increase or decrease) in b ody

weight, a consequence of the knowledge and

attention f parents to nutritional problems.

According to Almatsier (2003), food consumption is

influenced by two external factors: food provided by

the family and the family purchasing ability of food.

If the food consumed meets adequate quantity and

quality, a good health status will be yielded. Parents,

especially mothers, should be good at selecting

quality food for their children to consume (Soegeng,

2009). Children needs for energy and protein are

relatively larger than adults because children

experience rapid growth and development (Auliya,

2015). Almatsier (2001) explains that the lack of

energy can cause children’s body to experience a

negative balance, resulting in the body weight to be

lower than the ideal standard, and the lack of protein

intake can greatly affect children’s nutrition, causing

the body tissues to get easily damaged.

In this present study, the total number of nutrient

adequacy ratios for children in coastal and non-

coastal areas were low, in which the coastal and

non-coastal children had a gap of 2.1%. The

inadequacies could be seen from the lack of

children's energy adequacy of 6.1% between two

areas, and the average consumption of protein needs

of 55.1% in coastal areas and of 36.7% in non-

coastal areas, yielding to a drop in the nutritional

status of children.

Brown and Isaacs (2014) argue that eating

behavior and food choices of school-age children are

strongly affected by parents and siblings as parents

are usually responsible for the types, the time, and

the amount of meals provided at home.

Nutritional status is a state of body that describes

food intake and uses of nutrients, wherein nutrients

are needed as the source of energy, growth, and

maintenance of body tissues (Almatsier, 2003).

School-age children, between the ages of 4-12,

require an average calorie of energy between 1,600-

Comparison of Height, Body Mass Index, and Nutrient Adequacy Ratio of the Nutritional Status of School-Age Children in Coastal and

Non-Coastal Areas in Aceh

2,100 kcal and an average protein of 35-56gr (Widya

Karya Pangan Nasional dan Gizi, 2004). The

consumption patterns will determine the qualitative

and quantitative aspects of the amount of nutrients

consumed.

The people in the coastal areas who are mostly

fishermen are more inclined to consume animal

protein food from the sea, whereas the people in

hilly areas (uplands), most of which are farmers,

have a tendency to eat vegetable protein food

sources. The difference in the types of these

commodities has led to differences in the types and

amounts of food commonly consumed daily

(Khomsan, 2006).

A person's nutritional status can be seen from

what is consumed and how the food pattern is. If the

diets are proper and correct, the nutritional status

will turn out to be well, and vice versa. Nutrition is

further associated with one's economic potential

because nutrition is related to brain development,

learning ability, and child labor productivity

(Almatsier, 2010).

In terms of the nutritional intake, this study

found that children in coastal and non-coastal areas

had low energy intake with a 6.1% difference.

Further, the average consumption of protein was

55.1% in coastal areas and 36.7% in non-coastal

areas. The analysis showed that there was no

difference in the status of school-age children in the

two areas. The finding suggested that both coastal

and non-coastal areas have had considerably similar

characteristics, i.e., types of food (carbohydrate,

protein, fat, and energy) consumed by the children,

as evidenced from Food Recall assessment form.

The form described that the children in both studied

sites consumed almost the same food, such as rice

(fried, savory, and steam), mackerel tuna, milkfish,

shrimp, bread, vegetables, fried noodles, rice cake,

sponge cake, and snacks. These foods were quite

similar, and therefore, the impact was relatively the

same in spite of differences in location, frequency of

food intake, childhood history of illnesses, parental

work, and parental education.

Parental income was another influencing factor

in the absence of nutritional adequacy differences

between children in coastal and non-coastal areas.

Due to low wages, the fishermen and farmers

preferred selling raw materials gained from fishing

and gardening to processing them for their families;

thus, preventing their children to attain better energy

and protein intake. Research by Khayati (2011) and

Lutviana (2010) conformed to this finding that more

toddlers (8%) in fisherman families had poor

nutritional status than those (4.2%) in farmer

families since the toddlers in fishermen families had

much lower levels of energy and protein (9% and

12%) deficiency compared to those (4.2% and 1.4%)

in farmer families.

5 CONCLUSION

The study concluded that there were no differences

in the nutritional status, in height, in body mass

index, and also in the nutrient adequacy ratio of

school-age children (6-12 years) in the coastal and

non-coastal areas in Aceh, Indonesia.

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News

Comparison of Height, Body Mass Index, and Nutrient Adequacy Ratio of the Nutritional Status of School-Age Children in Coastal and

Non-Coastal Areas in Aceh